英美文學(xué)選讀背誦精華

朽木易折，金石可鏤。千里之行，始于足下。第頁/共頁英美文學(xué)選讀背誦精華Writer'sFeaturesWritings/CNWritingsWriting'sFeaturesEnglishLiteratureTheRenaissancePeriod1.Age:1500-16602.Background:stimulatedbytherediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekclassic;England'sGoldenAge,especiallyinliterature;theChurchofEnglandbrokeawayfromtheCatholicChurch3.Features:(1)Newpoeticalformsintroduced,e.g.blankverseandsonnet;(2)TheEnglishdramabaseditselfonthemodelsofRomanandGreekclassicsandtheprecedentsfromItalyandSpain(3)Theuniversaltendofhumanisminemphasizingman'sdignityandhisworldlyhappinessEdmundSpenser埃德蒙.斯賓賽1.Thepoet'spoet;2.Perfectmelody;araresenseofbeauty;asplendidimagination;aloftymoralpurityandseriousness;adedicatedidealismTheFaerieQueen仙后(TheShepheadesCalender牧人日記;Epithalamion新婚喜歌)Anallegory;"ahistoricalpoem"topresenttheexampleofaperfectgentleman;aherorepresentoneofthe12virtues;fiercewaresandfaithfullovesChristopherMarlowe克里斯托夫.馬洛（BlankverseUniversitywit）1.PerfectedblankverseandturneditintotheprincipalmediumofEnglishdrama2.CreatedaseriesofimagesoftheRenaissanceheroforEnglishdramaDrFauctus浮士德博士ThePassionateShepherdtoHisLove多情的牧羊人致情人1.SymbolicofahumanistintheRenaissance;basedontheGermanlegendofamagicianaspiringforknowledgeandfinallymeetinghistragicendasaresultofsellinghissoultotheDevilWilliamShakespeare威廉.莎士比亞Thegreatestplaywrightandthemostpopularsonnetwriter;acreationofcharacters;skillfulplotconstruction;irony;agooduseofalanguage;skilledinvariouspoeticforms;ofthreequatrainsandacouplet(三節(jié)四行詩加一節(jié)偶句);nationalunityunderamightyandjustsovereignisanecessity—“TheKing’sgovernmentmustbecarriedon”(在一個強大英明的君主統(tǒng)治下的國家，統(tǒng)一是異常須要的)(Eachherohashisweaknessofnature:Hamlet,themelancholicscholar-prince,facesthedilemmabetweenactionandmind;Othello’sinnerweaknessismadeuseofbytheoutsideevilforce;theoldkingLearwhoisunwillingtototallygiveuphispowermakeshimselfsufferfromtreacheryandinfidelity;andMacbeth’slustforpowerstirsuphisambitionandleadshimtoincessantcrimes.)Literatureshouldbeacombinationofbeauty,kindnessandtruth,andshouldreflectnatureandrealitySonnets十四行詩TheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人Hamlet哈姆雷特(VenusandAdonis維納斯和安東尼斯;TheRapeofLucrece魯克麗斯受辱記;romantictragicomedies浪漫悲喜劇;RomeoandJuliet;Shakespeare'sgreatesttragediesare:Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,andMacbeth)1.154poems;Englishform2.ThetraditionalthemeoftheplayistopraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortiaasaheroineofgreatbeauty,witandloyalty,andtoexposetheinsatiablegreedandbrutalityoftheJew.ManypeopletodaytendtoregardtheplayasasatireoftheChristians'hypocrisyandtheirfalsestandardsoffriendshipandlove,theircunningwaysofpursuingworldlinessandtheirunreasoningprejudiceagainstJews(Shylock).3.Amanofcontemplationratherthanaction;hasthequalitiesofa“blood-and-thunder”thrillerandaphilosophicalexplorationoflifeanddeathFrancisBacon弗蘭西斯.培根Awellknownphilosopherscientistandessayist;laysthefoundationofmodernscience;his"Essays"isanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprosebrevity\compactness\powerfulnessOfStudies論學(xué)習(xí)Itanalyzeswhatstudieschieflyservefor,thedifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies,andhowstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacterJohnDonne約翰.鄧恩Theleadingfigure(代表人物)ofthe"metaphysicalschool(玄學(xué)派);Hispoemscanbedividedintotwogroups:thesecularandthereligious;sermons;ThesongsandSonnetsAseeminglyunfocuseddiversityofexperiencesandattitudesandafreerangeoffeelingsandmoods;dynamicratherthanstaticTheSunRising太陽升起Death,BeNotProud死神，莫驕橫（HolySonnets）1.Dramatizingandillustratingthestateofbeinginlove2.AboldchallengetotheproudDeathJohnMilton約翰.