船用油漆工程師FR考試樣本

Day1Specification：Adocumentdefiningwhatiswantedandwhatshallbedonetoachievethis.標書:一種關(guān)于咱們想做什么和將要完畢什么定義文獻Procedure：Adetaileddescriptionofhowtoperformthetaskscalledforinthespecification.工藝:一種詳細記錄了如何執(zhí)行配套規(guī)定條款Specification----“what”todo.標書---做些什么Procedure----“how”todo.工藝---怎么去做Coatiogsystemspecification油漆配套標書Area部位Substrate基層Surfacepreparation表面解決Coatingsystem涂裝系統(tǒng)Coatingworkspecification油漆工作標書Coatingsystemspecification油漆配套標書Procedure工藝Standard：Definitionsandproceduresmadebythirdpartyauthorityusedasacommonreference.原則:政府或關(guān)于權(quán)威部門統(tǒng)一制作定義和程序Whydoweusestandards為什么咱們要使用原則Uniformunderstanding統(tǒng)一理解Normativeproceduresandequipment原則化程序和設(shè)備Rationalizationofproduction合理產(chǎn)品Avoidanceofdiscussions避免不批準見Fivelevelsofstandards原則5個級別Companystandards公司原則Industrystandards行業(yè)原則Nationalstandards國標(BS英國原則,DIN德國原則,ASTM美國原則)Regionalstandards地區(qū)原則(CEN)Internationalstandards(ISO)國際原則Qualityassurance(QA)：Implementationofallthesystematicandplannedactionsnecessarytoensurethataproductorserviceisdeliveredistherequiredquality.質(zhì)量保證：依照籌劃施工規(guī)定執(zhí)行所有體系來保證產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)在合同規(guī)定范疇內(nèi)質(zhì)量.Qualitycontrol(QC)：Checkingofindividualoperationstoensureconformitywiththespecifications.質(zhì)量控制:保證得到標書規(guī)定品質(zhì)獨立檢查OneoftheactionsinQA是質(zhì)量保證一某些Surfacetreatmentinspectorinspectionphases表面解決檢查人員檢查范疇Beforesurfacepreparation表面解決前Surfacepreparation表面解決中Beforepaintapplications表面解決后Paintapplication申請涂裝Afterpaintapplication在涂裝后Inspectorduty檢查員職責Observe，monitor觀測,監(jiān)控Advice建議Check檢查Report報告Stopofworkrequires(givenauthority)有必要停止工作(需要授權(quán))Howtoperform怎么樣執(zhí)行Technicallyauthoritative技術(shù)上權(quán)威Flexible靈活掌握(withinthelimitsofspecifications在標書范疇內(nèi))Wellbehaving/diplomatic良好行為/老到Whyusecoating為什么使用涂層Protection保護Signalownership標注所有人，companycolour予以顏色，image圖象Warning警告，attention注意Easeofcleaning容易清潔Substrates基層Steel鋼材Non-ferrousmetals非鐵金屬Concrete混凝土Wood木材Plastics塑料Coatings涂層Paint油漆Metallizing金屬Glass玻璃Powdercoating粉末涂料Waxcoating(softcoating)蠟涂層(軟涂層)Considerations注意事項Substrate基材Environment環(huán)境Surfacepreparation表面解決Coatingquality涂層質(zhì)量Coatingtype涂層類型Paintapplication油漆施工Paintfilmthickness油漆厚度Day2Surfacepreparation：Theprocessmakingasurfacesuitableforapplicationofacoating.表面解決:解決需要涂裝基材表面Increaseadhesion–longterm增長附著力-長時間保護Removalofcontaminants(cleanliness)去除污染物(清潔)Increaseofcontactarea(anchorpattern)增長接觸面積峰狀表面Contaminants---General污染物-常規(guī)Dust灰Oil/grease油/油脂Moisture水痕跡Salt----Osmosis鹽-可溶解Non-intact，oldcoating不完整舊涂層Contaminants---Substrate污染物-基材Millscale---steel(battary)，St2,St3havemillscale.