SCI學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作攻略1

Unit7.

HowtoWriteanAbstract

Contents1Whatisanabstract?2Whyareabstractssoimportant?3Thestructureofanabstract4Textasasource

Tenseandvoiceinwritinganabstract5

Differentformsofabstract6

Translatinganabstract7Anabstractisacondensedversionofalongerpieceofwritingthathighlightsthemajorpointscovered,conciselydescribesthecontentandscopeofthewriting,andreviewsthewriting'scontentsinabbreviatedform.IttellsthereaderWhatyousetouttodo,andWhyyoudidit,Howyoudidit,Whatyoufound(recommendations)

1.Whatisanabstract?1.1DifferentabstractsInformativeabstract報(bào)道性摘要也稱為信息性摘要或資料性摘要，其特點(diǎn)是全面、簡(jiǎn)要地概括論文的目的、方法、主要數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)論。這種摘要可以局部地取代閱讀全文。Indicativeabstract指示性摘要

即說(shuō)明性摘要、描述性摘要(descriptiveabstract)或論點(diǎn)摘要(topicabstract)，一般只用二三句話概括論文的主題，而不涉及論據(jù)和結(jié)論，多用于綜述、會(huì)議報(bào)告等。該類摘要可用于幫助潛在的讀者來(lái)決定是否需要閱讀全文?！鯥nformative-indicativeabstract報(bào)道-指示性摘要以報(bào)道性摘要的形式表述一次文獻(xiàn)中的信息價(jià)值較高的局部，以指示性摘要的形式表述其余局部。傳統(tǒng)的摘要多為一段式，在內(nèi)容上大致包括引言(Introduction)，材料與方法(MaterialsandMethods)，結(jié)果(Results)和討論(Discussion)等主要方面，即IMRAD((Introduction，Methods，ResultsandDiscussion)結(jié)構(gòu)的寫(xiě)作模式。StructuredAbstract結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要

20世紀(jì)80年代中期出現(xiàn),該摘要實(shí)質(zhì)上是報(bào)道性摘要的結(jié)構(gòu)化表達(dá)。1.2Whyareabstractssoimportant?View1.convenientforretrievinginformationAnabstractwithinkeywordsisvitalbecauseoftoday'selectronicinformationretrievalsystems.Titlesandabstractsarefiledelectronically,andkeywordsareputinelectronicstorage.Whenpeoplesearchforinformation,theyenterkeywordsrelatedtothesubject,andthecomputerprintsoutthetitlesofarticles,papers,andreportscontainingthosekeywords.Thus,anabstractmustcontainkeywordsaboutwhatisessentialinanarticle,paper,orreportsothatsomeoneelsecanretrieveinformationfromit.View2.providingsufficientinformationAbstractsmustincludesufficientinformationforreviewerstojudgethenatureandsignificanceofthetopic,theadequacyoftheinvestigativestrategy,thenatureoftheresults,andtheconclusions.Theabstractshouldsummarizethesubstantive實(shí)質(zhì)性的resultsoftheworkandnotmerelylisttopicstobediscussed.View3.withacompletebutbriefcontentAnabstractisanoutline/briefsummaryofyourpaperandyourwholeproject.Itshouldhaveanintro,bodyandconclusion.Itisawell-developedparagraph,shouldbeexactinwording,andmustbeunderstandabletoawideaudience.SummaryAbstractsareincludedininternationaldatabaseorcitationindex.ItisnecessaryforforeignexchangeasmajorityofourpapersonscienceandtechnologyhavebeenpublishedinChineseatnationalperiodicals.Itismostfrequentlyreadbymostreaders.Motivation/problemstatement存在的問(wèn)題和研究的目的

Methods/procedure/approach實(shí)驗(yàn)方法和手段/實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)Results/findings/product最主要的結(jié)果Conclusion/implication主要結(jié)論/意義1.3ThestructureofanAbstract?4.

