SCI學術論文寫作攻略1

Unit7.

HowtoWriteanAbstract

Contents1Whatisanabstract?2Whyareabstractssoimportant?3Thestructureofanabstract4Textasasource

Tenseandvoiceinwritinganabstract5

Differentformsofabstract6

Translatinganabstract7Anabstractisacondensedversionofalongerpieceofwritingthathighlightsthemajorpointscovered,conciselydescribesthecontentandscopeofthewriting,andreviewsthewriting'scontentsinabbreviatedform.IttellsthereaderWhatyousetouttodo,andWhyyoudidit,Howyoudidit,Whatyoufound(recommendations)

1.Whatisanabstract?1.1DifferentabstractsInformativeabstract報道性摘要也稱為信息性摘要或資料性摘要，其特點是全面、簡要地概括論文的目的、方法、主要數(shù)據(jù)和結論。這種摘要可以局部地取代閱讀全文。Indicativeabstract指示性摘要

即說明性摘要、描述性摘要(descriptiveabstract)或論點摘要(topicabstract)，一般只用二三句話概括論文的主題，而不涉及論據(jù)和結論，多用于綜述、會議報告等。該類摘要可用于幫助潛在的讀者來決定是否需要閱讀全文。■Informative-indicativeabstract報道-指示性摘要以報道性摘要的形式表述一次文獻中的信息價值較高的局部，以指示性摘要的形式表述其余局部。傳統(tǒng)的摘要多為一段式，在內容上大致包括引言(Introduction)，材料與方法(MaterialsandMethods)，結果(Results)和討論(Discussion)等主要方面，即IMRAD((Introduction，Methods，ResultsandDiscussion)結構的寫作模式。StructuredAbstract結構式摘要

20世紀80年代中期出現(xiàn),該摘要實質上是報道性摘要的結構化表達。1.2Whyareabstractssoimportant?View1.convenientforretrievinginformationAnabstractwithinkeywordsisvitalbecauseoftoday'selectronicinformationretrievalsystems.Titlesandabstractsarefiledelectronically,andkeywordsareputinelectronicstorage.Whenpeoplesearchforinformation,theyenterkeywordsrelatedtothesubject,andthecomputerprintsoutthetitlesofarticles,papers,andreportscontainingthosekeywords.Thus,anabstractmustcontainkeywordsaboutwhatisessentialinanarticle,paper,orreportsothatsomeoneelsecanretrieveinformationfromit.View2.providingsufficientinformationAbstractsmustincludesufficientinformationforreviewerstojudgethenatureandsignificanceofthetopic,theadequacyoftheinvestigativestrategy,thenatureoftheresults,andtheconclusions.Theabstractshouldsummarizethesubstantive實質性的resultsoftheworkandnotmerelylisttopicstobediscussed.View3.withacompletebutbriefcontentAnabstractisanoutline/briefsummaryofyourpaperandyourwholeproject.Itshouldhaveanintro,bodyandconclusion.Itisawell-developedparagraph,shouldbeexactinwording,andmustbeunderstandabletoawideaudience.SummaryAbstractsareincludedininternationaldatabaseorcitationindex.ItisnecessaryforforeignexchangeasmajorityofourpapersonscienceandtechnologyhavebeenpublishedinChineseatnationalperiodicals.Itismostfrequentlyreadbymostreaders.Motivation/problemstatement存在的問題和研究的目的

Methods/procedure/approach實驗方法和手段/實驗設計Results/findings/product最主要的結果Conclusion/implication主要結論/意義1.3ThestructureofanAbstract?4.