氧化皮—鋼材Redrust---steel紅銹-鋼材Whiterust---galvanizing，zinccoating白銹-鍍鋅或鋅層Laitance---concrete浮漿皮-混凝土Methodsforremoval(ISO8504)去處辦法Chemical化學解決Thermal熱解決Mechanical機械解決Chemicalmethods化學解決Water(<700bars)---solublesalts不大于700ars水沖洗---可溶性鹽Alkalinesolutions---grease(notmineraloil)堿性液體----油脂(沒有礦物油)Emulsifyingsolutions---oil，grease乳化液---油,油脂Solvents---oil，grease溶劑---油,油脂Pickling(acidtreatment)---millscale，rust酸洗(酸解決)---氧化皮,銹Electrolyticdescaling---rust電解除銹---銹Phosphatizing---protectivelayer，adhesion，promoter，phosphatelayerprotectcorrosion磷化---形成磷酸鹽,予以保護Thermalmethods熱解決Flamecleaning---millscale，rust，oil火焰除銹---氧化皮,銹,油Mechanicalmethods機械解決Needlegunning，chipping---rust針槍,敲鏟---銹蝕Grinding(ISO8501)---rust，oldcoating打磨---銹,舊涂層Wirebrushing---rust，oldcoating(notmillscale)鋼絲刷---銹,舊涂層(沒有氧化皮)Sanding---rust，oldcoating(roughening)砂紙打磨---銹,舊涂層(粗糙)Abrasiveblasting---millscale，rust，oldcoating噴砂---氧化皮,銹,舊涂層Waterjetting---rust，oldcoating(doesnotroughening)高壓水除銹---銹,舊涂層(沒有粗糙度)Sequenceofcleaning清潔順序1.Oil，grease---emulsifyingsolutions油，油脂---乳化溶解2.Solublesalts---waterhosing，waterjetting可溶性鹽份---水管清洗，高壓水噴射3.Millscale---blasting，sanding，waterjetting，etc.氧化皮---噴砂，打磨，高壓水噴射4.Dust---blowing，vacuumcleaning灰---排風，吸塵5.Moisture---heating潮濕---加熱Methods–relativedurability，C-steelNopreparation---------Flamecleaning-------------Powertool------------------------Blasting--------------------------------------------------Waterjetting--------------------------------------Standards原則Cleanliness---ISO8501-1清潔度Contaminants---ISO8501-1，ISO8502污染度Methods---ISO8504辦法Roughnesscharacteristics---ISO8503粗糙度特性Waterjetting---SSPC–SP12/NACE5高壓水噴射Equipmentforabrasiveblasting噴砂設(shè)備Centrifugalforce---wheelabrator離心力---葉輪拋丸Pressurizedair(openblasting加壓噴射（開放式）Wheelabrator–characteristics葉輪拋丸-特性Almostexclusivelyonline大某些用于生產(chǎn)線Typicallyarrangedinsets---2，4，…Lowtomediumroughness較低粗糙度Wheelabrator–whattolookfor?葉輪拋丸-應(yīng)當期待什么？Result效果Refillfrequency再裝頻率Typeandmixofabrasives混合磨料類型Synchronizingofwheelabrators同步拋丸Nozzle–choracteristics噴嘴-爭論On-site在現(xiàn)場Versatile多樣性Highroughnesspossible(pressure，distance)高粗糙度（壓力和距離）Nozzle–whattolookfor?噴嘴-應(yīng)當期待什么？Result效果Oil油Water水Nozzle–variants噴嘴-不同類型Dry干Wet濕Vacuum真空Abrasive–types磨料類型Metallic金屬Non-metallic非金屬--Mineral礦石--Organic有機物--Others其他Abrasives磨料Grir---angular菱角砂---多角Shot---round鋼丸---圓Wirecut---cylindrical鋼絲段---圓柱型Metalloc金屬Chilledirongrit硬鐵粗紗High-carbon，caststeelgrit/shot高碳，鑄鐵菱角砂/鋼丸Low--carbon，caststeelshot低碳量鑄鐵鋼丸Wirecut鋼絲切段Non-metallic非金屬Naturalminerals自然礦石Garnet，Olivine，Staurolite石榴石，橄欖石，十字石Syntheticminerals(slags)合成礦石（礦渣）Copperslag，Nickelslag，Coalfurnaceslag，Ironfurnaceslag，Glass,Aluminiumoxide銅礦砂，鎳礦砂，煤礦砂，鐵礦砂，玻璃，氧化鋁Organic有機物GroundwalnutshellsGroundcherrystonesOther其她CO2ice，Bakingsoda(NaHCO3)，PlasticgranulatesSurfacecharacteristicsforabrasiveblasting磨料噴砂表面特性Profile---sharpordimpled輪廓---尖銳或酒窩狀態(tài)Roughness---highorlow粗糙度---高或低Density---highorlow密度---高或低Ry5：Meanoffivemax.PeaktovalleymeasurementsinfiveadjoiningsamplinglengthRy5:5個最大值平均值。