Textasthesource1)Motivation/problemstatement:Whydowecareabouttheproblem?Whatpractical,scientific,theoreticalorartisticgapisyourresearchfilling?Introduction2)Methods/procedure/approach:Whatdidyouactuallydotogetyourresults?Methods3)Results/findings/product:Asaresultofcompletingtheaboveprocedure,whatdidyoulearn/invent/create?Results4)Conclusion/implications:Whatarethelargerimplicationsofyourfindings,especiallyfortheproblem/gapidentified?Discussion5.TenseandvoiceinwritingAbstract一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)通常用于說(shuō)明研究目的、表達(dá)研究?jī)?nèi)容、描述結(jié)果、得出結(jié)論、提出建議或討論等。描寫(xiě)公認(rèn)事實(shí)、自然規(guī)律、永恒真理等。Forexample:Thisstudy(investigation)is(conducted,undertaken)to…Theanatomyofsecondaryxylem(次生木質(zhì)部)instemofDavidiainvolucrata(珙桐)andCamptothecaacuminata(喜樹(shù))iscompared.Theresultshows(reveals)…Itisfoundthat…Theconclusionsare…Theauthorsuggests…．一般過(guò)去時(shí)用于你的研究過(guò)程(實(shí)驗(yàn)、觀察、調(diào)查等過(guò)程的介紹以及結(jié)果的描寫(xiě)。Forexample：Thesoilwastreatedwithgoethitewhichhadboroneitheradsorbed(ad-B-goethite)oroccluded(oc-B-goethite)foruseinpotplanttreatments.DifferentformsofphosphorusandmanganeseweredeterminedusingPandMnfractionationinthetestedsoils.Itwasfoundthatthecontentofamorphousiron(Feo)andfreeiron(Fed)increasedinboron-dopedgoethitetreatmentsanditwasfavoredtobeactivated.Amorphousironwassignificantlycorrelated(P<0.05)withAl-P(r=-0.616).Theheatpulsetechniquewasappliedtostudythestemflow(樹(shù)干液流)oftwomaindeciduous落葉行的broadleavedtreespecies.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可以時(shí)表達(dá)更直接和準(zhǔn)確。一般在摘要的結(jié)論局部不用第三人稱。Ourstudiesshowthat…Wehaveidentifiedagene,rumi,with…WeinvestigatedmechanismsofHsp90cytoprotectionintumors.Wefoundthat…6.DifferentformsofabstractExample1.Thedomesticationofallmajorcropplantsoccurredduringabriefperiodinhumanhistoryabout10,000yearsago.Duringthistime,ancientagriculturalistsselectedseedofpreferredformsanddulledout減少seedofundesirabletypestoproduceeachsubsequentgeneration.Consequently,favoredalleles等位基因atgenescontrollingtraitsofinterestincreasedinfrequency頻繁，ultimatelyreachingfixation,Whenselectionisstrong,domestication馴化hasthepotentialtodrasticallyreducegeneticdiversityinacrop.研究背景

Tounderstandtheimpactofselectionduringmaizedomestication,研究目的

weexamednucleotide核苷酸polymorphism多態(tài)性

inteosintebranched1,ageneinvolvedinmaizeevolution.

研究對(duì)象和或內(nèi)容

Hereweshowthattheeffectsofselectionwerelimitedtothegene’sregulatoryregionandcannotbedetectedintheprotein-codingregion.Althoughselectionwasapparentlystrong,highrateofrecombinationandaprolongeddomesticationperiodprobablylimiteditseffects.研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Ourresultshelptoexplainwhymaizeissuchavariablecrop.Theyalsosuggestthatmaizedomesticationrequiredhundredsofyears,andconfirmpreviousevidencethatmaizewasdomesticatedfromBalsastosinteofsouthwesternMexico.研究意義

---Nature---Example2.DespitethevastresearchbyAmericansontheVietnamWar,littleisknownabouttheperspectiveofSouthVietnamesemilitary,officiallycalledtheRepublicofVietnamArmedForces(RVNAF).Theoverallimagethatemergesfromtheliteratureisnegative:lazy,corrupt,unpatriotic,apatheticsoldierswithpoorfightingspirits.ThisstudyrecoverssomeoftheSouthVietnamesemilitaryperspectiveforanAmericanaudiencethroughqualitativeinterviewswith40RVNAFveterans退伍軍人nowlivinginSanJosé,Sacramento,andSeattle,hometothreeofthetopfivelargestVietnameseAmericancommunitiesinthenation.Ananalysisoftheseinterviewsyieldstheveterans'ownexplanationsthatcomplicateandsometimesevenchallengethreewidelyheldassumptionsabouttheSouthVietnamesemilitary:1)theRVNAFwasrifewithcorruptionatthetopranks,hurtingthemoraleofthelowerranks;2)racialrelationsbetweentheSouthVietnamesemilitaryandtheAmericansweretenseandhostile;and3)theRVNAFwasapatheticindefendingSouthVietnamfromcommunism.