彌爾頓Aversatilewriter;fightforfreedominallaspectsasaChristianhumanistParadiseLost失樂園Satan,afterbeingdefeatedinhisrebelagainstGod,temptsAdamandEvetoeattheapplesfromtheForbiddenTree,andcausestheFallofManTheNeoclassicalPeriod1.Age:1660-17982.Background:TheEnglishsocietyoftheneoclassicalperiodwasaturbulentone.FastdevelopmentofEnglandasanation;theAgeofEnlightenmentortheAgeofReason3.Features:(1)AfurtheranceoftheRenaissance–theEnlightenmentMovement,advocateduniversaleducation(2)Reason,"eternaltruth","eternaljustice","eternalequality"waswhathumansocietyshouldseekfor;advocateduniversaleducation(3)Revivingtheinterestinoldclassicalworks(neoclassicism)(4)Keeptoorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy(5)HadspecificrulesforalmosteverygenreofliteratureJohnBunyan約翰.班楊A(yù)sastoutPuritan,hehadmadeaconscientiousstudyoftheBibleandfirmlybelievedinsalvationthroughspiritualstruggleConcreteandlivinglanguage\carefullyobservedandvividlypresenteddetailThePilgrim’sProgress天路歷程(Symbolizeshumanworld,for"Allthecomethisvanity";everythingandanythinginthisworldis"vanity",havenovalueandnomeaning;butthistown"lay"inthewaytotheCelestialCity,meaningpilgrimshadtoresistthetemptationstherewhentheymadetheirwaythrough)IsthemostsuccessfulreligiousallegoryintheEnglishlanguage;itspurposeistourgepeopletoabidebyChristiandoctrinesandseeksalvationthroughconstantstruggleswiththeirownweaknessandallkindsofsocialevilsAlexanderPope亞歷山大.蒲伯Stronglyadvocatedneoclassicism,emphasizingthatliteraryworksshouldbejudgedbyclassicalrulesoforder,reason,logic,restrainedemotion,goodtasteanddecorumSatiric\concise\smooth\graceful\well-balancedstyleOnCriticism論批評Acomprehensivestudyofthetheoriesofliterarycriticism;atypicaldidacticone;writtenintheformofheroiccouplets,it'splaininstyleanditiseasytoread.DanielDefoe丹尼爾.笛弗Averygoodstory-teller;hissentencesaresometimesshort,crispandplain,andsometimeslongandrambling,whichleaveonthereaderanimpressionofcasualnarrationSmooth\easy\colloquial\mostlyvernacularRobinsonCrusoe魯賓遜漂流記Adventureonadesertedisland;depictsaherogrowsfromaninexperiencedyouthontoashrewdandhardenedman;asongofcourage,wisdom,struggleagainstthehostilenaturalenvironmentJonathanSwift喬納森.斯威特Isalmostunsurpassedinthewritingofsimple,direct,preciseprose;“properwordsinproperplaces”Clear\simple\concretediction\uncomplicatedsentencestructure\economyandconcisenessoflanguageGulliver’sTravels格列佛游記Fourplaces:Lilliput,Brobdingnag,theflyingisland;HouyhnhnmHenryFielding亨利.菲爾丁Firstofallthe18thcenturyEnglishnovelisttowritethe"comicepicinprose";thefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle;usethethird-personnarration;“FatheroftheEnglishNovel”;“thejustcopiesofhumanmanners”Easy\unlabored\familiar\extremelyvividandvigorous\logicandrhythmTomJones湯姆.瓊斯SamuelJohnson賽繆爾.約翰遜Verymuchconcernedwiththethemeofthevanityofhumanwishes;nomatterhowcomplexhissentencesare,thethoughtisalwaysclearlyexpressedTotheRightHonorabletheEarlofChesterfield致可敬的吉士菲爾伯爵書AstrongindignationattheEarl'sfame-fishing;implyingwritersindependenceineconomyandwriting;openanewerainthedevelopmentofliteratureRichardBrinsleySheridan理查德.比.謝立丹TheonlyimportantEnglishdramatistoftheeighteenthcentury;inhisplays,moralityistheconstantthemeTheSchool造謠小學(xué)AstoryabouttwobrothersThomasGray扥馬斯.