測量5個臨近波峰到波谷距離值Ry5=1/5(Ry①+Ry②+Ry③+Ry④+Ry⑤)Ry(Rmax.)：Max.DistancepeaktovalleyinsamplinglengthRy(Rmax.)：最高測量臨近波峰到波谷距離值Rz：Rz=1/5(y1+y2+…+y9+y10)RzveluenearRy5Ra：Ra*L=(Areaabove+Areabelow)SummaryRy>RzRy5≈Rzhowever，5and1samplinglengthrespectivelyRz>>RaRz≈6*RaRoughness---increasedarea粗糙度----增長面積Areaincrease(%)≈0.9*Rz(micron)Density：NumberofpeaksabovethearithmeticalmeanlineperunitLength密度：單位面積內(nèi)波峰數(shù)量算術(shù)平均值！PeaksexceedingachosenminimumAssessmentforsurfacecharacteristics表面特性評估Profile---visual輪廓---肉眼查看Roughness---comparator(Testex)粗糙度---對比測試Density---stylus密度---觸針檢測Comparator對比設(shè)備ISOComparator(Gritandshor)---meansforRy5RugotestNO.3(Gritandshot)---RaTestex---RyNeedlegauge針式測量儀---Ry5Day3Paint：Aliquidmaterialwhichcanbeappliedonthesubstrate.油漆:一種外加在基層表面液體材料Whyusepaint?為什么要使用油漆Protection(themainfuntion)保護（重要作用）Steelandothermetals---againstcorrosion鋼鐵和其他金屬---防止腐蝕Wood---againstrot/decay木材---防止腐爛/腐朽Concrete---againstcarbo混凝土---防止風化Othervaluablestructures---against…其他有價值表面---防止---fouling(shipsunderwaterareas)---污垢（船底部位）---contaminationofcommodities(cargotanks)日用品污染（船貨倉）---abrasion(shipsdecks)磨損（船甲板）Decoration裝飾Warning/safety警告/安全標志Comouflage偽裝Image圖象Compositionforpaint油漆構(gòu)成Binders樹脂Pigments顏料Extenders填料Solvents溶劑Additives助劑Binders---characteristics樹脂---特性Non-volatilepart不可揮發(fā)部份Adhesion附著力Cohesion---strengthofthepaint內(nèi)聚力---油漆內(nèi)部強度Paintsprominentproperties體現(xiàn)油漆重要性能Examplesforbinders樹脂實例Bitumen，tar瀝青，焦油Chorinatedrubber，Acrylic，Vinyl氯化橡膠，丙烯酸，乙烯基Silicone，Silicate硅有機樹脂，硅酸鹽‘酯’Alkyd，Modifiedalkyd醇酸樹脂，改良]醇酸樹脂Epoxy，Polyurethane環(huán)氧，聚氨酯Pigments---characteristics顏料---特性Non-volatilepart不可揮發(fā)某些Colour顏色Opocity(hidingpower)功能（隱藏能力）Otherfunctionalproperties其他性能Examples實例Primeorhiding(white)Black碳黑Othercoloured，Organicandinorganic其他顏色，有機和無機Metallic金屬Extenders---characteristics填料---特性Non-volatilepart不可揮發(fā)某些Mechanicalstrength機械性能Applicationproperties施工性能Costreduction減少成本ExampleCarbonates，Silica，Silicates碳酸鹽，硅土，硅酸鹽Solvents---characteristics溶劑---特性Volatilepart可揮發(fā)某些Dissolution(liquification)ofbinder分散（液化）數(shù)值A(chǔ)pplicationproperties施工性能Dryingtime干燥時間Flashpoint閃點ExampleHydrocarbon---Aliphatic(whitespirits)---Aromatic(naphtha，toluene，xylene)Oxygenated---Alcohols(n-bulanol)---Ester(n-butylacetate)---Ethers(monoethyl，ethylene，glycol)---Ketones(MEK，MIBK)TypeExampleResinAliphaticWhitespiritAlkydsAramatidToluene，XyleneCR，VinylAlcoholsEthanol，ButanolZincethylsilicateEpoxiesKetonesMEKEpoxiesAcitatesEthylacetateButylacetateEpoxies，PolyurethaneExamplesforadditivesAnti-settling，anti-skinningagentDriersPlasticizersWettingagent，coalescingagentsPreservative，fungicidesProductionforpaint油漆生產(chǎn)1.Raw(materials)準備2.Premix(millbase)預(yù)混合3.Dispersion(grinding)分散4.Finalmix(binder，solvents，additivesletdown)最后混合5.Fillingandpackaging包裝Dispersionstage---Grinding(wettingofagglomerates)Highspeeddisperser：upto3600liters/batchDynomill：upto1500liters/hourGenerictype：Amemberofafamilywithpropertiesdistinctfromothermembersofthefamily.