ThestoriesaddnuancetoourunderstandingofwhotheSouthVietnamesewereintheVietnamWar.Thisstudyispartofagrowingbodyofresearchonnon-Americanperspectivesofthewar.InusingalargelyuntappedsourceofVietnamesehistoryandoralhistorieswithVietnameseimmigrants,thisprojectwillcontributetofutureresearchonsimilartopics.Example3.Intracellularpathogens細(xì)胞內(nèi)病原體(agentswhichinfecthostcells),suchasMycobacteriumtuberculosis結(jié)核桿菌andListeriamonocytogenes,單核細(xì)胞增多性李斯特桿菌causeveryhighmortalityratesintheUnitedStates.研究背景

Therefore,deciphering揭示themechanismsthroughwhichthepathogens病原體

causediseaseisofgreatinterest.

假設(shè)意義

Listeriainfectionofmiceisawell-developedmodelsystemforstudyingthefundamentalsofhost-pathogeninteractions.Invitroassays體外測(cè)定inanimalcellcultureshavehelpedshowthatListeriacausesillnessbysecreting分泌molecules,calledvirulencefactors,致病因子totheoutsideofthebacterialcellinordertoaffectthehostorganism.

Theworkinvolvesonesuchsecretedprotein,calledp60.P60isanantigen(anagentseenbythehostimmunesystem)implicatedinregulatedbacterialcellwallbreakdown.

研究對(duì)象Theobjectiveofthisstudywastoexaminetwoquestions:first,isp60essentialtotheviabilityofListeria,aspreviouslypublished?andsecond,isp60avirulencefactorinListeria?研究目的Toexaminethesequestions,aListeriastrainlackingp60(p60-)wasconstructed.Thisnewstraindisplayednodefectinviability.Infact,moststandardinvitropathogenicityassayswerenormalforp60-.However,whenp60-wastestedinamouse(invivo),a1000-foldreductioninvirulencewasobserved.Thisdiscoverysuggeststhatp60isindeedakeyfactorinthedisease-causingabilityofListeria,butnotessentialforviability.研究結(jié)果

Futurestudieswillfocusonthepreciseroleofp60inListeriapathogenesis.

建議Thisworkincreasesourunderstandingofsuchdiseasesastuberculoses,variousfoodpoisonings,andmeningitis.

研究意義AbstractThepaperanalyzesandcomparesstagesandstrategiesofeconomicdevelopmentinLatinAmerica,focusingonthepastfiftyyears.Itcontraststheeconomicrationalesandpoliticaleconomybasesofiportsubstitutionwiththoseoftheeconomicreformsimplementedinthelasttwodecadesofthe20thcentury.Itconcludesthatwhileeconomicallyweakandpracticallyfaulty,theimportsubstitutionstrategyhadasolidpoliticaleconomybehindit,whichmadeitlast.Marketreforms,onthecontrary,whilehavingasoundeconomicjustification,hadweakpoliticaleconomysupport.Thishasledtotheirlimitedsuccessandincreasingunpopularityintheregioninashortperiodoftime.Reformsneedaviablepoliticaleconomylegtoreston.Withoutit,theyaredestinedtobeabandoned.

7.TranslatinganabstractAbouttranslation1)Literaltranslation

Aliteraltranslationisatranslationthatfollowscloselytheformofthesourcelanguage.2)FreetranslationAfreetranslationisatranslationthatreproducesthegeneralmeaningoftheoriginaltext.