Textasthesource1)Motivation/problemstatement:Whydowecareabouttheproblem?Whatpractical,scientific,theoreticalorartisticgapisyourresearchfilling?Introduction2)Methods/procedure/approach:Whatdidyouactuallydotogetyourresults?Methods3)Results/findings/product:Asaresultofcompletingtheaboveprocedure,whatdidyoulearn/invent/create?Results4)Conclusion/implications:Whatarethelargerimplicationsofyourfindings,especiallyfortheproblem/gapidentified?Discussion5.TenseandvoiceinwritingAbstract一般現(xiàn)在時通常用于說明研究目的、表達研究內容、描述結果、得出結論、提出建議或討論等。描寫公認事實、自然規(guī)律、永恒真理等。Forexample:Thisstudy(investigation)is(conducted,undertaken)to…Theanatomyofsecondaryxylem(次生木質部)instemofDavidiainvolucrata(珙桐)andCamptothecaacuminata(喜樹)iscompared.Theresultshows(reveals)…Itisfoundthat…Theconclusionsare…Theauthorsuggests…．一般過去時用于你的研究過程(實驗、觀察、調查等過程的介紹以及結果的描寫。Forexample：Thesoilwastreatedwithgoethitewhichhadboroneitheradsorbed(ad-B-goethite)oroccluded(oc-B-goethite)foruseinpotplanttreatments.DifferentformsofphosphorusandmanganeseweredeterminedusingPandMnfractionationinthetestedsoils.Itwasfoundthatthecontentofamorphousiron(Feo)andfreeiron(Fed)increasedinboron-dopedgoethitetreatmentsanditwasfavoredtobeactivated.Amorphousironwassignificantlycorrelated(P<0.05)withAl-P(r=-0.616).Theheatpulsetechniquewasappliedtostudythestemflow(樹干液流)oftwomaindeciduous落葉行的broadleavedtreespecies.主動語態(tài)可以時表達更直接和準確。一般在摘要的結論局部不用第三人稱。Ourstudiesshowthat…Wehaveidentifiedagene,rumi,with…WeinvestigatedmechanismsofHsp90cytoprotectionintumors.Wefoundthat…6.DifferentformsofabstractExample1.Thedomesticationofallmajorcropplantsoccurredduringabriefperiodinhumanhistoryabout10,000yearsago.Duringthistime,ancientagriculturalistsselectedseedofpreferredformsanddulledout減少seedofundesirabletypestoproduceeachsubsequentgeneration.Consequently,favoredalleles等位基因atgenescontrollingtraitsofinterestincreasedinfrequency頻繁，ultimatelyreachingfixation,Whenselectionisstrong,domestication馴化hasthepotentialtodrasticallyreducegeneticdiversityinacrop.研究背景

Tounderstandtheimpactofselectionduringmaizedomestication,研究目的

weexamednucleotide核苷酸polymorphism多態(tài)性

inteosintebranched1,ageneinvolvedinmaizeevolution.

研究對象和或內容

Hereweshowthattheeffectsofselectionwerelimitedtothegene’sregulatoryregionandcannotbedetectedintheprotein-codingregion.Althoughselectionwasapparentlystrong,highrateofrecombinationandaprolongeddomesticationperiodprobablylimiteditseffects.研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Ourresultshelptoexplainwhymaizeissuchavariablecrop.Theyalsosuggestthatmaizedomesticationrequiredhundredsofyears,andconfirmpreviousevidencethatmaizewasdomesticatedfromBalsastosinteofsouthwesternMexico.研究意義

---Nature---Example2.DespitethevastresearchbyAmericansontheVietnamWar,littleisknownabouttheperspectiveofSouthVietnamesemilitary,officiallycalledtheRepublicofVietnamArmedForces(RVNAF).Theoverallimagethatemergesfromtheliteratureisnegative:lazy,corrupt,unpatriotic,apatheticsoldierswithpoorfightingspirits.ThisstudyrecoverssomeoftheSouthVietnamesemilitaryperspectiveforanAmericanaudiencethroughqualitativeinterviewswith40RVNAFveterans退伍軍人nowlivinginSanJosé,Sacramento,andSeattle,hometothreeofthetopfivelargestVietnameseAmericancommunitiesinthenation.Ananalysisoftheseinterviewsyieldstheveterans'ownexplanationsthatcomplicateandsometimesevenchallengethreewidelyheldassumptionsabouttheSouthVietnamesemilitary:1)theRVNAFwasrifewithcorruptionatthetopranks,hurtingthemoraleofthelowerranks;2)racialrelationsbetweentheSouthVietnamesemilitaryandtheAmericansweretenseandhostile;and3)theRVNAFwasapatheticindefendingSouthVietnamfromcommunism.