格雷Theleaderofthesentimentalpoetryoftheday,especially“theGraveyardElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard墓園挽歌Reflectsondeath,thesorrowoflife,andthemysteriesofhumanlifewithatouchofhispersonalmelancholyTheRomanticPeriod1.Age:1798-18702.Background:comingalongwiththeFrenchRevolutionandtheIndustrialRevolution3.Features:(1)Contrarywiththeneoclassicism:emphasizethatmanhaveincommon,focusesonthespecialqualitiesofindividualmind(2)Tendtoprobeintotheinnerworldofthehumanspiritrathernarratedailyhappeningsofthehumanworld(3)Employruralscenery,legendaryandmythological,storiesofancienttimes,figuresfromcountryandOrientals(4)Produceanumberofgreatpoets,theRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry(5)ThefocusoftheeverydaylifeofhumanbeingsintheAgebroughtabouttheflourishingoffamiliaressaysWilliamBlake威廉.布萊克ThefirstimportantRomanticpoet;thespokesmanofrevolt;took“ThisWorld”as“aWorldofImaginationandVision”,declaringthat“TheNatureofmyworkisvisionaryandimaginative”Plain\direct\lyricbeauty\symbolismTheChimneySweeper/SongsofInnocence掃煙囪的孩子/幼稚之歌掃煙囪的孩子/經(jīng)驗之歌TheTyger老虎1.Indicatestheconditionsoftheexploitationofchildlabor,whichmakereligionaconsolation;2.RevealsthetruenatureofreligionwhichhelpsbringmiserytothepoorchildrenWilliamWordsworth威廉.華茲華斯A“worshipperofnature”;apoetinmemoryofthepast,tohim,lifeisacyclicaljourney,itsbeginningfinallyturnsouttobeitsend;Advocatethewritingofthecommonpeopleinordinarylanguage;thejoysandsorrowsofthecommonpeoplearehisthemes;naturalscenerywithitsbeautyandmysteryactsalsoasoneofhisfavoritethemes,thepoorinruralplaces;revealtheinnerworkingsofindividual’smind;theseemingsimplicityofthepoetbothindictionanddescriptionisimmersedinaprofoundandsympatheticlongingforabetterworld;poetryoriginatesfrom“emotionrecollectedintranquility”LyricalBallads抒情歌謠集TinternAbbey丁登寺旁（（IWanderedLonelyasaCloud我孤單地漂泊宛若一片浮云ComposeduponWestminsterBridge作于西敏寺橋上SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWays她居住在人跡罕至的地方TheSolitaryReaper孤單的割麥女）AvividpictureofabeautifulmorningInLondon;ItalianformSamuelTaylorColeridge塞繆爾.特勒.科勒律治Canbedividedintotwogroups:thedemonicandconversational;KublaKhan忽必烈漢DescribesthepleasuredomeoftheKhan;GeorgeGordonByron喬治.戈登.拜倫G.G.Byron’schiefcontribution:“Byronichero”:Suchaheroisaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin.Passionateandpowerful,heisrightallthewrongsinacorruptsociety,andhewouldfightsingle–handedlyagainstallthemisdoings,political,religiousandmoral.Thushisfigureisarebelliousindividualagainstoutwornsocialsystemsandconventions.SongfortheLuddites為盧得派歌唱DonJuan（TheIslesofGreece）唐璜（哀希臘）PercyByssheShelley鉑.比.雪萊Greatestachievementishisfour-actpoeticdrama,PrometheusUnboundASong:MenofEngland英國人民之歌OdetotheWestWind西風(fēng)頌1.AwarcrycallinguponallworkingpeopleofEnglandtoriseupagainsttheirpoliticaloppressorsandanaddresstopointouttothemtheintolerableinjusticeofeconomicexploitation2.Theautumnwind,buryingthedeadyear,preparingforanewSpring;“IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?”ExpressedeagernesstoenjoytheboundlessfreedomfromtherealityJohnKeats約翰.濟慈Sensuous,colorfulandrichinimagery;exactandcloselyknitconstruction,sensualdescriptionOdetoanGrecianUrn希臘古甕頌ShowthecontrastbetweenthepermanenceofartandthetransienceofhumanpassionJaneAusten簡.奧斯汀Mainliteraryconcernisabouthumanbeingsintheirpersonalrelationships;hercharacteristicthemeisthatmaturityisachievedthroughthelossofillusionsDelightfulandprofoundPrideandPrejudice狂妄與偏見WavevividpicturesofeverydaylifeofsimplecountrysocietyTheVictorianPeriod1.Age:1836-1901