Itmayormaynotcloselyfollowtheformororganizationoftheoriginal.FromsourcelanguagetotargetlanguageCharacteristicsofthetwolanguagesChinese:morerepeateddescriptionsloosensentencestructureEnglish:lessrepetitionrigorandlogicalcoherence漢語(yǔ)多重復(fù),包括詞語(yǔ)的重復(fù)、意義的重復(fù)，翻譯時(shí)省略為佳。漢語(yǔ)重意合，結(jié)構(gòu)松散自由，以眾多短句展開(kāi).英語(yǔ)多省略,句子的意思和詞義多通過(guò)用邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)和代詞表示。英語(yǔ)句子重形合，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，往往用詞形變化、連接詞、介詞等表示各成分之間的語(yǔ)法關(guān)系英語(yǔ)中的詞匯搭配比漢語(yǔ)復(fù)雜得多，在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)詞匯搭配過(guò)程中，母語(yǔ)的負(fù)遷移效應(yīng)主要表現(xiàn)在學(xué)習(xí)者往往只從語(yǔ)義著眼逐字轉(zhuǎn)換，忽略了詞與詞之間的可搭配性(collocability)和兼容性(compatibility)，從而導(dǎo)致各種搭配不當(dāng)?shù)腻e(cuò)誤。如：EventhoughIhaveworkedsohard,butIstilldidnotpasstheexam.Heheardofmydifficulty.Hehimselfwantedtocometohelpme.Hecouldn’tcome.Hehadsomethingurgenttodo.Hehashelpedmealot.要讓這幾句語(yǔ)義更緊密，邏輯更明確，必須有銜接詞。所以上面的句子應(yīng)該寫(xiě)為：Whenheheardofmydifficulty,hehimselfwantedtocometohelpme.Buthecouldn’tcomebecausehehadsomethingurgenttodo.Actuallyhehashelpedmealot.

Comparison:近年來(lái)，中國(guó)面對(duì)復(fù)雜多變的國(guó)際形勢(shì)，克服困難，深化改革，擴(kuò)大開(kāi)放，國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)和對(duì)外合作均取得了新的開(kāi)展。Inrecentyears,inthecontextofcomplicatedandever-changinginternationalsituations,Chinahas,throughdeepeningitscommitmenttoreformandopening-up,overcomemanydifficultiesandachievedprogressindomesticeconomyandforeigncooperationGrowingeconomicintegrationandinterlinkagesamongissuessuggesttheneedfornewandmorecomprehensiveapproachestocapacity-buildingadaptedtotheconstantlyevolvingneedsofdevelopingcountries.日益增長(zhǎng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化和各種問(wèn)題的千絲萬(wàn)縷的聯(lián)系意味著有必要采取更新、更全面的方法來(lái)對(duì)待能力建設(shè)問(wèn)題，以適應(yīng)開(kāi)展中國(guó)家不斷變化的要求。Constructingsentences1)Directlypointingtothetheme直接點(diǎn)出主題,防止短語(yǔ)或從句開(kāi)頭。1stway:MCMVtendedtoinfectGFAP-positiveglialcells神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)intheperiventricular腦室areaduringacuteinfectioninthepresentstudy.2ndway:Inthepresentstudy,duringacuteinfection,MCMVtendedtoinfectGFAP-positiveglialcellsintheperiventriculararea.(writersusedthe2ndway.)2)Avoidusingdanglingparticiple.防止使用“懸垂分詞”Wrong:Followinghisadvice,thebacteriawerestainedwith….Right:Followinghisadvice,westainedthebacteriawiththionin.Or:Inaccordancewithhisadvicethebacteriawerestainedwiththionin.3)Carefullyuseambiguousadjectivesandadverbs慎用含義模糊的形容詞或副詞。considerable,appreciable,substantial,very,relatively,comparatively,essentially,duly,somewhat,rather,necessarily,inevitably等。4)Adoptsuitablephrasesandvocabulariesratherthansentences用適宜的短語(yǔ)代替子句,用適宜的單詞代替短語(yǔ)。increasedNOThasbeenfoundtoincrease,wasNotwasconsideredtobe,5)ComparingChinesewithEnglishbyanalyzingtherelation.TimerelationLogicalrelationSequencerelationVerb-objectrelationCause-effectrelationSubject-objectrelationExample多年以來(lái)，我們的一貫方針是充分發(fā)揮工作領(lǐng)域廣泛，渠道多樣、方式靈活、接觸深入的優(yōu)勢(shì)，努力為我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)效勞。Reference:Foryears,ourconsistentpolicyhasbeentobringintofullplayouradvantagesinhavingawiderang