---binderdecidepaintproperty普通類型：樹脂決定油漆類型Physicallydrying物理干燥Chemicallycurring化學固化Oxidativelycuring氧化固化Physicallydrying(solventborne)CommonpropertiesGenerictypeThermoplasticReversibleSolventsensitiveExcellentrecoatabilityTemperatureindependentforfilmformationBitumens，Tars,CR,Acrylic,Vinyl,Physicallydrying(waterborne)CommonpropertiesGenerictypeThermoplasticReversible(toacertaindegree)SolventsensitiveExcellentrecoatabilityTemperatureindependentforfilmformationAcryliccopolymer,Styrene-butadienecopolymer,Vinylacetatecopolymer,Vinylchlorinatedcopolymer,ChemicallycuringCommonpropertiesGenerictype(solventborne)Generictype(waterborne)Non-thermoplasticIrreversibleResistanttosolvent(own)CriticalrecoatingintervalTemperaturedependentforfilmformationEpoxies,Polyurethane，(oneortwo-pack)Zinc-silicate,Silicones,Polyesters(hempel3592),Epoxies,Zincsilicates,Oxidativecuring(Solvent-borneandwater-borne)CommonpropertiesGenerictypesGenerallysimilartochemicallycuringpaintPooralkaliresistantOilbased，Oleoresinous,Alkyds,Multified---epoxyesterPhysicallydryingSolvent-borne---binder∽∽∽∽Water-borne---binderglobules●●●●Potlife：Maximumtime，atagivenpainttemperature，themixtureofbaseandcuringagentshouldbeusedaftermixing.Inductiontime：Minimumtime，atgivenpainttemperature，necessarytoallowpre-reactionofthecomponentsforoptimumfilmformation.MinimumtemperatureforfilmformationPhysicallydrying(solventborne)-10℃Alkyds5℃Epoxy(ingeneral)10℃Polyurethane-10℃Waterborne5℃Zincsilicate(solventborne)-10℃Applicationmustgivethepaintfilmthefollowingproperties:DurabilityinserviceenvironmentProtectionofsubstrateforsuitableperiedFormationofcoherentfilmwithlowpermeabilitytosubstrateImpactandmechanicalresistantBrushGoodpenetrationCheapSlowUnevenfilms(brushmarks)RollerPoorpenetrationCheapSlowVerythinandunevenfilmsChecklistforapplicationofpaintsStirring/mixing/thinningCorrectwetfilmthicknessAdequateventilationTemperaturelimitationsAvoidanceoftoohighRHGoodworkmanshipSafety，healthandenvironmentChicklistapplicationof2-packpaintsCorrectmixingofcomponentsMechanicalmixingInductiontimeMinimumandmaximumovercoatingtimesPotlifeCuringtimeTemperaturelimitationsduringapplicationandcuringLossfactorsduringapplicationWind[>2m/sec(7.2km/h)–inadvisabletoapplybyspray]Applicationmethod(e.g.spray，brush，roller)Surfaceprofile(deadvolume)Access(e.g.narrowspaces，longdistances)DesignEquipment(e.g.nozzlesize，gun)LeftincanorequipmentDay4Corrosion：Adegradationofametalthroughinteractionwiththeenvironment.腐蝕：由于外界因素產(chǎn)生對金屬材料從外到內(nèi)降解。