2.Background:(1)Earlyyears:rapideconomicdevelopmentaswellasserioussocialproblems

(2)Thenexttwentyyears:prosperityandrelativestability.anationalspiritofearnestness,respectability,modestydomesticity

(3)Thelastthreedecades:thedeclineoftheBritishempireandthedecayoftheVictorianvalues

3.Idea:(1)Darwin’sTheOriginofSpecies;TheDescentofManshookthetheoreticalbasisofthetraditionalfaith

(2)Utilitarianism:whetheritcouldpromotethematerialhappiness

(3)sociallyconsciouswriterscriticized(2)’sdepreciationofculturalvalues,coldindifferencetowardshumanfeeling

(4)literature:magnitudeanddiversity,romanticallyandrealistically

4.criticalrealistwriters:criticizedthesociety,concernedaboutthefateofcommonpeopleCharlesDickens查爾斯.狄更斯1.Theme:criticalrealistwriters,criticize:poverty,injustice,hypocrisy,corruptness

2.Characteristics:(1)Heisskillfulinthedialectandhavealargevocabulary

(2)characterportrayal

(3)charactersaremostlyinnocent,helpless,persecutedchildcharacters

(4)amixtureofhumorandsympathism(pathos)

(5)bizarrefigure,horribleOliverTwist霧都孤兒(ThePickwickPaper;DavidCopperfield;DomebyandSon;ATaleofTwoCities;BleakHouse;LittleDorrit;HardTimes;GreatExpectations)ThecrueltyandhypocrisyoftheworkhousesystemandthedarkcriminalunderworldlifeTheBronteSisters夏治特.布郎帝1.scene:vast,rough,untouchedmoorlandwilderness2.Charlotte’sworksareallaboutthestruggleofanindividualconsciousnesstowardsself-realization,aboutsomelonelyandneglectedyoungwomenwithafiercelongingforlove,understandingandafull,happylife.Inhermind,man’slifeiscomposedofperpetualbattlebetweensinandvirtue,goodandevilJaneEyre/CharlotteBronte簡愛WutheringHeights/EmilyBronte呼嘯山莊1.Mr.RochesterandJaneEyre.

Rochester:agrim-looking,energetic,quick-tempered,butanunderstandingmiddle-agedman;hasaburningspiritandalongingtoloveandbeloved;strugglesforrecognitionofherbasicrightsandequalityasawoman.It‘sanindividualconsciousstruggletowardsself-realization.Shegetsjoythroughthesacrificeofherselforherweaknessovercome3.(Usesflashbacks)

Nelly:Catherine’soldnurse,narrator,toldMr.Lockwood,atemporarytenantthestoryAlfredTennyson阿爾弗雷德.丁尼生PoetLaureate(Wordsworth,Southey)apowerfulexpressionofthepoet‘sphilosophicalandreligiousthoughts,hisdoubtsaboutlife,soul;hasthenaturalpoweroflinkingvisualpictureswithmusicalexpression,andthesetwowiththefeelingsBreakBreakBreak沖激，沖激，沖激CrossingTheBar過沙洲Ulysses尤利西斯1.Thefeelingofsadnessarecontrastedwiththecarefree,innocentjoysofthechildrenandtheunfeelingmovementoftheshipandseawaves;abcb2.Meansleavingthisworldandenteringthenextworld3.ExpressTennyson’sowndeterminationandcouragetobravethestruggleoflifebutalsoreflectstherestlessnessandaspirationoftheageRobertBrowning羅伯特.布郞寧Perfects"dramaticmonologue",keepsreadersalert,thoughtfulandenlightenedMyLastDuchess我逝去的公爵夫人MeetingatNight夜會PartingatMorning晨別1.Inheroiccouplets,dramaticmonologueSoundslikeblankverseGeorgeEliot喬治.艾略特Pseudonym:MaryAnnEvansFounderof"streamofconsciousness",focusoninnerstruggle.Hereditaryinfluencesgovernhumanaction.Concernforthedestinyofwoman.Thetragedyofwomenliesintheirverybirth(hereditaryinfluences)

naturalisticandpsychologicalnovelMiddlemarchAStudyofProvincialLife米德爾馬契，外省生活研究AfullviewoflifeinasmallEnglishtownThomasHardy扥馬斯.哈代1.Evaluation:naturalist(D.H.Lawrance;TheodoreDreiser;GeorgeEliot),alsocriticalrealistwriter(Dickens)