ThestoriesaddnuancetoourunderstandingofwhotheSouthVietnamesewereintheVietnamWar.Thisstudyispartofagrowingbodyofresearchonnon-Americanperspectivesofthewar.InusingalargelyuntappedsourceofVietnamesehistoryandoralhistorieswithVietnameseimmigrants,thisprojectwillcontributetofutureresearchonsimilartopics.Example3.Intracellularpathogens細胞內病原體(agentswhichinfecthostcells),suchasMycobacteriumtuberculosis結核桿菌andListeriamonocytogenes,單核細胞增多性李斯特桿菌causeveryhighmortalityratesintheUnitedStates.研究背景

Therefore,deciphering揭示themechanismsthroughwhichthepathogens病原體

causediseaseisofgreatinterest.

假設意義

Listeriainfectionofmiceisawell-developedmodelsystemforstudyingthefundamentalsofhost-pathogeninteractions.Invitroassays體外測定inanimalcellcultureshavehelpedshowthatListeriacausesillnessbysecreting分泌molecules,calledvirulencefactors,致病因子totheoutsideofthebacterialcellinordertoaffectthehostorganism.

Theworkinvolvesonesuchsecretedprotein,calledp60.P60isanantigen(anagentseenbythehostimmunesystem)implicatedinregulatedbacterialcellwallbreakdown.

研究對象Theobjectiveofthisstudywastoexaminetwoquestions:first,isp60essentialtotheviabilityofListeria,aspreviouslypublished?andsecond,isp60avirulencefactorinListeria?研究目的Toexaminethesequestions,aListeriastrainlackingp60(p60-)wasconstructed.Thisnewstraindisplayednodefectinviability.Infact,moststandardinvitropathogenicityassayswerenormalforp60-.However,whenp60-wastestedinamouse(invivo),a1000-foldreductioninvirulencewasobserved.Thisdiscoverysuggeststhatp60isindeedakeyfactorinthedisease-causingabilityofListeria,butnotessentialforviability.研究結果

Futurestudieswillfocusonthepreciseroleofp60inListeriapathogenesis.

建議Thisworkincreasesourunderstandingofsuchdiseasesastuberculoses,variousfoodpoisonings,andmeningitis.

研究意義AbstractThepaperanalyzesandcomparesstagesandstrategiesofeconomicdevelopmentinLatinAmerica,focusingonthepastfiftyyears.Itcontraststheeconomicrationalesandpoliticaleconomybasesofiportsubstitutionwiththoseoftheeconomicreformsimplementedinthelasttwodecadesofthe20thcentury.Itconcludesthatwhileeconomicallyweakandpracticallyfaulty,theimportsubstitutionstrategyhadasolidpoliticaleconomybehindit,whichmadeitlast.Marketreforms,onthecontrary,whilehavingasoundeconomicjustification,hadweakpoliticaleconomysupport.Thishasledtotheirlimitedsuccessandincreasingunpopularityintheregioninashortperiodoftime.Reformsneedaviablepoliticaleconomylegtoreston.Withoutit,theyaredestinedtobeabandoned.

7.TranslatinganabstractAbouttranslation1)Literaltranslation

Aliteraltranslationisatranslationthatfollowscloselytheformofthesourcelanguage.2)FreetranslationAfreetranslationisatranslationthatreproducesthegeneralmeaningoftheoriginaltext.