2.Features:nostalgic(WashingtonIrving;F.ScottFitzergerald;WilliamFaulkner),alsopessimisticIntellectuallyadvancedandemotionallytraditionalTellsverygoodstoriesaboutveryinterestingpeoplebutseldomstopstoaskwhy

3.Naturalism:Darwin’sideaof"survivalofthefittest"

(1)manisbornwithtragic,inevitablyboundbyhisownhereditarytraits

(2)manprovespowerlessbeforefatehoweverhetries,heseldomescapeshisdoomeddestinyTessofTheD’Urbervilles德伯家的苔絲(Wessex:TheReturnoftheNature;TheMayorofCasterbridge;JudetheObscure)Criticizethesociety,hypocricyofthesociety

naturalism,themisery,povertyTesssuffers“Notguessingthecause,therewasnothingtoremindhimthatexperienceisastointensity,andnotastoduration.Tess’spassingcorporealblighthadbeenhermentalharvest”TheModernPeriod1.background:1914-1945

(1)naturalandsocialsciencesenormouslyadvanced

(2)capitalismcameintoitsmonopolystage

(3)thegapbetweentherichandthepoorwasfurtherdeepened

(4)WorldWar12broke

2.whatideasinfluencethisperiod:allkindsofphilosophicalideas

(1)KarlMarx:scientificsocialism

(2)Darwin’stheoryofevolution,"survivalofthefittest"

(3)Freud’sanalyticalpsychology

(4)Theirrationalistphilosophersgiveimmenseinfluence

3.ideas:(1)Modernismoriginatedfromskepticismanddisillusionofcapitalism

(2)TheFrenchsymbolismannouncedmodernism

(3)takestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.Themajorthemesarethedistorted,alienatedandillrelationships

4.differencebetweenModernismandRealism

Modernismisareactionagainstrealisminmanyaspects

(1)Modernismrejectsrationalism,whichisthetheoreticalbaseofRealism

(2)ModernismreflectsthesourceofRealism,i.e.theexternal,objective,materialworld

(3)Modernismrejectsalmostallthetraditionalelementsinliterature

5.D.H.Lawence’sworks’features:(1)Heinterestsinexploringthepsychologicaldevelopment,hethinkslifeimpulseisman‘sinstinct.Anyconsciousoppressionwillcausedistortionoftheindividual‘spersonality

(2)makeapsychologicalexplorationofhumanrelationships,especiallythosebetweenmenandwomen

(3)heemphasizesthatit‘scapitalistindustrializationthatturnmanintoinhumanmachines.Andthedesiresforpowerandmoneycausethealienationofhumanrelationships6.JohnOsborne:"LookbackinAnger""theAngryYoungMan",theworking-classdramaandtheTheaterofAbsurdGeorgeBernardShaw蕭伯納1.idea:against"artforart‘ssake",artshouldservesocialpurposesbyreflectinghumanlife,revealingsocialcontradictionsandeducatingcommonpeople

2.worksfeatures:problemplays,onlyonepassion:indignation

(1)showingone’scharacterbytheexpenseofanother’s

(2)inversion,Shaw’scharactersaretherepresentativesofideas,pointsofview,thatshiftandalterduringtheplayTheforwardmotionconsistsnotintheunrollingofplotbutintheoperationofthespiritofdiscourseMrs.Warren’sProfession華倫夫人的職業(yè)(St.Joan(historicalplay);TheAppleCart(politicalplay);TheDoctor‘sDilemma(politicalplay))aplayabouttheeconomicoppressionofwomanJohnGalsworthy約翰.高爾斯華瑞Aconventionalwriter,havinginheritedthefinetraditionsofthegreatVictoriannovelistsofthecriticalrealism;focusingonplotdevelopmentandcharacterportrayal;impartialpresentationofthesociallifeinadocumentaryprecision;satire,humor,clear,unpretentious;aclearandstraightforwardlanguageTheManofProperty有產(chǎn)者(trilogy:TheManofProperty;InChancery;ToLet)Soames(husband),Irene(wife),Bosinney(wife’slover)

thepredominantpossessiveinstinctoftheForsytesSoamesrepresentstheprinciplethattheaccumulationofwealthintheaimoflife,forheconsiderseverythingintermsofone‘sproperty,heneverpaysanyattentiontohiswife‘sthoughtsandfeelings,hetakeshermerelyaspartofhisownproperty.

theme:humanrelationshipsofthecontemporaryEnglishSocietyaremerelyanextensionofpropertyrelationshipsWilliamButlerYeats威廉.伯特勒.葉芝Combinationofhisappreciationofbeautyandasenseoftragedylife,gaveasignificancetotheordinaryeventsoflifeinhispoetry;hisstyleisbothsimpleandrich,colloquialandformal,withaqualityofmetaphysicalwitandsymbolicvision;TheLake茵尼斯弗利島DownByTheSalley在闊葉柳花園旁邊1.Sighttoescapeintoanideal“fairyland”wherehecouldlivecalmlyasahermitandenjoythebeautynature2.AnoldsongfromanoldpeasantwomanT.S.EliotT.S.艾略特(1)Presentsphysicaldisorderandspiritualdecadenceinthemodernwesternsociety

(2)Reflectsdisillusionanddespairofawholepostwargeneration.Anguish,menace,sterilityhadbeenafflictingallsensitivemembersofthepostwargeneration

(3)concernswiththespiritualbreakupofamoderncivilizationinwhichhumanlifehaslostitsmeaning

(4)Reflectsthe20thcenturypeople‘sdisillusionandfrustrationinameaninglessandboringworldTheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock普魯弗洛克的情歌TheWaste1.Dramaticmonologueinironictone

content:themeditationofanagingyoungmanovertheproposingmarriageTheme:thespeaker‘sincapabilityoffacinguptoloveandtolifeinasterileupper-classworld

2.Alandmarkandamodelofthe20th-centuryEnglishpoetry(LyricalBalladsofWordsworth)D.H.Lawrence戴維.赫伯特.勞倫斯Expressastrongreactionagainstthemechanicalcivilization;oneofthefirstnoveliststointroducethemesofpsychologyintohiswork;believethatthehealthywayoftheindividual’spsychologicaldevelopmentlayintheprimacyofthelifeimpulse,orinanotherterm,thesexualimpulse;makeadeliberateuseofthe“four-letter”wordsinhisnovels;declarethatanyrepressionofthesexualimpulsebasedsocial,religious,ormoralvaluesofthecivilizedworldwouldcauseseveredamagestotheharmonyofhumanrelationshipsandpsychichealthoftheindividual’spersonalitySonsandLovers兒子與情人(TheRainbow;WomeninLove;LadyChatterley‘sLover)Contents:ignorant,drunkenandbrutishfather(Mr.Morel),theweary,frustratedmother(Mrs.Morel),theintelligentandambitiouswoman,triestofindemotionalfulfillmentinhersons(Paul).Shehopeshersonsshouldneverbecameminers,theywillbeeducatedtorealizeheridealsofsuccess,happinessandsocialrespect.Paulisincapableofescapingtheoverpoweringemotionalbondimposedbyhermotherslove.(Distortedrelationship)JamesJoyce詹姆斯.喬伊斯1.Scene:thesamesetting:Ireland,especiallyDublin,thesamesubject:theIrishpeopleandtheirlife

2.Streamofconsciousness:presentsunspokenmaterialsdirectlyfromthepsycheofthecharacters,ormakethecharacterstelltheirowninnerthoughtsinmonologues

aliteraryformpresentingpsychologicalaspectsofcharacters3.Style:straightforward\lucid\logical\leisurely\concentratingonrevealinginhisnovelsthepsychicbeingofthecharactersDubliners（Araby）都柏林人（阿拉伯節(jié)）（ThePortraitofTheArtistAsaYoungMan青年藝術(shù)家的肖像Ulysses尤利西斯）1.ataleofthefrustratedquestforbeauty