Itmayormaynotcloselyfollowtheformororganizationoftheoriginal.FromsourcelanguagetotargetlanguageCharacteristicsofthetwolanguagesChinese:morerepeateddescriptionsloosensentencestructureEnglish:lessrepetitionrigorandlogicalcoherence漢語多重復,包括詞語的重復、意義的重復，翻譯時省略為佳。漢語重意合，結構松散自由，以眾多短句展開.英語多省略,句子的意思和詞義多通過用邏輯結構和代詞表示。英語句子重形合，結構嚴謹，往往用詞形變化、連接詞、介詞等表示各成分之間的語法關系英語中的詞匯搭配比漢語復雜得多，在學習英語詞匯搭配過程中，母語的負遷移效應主要表現(xiàn)在學習者往往只從語義著眼逐字轉換，忽略了詞與詞之間的可搭配性(collocability)和兼容性(compatibility)，從而導致各種搭配不當?shù)腻e誤。如：EventhoughIhaveworkedsohard,butIstilldidnotpasstheexam.Heheardofmydifficulty.Hehimselfwantedtocometohelpme.Hecouldn’tcome.Hehadsomethingurgenttodo.Hehashelpedmealot.要讓這幾句語義更緊密，邏輯更明確，必須有銜接詞。所以上面的句子應該寫為：Whenheheardofmydifficulty,hehimselfwantedtocometohelpme.Buthecouldn’tcomebecausehehadsomethingurgenttodo.Actuallyhehashelpedmealot.

Comparison:近年來，中國面對復雜多變的國際形勢，克服困難，深化改革，擴大開放，國內經濟建設和對外合作均取得了新的開展。Inrecentyears,inthecontextofcomplicatedandever-changinginternationalsituations,Chinahas,throughdeepeningitscommitmenttoreformandopening-up,overcomemanydifficultiesandachievedprogressindomesticeconomyandforeigncooperationGrowingeconomicintegrationandinterlinkagesamongissuessuggesttheneedfornewandmorecomprehensiveapproachestocapacity-buildingadaptedtotheconstantlyevolvingneedsofdevelopingcountries.日益增長的經濟一體化和各種問題的千絲萬縷的聯(lián)系意味著有必要采取更新、更全面的方法來對待能力建設問題，以適應開展中國家不斷變化的要求。Constructingsentences1)Directlypointingtothetheme直接點出主題,防止短語或從句開頭。1stway:MCMVtendedtoinfectGFAP-positiveglialcells神經膠質intheperiventricular腦室areaduringacuteinfectioninthepresentstudy.2ndway:Inthepresentstudy,duringacuteinfection,MCMVtendedtoinfectGFAP-positiveglialcellsintheperiventriculararea.(writersusedthe2ndway.)2)Avoidusingdanglingparticiple.防止使用“懸垂分詞”Wrong:Followinghisadvice,thebacteriawerestainedwith….Right:Followinghisadvice,westainedthebacteriawiththionin.Or:Inaccordancewithhisadvicethebacteriawerestainedwiththionin.3)Carefullyuseambiguousadjectivesandadverbs慎用含義模糊的形容詞或副詞。considerable,appreciable,substantial,very,relatively,comparatively,essentially,duly,somewhat,rather,necessarily,inevitably等。4)Adoptsuitablephrasesandvocabulariesratherthansentences用適宜的短語代替子句,用適宜的單詞代替短語。increasedNOThasbeenfoundtoincrease,wasNotwasconsideredtobe,5)ComparingChinesewithEnglishbyanalyzingtherelation.TimerelationLogicalrelationSequencerelationVerb-objectrelationCause-effectrelationSubject-objectrelationExample多年以來，我們的一貫方針是充分發(fā)揮工作領域廣泛，渠道多樣、方式靈活、接觸深入的優(yōu)勢，努力為我國經濟建設效勞。Reference:Foryears,ourconsistentpolicyhasbeentobringintofullplayouradvantagesinhavingawiderang