theme:thechildlivesnotwithhisparentsbutwithanuncleandaunt,asymbolofthatisolationandlackofproperrelationbetweenparentsandchildren(Ulysses:anaccountofman‘slifeduringoneday.Theeventsseemtobetrivial,insignificant,butbelowthesurfaceofthem,thenaturalflowofmentalreflections,theshiftingmoodsandimpulsesinthecharactersinnerworldarerichlypresentedinanfrankandpenetratingway.)TheRomanticPeriod:Stretchesfromtheendof18thcenturytotheoutbreakofthecivilwar.“TheAmericanRenaissance”Writingsintheperiodemphasizeupontheimaginativeandemotionalqualitiesofliterature.ThemostclearlydefinedRomanticliterarymovementinthisperiodisNewEnglandTranscendentalism.WashingtonIrving華盛頓.歐文Earnaninternationalreputation;FatheroftheAmericanshortstories;perfectthebestclassicstylethatAmericanLiteratureeverproducedTheAmericanGoldSmithMusicality\dreaming\Gothic\supernatural\exoticplaceRipVanWinkle里普.凡.溫克爾WellknowforRip’s20-yearsleepAmodelofperfectEnglishinAmericanliteratureandintheEnglishlanguageaswellRalphWaldoEmerson拉爾夫.瓦爾多.愛默生ThechiefspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism(AmericanPuritanism\EuropeanRomanticism);isgenerallyknownasanessayist;hislastreputationbeganonlywiththepublicationofEssays;theAmericanScholar(1837)Self-reliance\Americanscholar\theover-soul\intuitive\short\declarative\Nature論天然TheunofficialmanifestofortheTranscendentalClub;transparenteyeballs:oneismergedintonature,whileretainingauniqueperceptionoftheexperienceNathanielHawthorne撒尼爾.霍桑PublishedTwice-ToldTales/TheScarletletter;blackvisionoflifeandhumanbeings;sinandevil;thewrongdoingofonegenerationlivesintothesuccessiveones;thePuritanconceptoflifeiscondemned;amasterofsymbolismKeenpsychologicalanalysis\ambiguityYoungGoodmanBrown衰老小伙子古德曼.布朗EveryonepossessessomeevilsecretWaltWhitman沃爾特.惠特曼Poetrycouldplayavitalpartintheprocessofcreatinganewnation;astrongsenseofmission;usethepoetic“I”,speakinginthevoiceof“I”;thetriangularrelationship:"I"thepoet,thesubjectinthepoem,and"you"thereader;freeverse;differentthinswouldmeanadifferentwaveoffeelingOpenness\freedom\individualism\conversationalandcasual\simpleevencrudeThereWasaChildWentForth先前有個出門的孩子CavalryCrossingaFord涉水過河的騎兵隊SongofMyself自我之歌Thegrowthofachild/ayounggrowingAmericanRemindsitsreadersofaphotooftheAmericanCivilWarUniversality,singularityandequalityHermanMelville赫爾曼.梅爾維爾AmasterofallegoryandsymbolismMobyDick白鯨ThefirstAmericanproseepic;asymbolicvoyageofthemindinquestoftruthandknowledgeoftheuniverse,aspiritualexplorationintoman'sdeeprealityandpsychology;MobyDicksymbolizesnature;Ahab--atragichero,becomingevilhimselfinhisthirsttodestroyevil.TheRealisticPeriod1865-1914

1.Background:theCivilWaraffectedboththesocialandthevaluesystem

(1)Transformedfromanagriculturalonetoanindustrializedandcommercializedone(2)Stimulatedtechnologicaldevelopment

(3)Steppedupurbanization

(4)PeoplebecamedubiousaboutthehumannatureandthecharityofGod

TheGildedAge

2.AmericanRealisticPeriodandEnglishRealisticPeriod(VictorianPeriod)Commonground

(1)Agreatinterestintherealitiesoflife,aimattheinterpretationoftheactualitiesofanyaspectoflife

(2)Whatwasbrutalorfilthy,theopenportrayalofclassstruggle

(3)Commonpeoplemostlydepicted

differences(America)

(1)Nativetrendsintherealisticportrayalofthelandscapeandsocialsurfaces

(2)Perfectthedialectstyle

(3)Concernabout"localcolorism",auniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism3.AmericanNaturalism:influencedbyDarwin'sevolutionarytheory

(1)Acceptthemorenegativeimplicationsofitanduseittoexplainthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworks

(2)Inheritedqualities,andhabitsconfinedbysocialforcesaredepicted

(3)Theme:human"bestiality",especiallythesexualdesire

(4)Unpolishedlanguage

(5)Philosophically,thetruthisalwayspartiallyhiddenfromtheeyesoftheindividual,orbeyondhiscontrol

(6)Materialsourcefromthelowerranksofsocietyportraymiseryandpoverty(7)Naturalismisevolved