Galvanicseries電位差（Noble惰性）1.25C(graphite)石墨0.95SS(passive)被動0.7Cu銅0.68Millscale氧化皮0.5SS(active)積極0.4Fe鐵0.0Zn鋅-0.6Mg鎂（Ignoble活潑）Typeforsteel鋼材類型Mildsteel低碳鋼，carbonsteel碳鋼Castiron鑄鐵Cortensteel低合金高強度鋼Stainlesssteel不銹鋼Allcancorrode都能被腐蝕Corrosionforsteel(inair)鋼鐵腐蝕（空氣中）RelativeHumdity濕度（濕度不不大于60%時，濕度越高腐蝕越快）Dirt，dust泥土，灰Salt，sulfurdioxide鹽，二氧化硫Steel+Air(Oxygen)+Water→Rust鋼鐵+空氣（氧）+水→鐵銹Corrosionforsteel(inwater)鋼鐵腐蝕（水中）Air，oxygen空氣，氧氣Salinityofwater水中含鹽量，重量比（4%為最高腐蝕點，由于含氧量減少）Non-alkalinewater非堿性水Steel+Air(Oxygen)+Water→Rust鋼鐵+空氣（氧）+水→鐵銹Steel+Oxygen+Water---mechanism鋼鐵+氧氣+水---原理Steel+Acid→Ironsalt+Hydrogen鋼鐵+酸→鐵鹽+氫Steel+“Othermetal”---Zinc，Copper鋼鐵+“其她金屬”---鋅，銅Corrosionproduct+grooveWater+salt---ElectrolyteDesign–Avoid籌劃---避免Dirt/dusttrapsWatertrapsCombinationofmetals，withoutinsulationCorrosiontypes腐蝕類型General/Uniformcorrosion典型/均勻腐蝕Galvanic/Bimetalliccorrosion電化學/雙金屬腐蝕Pittingcorrosion深度腐蝕Crevice/Depositcorrosion裂縫/沉淀腐蝕Erosion/Turbulencecorrosion沖擊/空氣或液體流動腐蝕Selective/De-alloyingcorrosion選取性/脫合金成分腐蝕Stresscorrosioncracking應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂Microbiologicallyinducedcorrosion微生物感染腐蝕G/U：Evencorrosionspreadalloverthesubstrateofthecorrodingmetal.Reductionofmetalthicknessataslowandconstantrateevenlyoverthesurface.G/U：遍及表面?zhèn)鞑际垢g金屬平均腐蝕。金屬厚度慢并且平均地減少數(shù)值速率。G/B：Directcontactbetweentwometalshavingdifferentelectricalpotentialsinanelectrolyte.Intensityofattacksdependson:DifferenceinelectricalpotentialRelativeareasizesofanodeandcathode1.Asmallcathodewillnotoffectalargeanodeverymuch(Generalcorrosion)2.Alargecathodewillaffectasmallanodeverymuch(Pittingcorrosion)Maybereducedthrough:1.InsulationNon-metallicwashersGasketsBarriercoatings2.Nocombinationofmetalsforapartindetention3.DesignPitting：Attacksareinformoflocalizedholesoftenfilledwithcorrosionproducts.Rateisoftenaccelerated，causingrapidperforation.Pittingcorrosiononpassivatedmetals:Certainalloyswillappearontwodifferentlevelsinthegalvanicseries.Wecallthesetheactive(leastnoble)andthepassive(mostnoble)phases.Thisisduetotheoxidefilmbeingwhollyorpartiallyabsent，ortoshieldedareaswithlowcontentofoxygen.C/DMaybereducedby:Weldinginsteadofflanges/gadketsNosharpedgesGooddrainageRubberorteflonwashersAvoidance/removalofdepositsS/D：Attacksintheformofremovalofleastnobleelementfromasolidalloy.Suchas:De-zincificationofbrass---Red(yellow)=brassGraphitationofcastiron(steel)---Black(grey)=castiron(steel)Stresscorrosioncracking：Attacksintheformofprematurecrackingofmetalsincertainenvironments.Itisacombinedactionofcorrosionandsurfacetensilestress.Mostproneare:StainlesssteelsinseawaterCopperalloysinammoniaCarbonsteelinnitratesolutionsE/TAttacksthroughHighflowvelocitiesofliquidAbrasiveactionofsolidparticlesinliquidsorgasesManifestationGrooves，gullies，roundedholesandvalleyswithoutcorrosionproductAnticorrosivecoatingPrinciplesoffunctionPreventelectronreleasefromironPrevent–ionstomovePreventaccessofwaterDifferentwaysBarrierprotection---“water”Inhibitiveprotection---“-ions”Galvanicprotection---“electrons”BarrierLowwaterabsorptionHighDFTDensefilmsTar，CoaltarInhibitiveSpecialpigmentsZincphosphateGalvanicPrimercontainingmetallessnoblethanironZinc，AluminiumTypicalsystemBarriertypeonlyInhibitiveplusbarrierGalvaniconlyGalvonicplusbarrierDay5Shop-primer：Temporaryprotectionduringstorageandfabrication.Alsotermedaspre-fabricationprimer.車間底漆:在儲存和制造過程中起到暫時保護作用,在這此期間也叫做暫時底漆Characteristicsforshopprimers車間底漆特點Lineapplied用于生產(chǎn)流水線Fastdrying---followscontourofsurface迅速干燥---與表面結(jié)合DFT：15-25μm---measureedonsmoothplate膜厚:15-25微米---在光滑板上測量Protectiontime：upto1year---DFTandtypedepending保護時間:最大到1年----依照膜厚和類型Typeforshopprimers車間底漆類型Binder---Silicate，Epoxy，(PVB)樹脂---硅酸鹽,環(huán)氧Pigment---Zinc，Ironoxide，Zincphosphate顏料---鋅粉,氧化鐵,磷酸鋅Shopprimers–lineapplication車間底漆—流水線施工Checkingrawplate檢查沒有加工板材Takewaterout去除水Blasting噴砂Cleanplate清潔鋼板Checkblasting檢查噴砂Application施工Checkingapplication(gunspeed，platespeed…)檢查施工(槍速和板速)Drying干燥Checkingapplicated檢查施工Blast/Holdingprimers：Temporaryprotectionduringexecutionofpaintwork噴砂/暫時底漆:在完畢涂裝工作前暫時保護Blastprimer：Protectionofblastedsteel.噴砂底漆:保護噴砂后鋼板Holdingprimer：“Upgrading”ofoldshop-primer.暫時底漆:加固老車間底漆CharacteristicsforBlast/Holdingprimers噴砂底漆和暫時底漆特點Manuallyapplied手動施工DFT：30-50μm厚度在30-50微米Protectiontime：2-3months保護時間:2-3個月TypeforBlast/Holdingprimer噴砂底漆和暫時底漆類型Binder---Epoxy樹脂---環(huán)氧Pigment---Zincphosphate顏料---磷酸鹽Washprimers：Adhesionprimertozincandaluminium.Alsotermedas“Etchprimer”.磷化底漆:用于鋅和鋁表面,因此也叫蝕刻底漆Characteristicsforwashprimers磷化底漆特點Requiresupercleansurface(degreasing，steamcleaning)ContainphosphoricacidDFT：5-10μmTypeforwashprimersBinder---PVBPigments---ZincchromateZincrichpaintPigment---ZincBinder---Silicate(inorganic)Epoxy(organic)Polyurethane(organic)EpoxysimilartopolyurethaneZinclevelforzincrichSSPC(inorganic)---74%SSPC(organic)---77%ISO12944---80%BS5493---90%CharacteristicsforzincsilicateExcellentrustprotection---rustcreep，galvanicExcellentresistance:HeatSolventWater(0.1-0.6μm/1year)WearOnecoat---100μm(65μmasprimer，lewest55μm)Surfacepreparation---Highcleanliness，highandsharproughnessApplication---DFT<200μm(preventcrack)Curing---RH>50%(atsurface)Overcoating---FullycuredOvercoating---Mistcoat(popping)PHvalue---6to9CharacteristicsforzincepoxySurfacepreparation---lessdemandingthanzincsilicatesApplication---DFT<50μmOvercoating---Asforepoxies，nopoppingHeatresistance---Asepoxies，150℃Wearresistance---lowPH---6to9Metallization：Applicationofaprotectivemetalliccoatingonasubstrate–oftensteelandsteellallays，butalsopossibleonwood，plastic，concrete.MetalliccoatingZinc，alloysAlainlessalloysStainlesssteelTitaniumOthersApplicationmethodElectrodeposition---galvanizing(zinc)Dipping---hotdippedgalvanizingSpray---thermalsprayElectrodepositionZincChromiumNickelVerythincoatsHotdippedgalvanizing–“Dry”processDegreasing---FWW(freshwaterwashing)Pickling---FWWFluxingDippingHotdippedgalvanizing–“Wet”processDegreasing---FWWPickling---FWWDippingFluxagentontopofzincmeltCharacterististicsforhotdippedgalvanizingFe5%-25%---Unkilled75μm-100μm(shiny，roses)Killed–200μm(matte)Goodadhesion---metallicbondingEvenDFTLimitationsinsizePrincipleforthermalspray1.Metal2.Heat3.Velocity(Kineticenergy)4.Impactandsolidification5.LamellarTypesforthermalsprayHeatsourceCombustion---flamespray(-3000℃)Electricalarc---arcspray(5000-6000℃)Plasma---plasmaspray(10000-25000℃)FlamesprayMetal：wireorpower---Al，Zn，Zn/Al，Al/Mg，F(xiàn)e，F(xiàn)e/CrGas：acetylene，propaneArcsprayMetal：wire---Al，ZnVoltage,current：20-40V，100-500APlasmasprayMetal：power---Ti，F(xiàn)e/Cr，NiPlasma：fromH2，HeCharacteristicsforthermalspraySurfacepreparation---Excellentsteelwork，Sa3，Coarse(G)Application---200-400μm，specialskillCuring---NoneedOvercoating---Al，Alalloys:Always>DuplexService---predictable，longtermDay6Wetfilmμm*m^2=μm^31μm^3=(1/1000)Ltr1.Wetvolume(Ltr)=WFT(μm)*A(m^2)/10002.Dryvolume(Ltr)=DFT(μm)*A(m^2)/10003.VS(%)=Dryvolume(Ltr)*1000/Wetvolume(Ltr)=DFT(μm)*100/WFT(μm)Consumption消耗Given：DFT(μm)，A(M^2)Required：Howmuchpaint?Theoretically…TC=WFT(μm)*A(m^2)/1000=DFT(μm)*A(m^2)/VS(%)*10SpreadingrateGiven：DFT(μm)，A(m^2)Required：Howmanym^2perlitre，theoretically…TSR(m^2/litre)=A(m^2)/TC(ltr)=VS(%)*10/DFT(μm)Practicalvs.TheoreticalConsumptionishigherSpreadingrateislower1.DFTdistribution2.Overspray3.LeftoversPracticalconsumptionPC(Ltr)=CF*TC(Ltr)Note：CF>1PracticalspreadingratePSR(m^2/Ltr)=LF*TSR(M^2/Ltr)Note：CF<1LF=1/CFLoss(%)=(1-LF)*1001Mil=1inch/1000=25.4μmCompositionforconcreteBindingmedium---cement+water(hydration)Aggregates---sand+stone+gravelAddtives---Hydration：Reactionofwaterwithcementnecessaryforsettinganddensifyingconcrete(curringmechanism).CharacteristicsforconcrateRelativelyhighcompressivestrength(15-40MPa)PorousAlkaline(PH12-13)Lowtensilestrength---reinforcingsteelbars(rebar)TypicaldefectsBlowholes(bugholes)---Small，reglarorirregularholesformedduetoairbubblesentrappedduringplacementandcompaction.---Usuallynotexceeding15minutes.CracksLaitance：Loosecementandaggregatefineonsurface.Formoils：Petroleumoils，waxesorsiliconesEfflorescence：1.Whitecrystallinedepositsonsurfaceofconcrete;2.Leachingoflimeorclcium;3.ReactionwithCO2inside.CommonformsofdeteriorationCarbonation：1.Carbondioxide+water;二氧化碳+水2.Weakcarbonicacid+alkalinecompounds;不穩(wěn)定碳酸+堿性混合物3.PH<9;4.Breakdownofprotectivepassivelayeronsteelrebarandconsequentcorrosion停止了原先給鋼筋保護，然后浮現(xiàn)腐蝕5.Cracking開裂Attackisfromoutsidetoinsideconcrete給于混凝土從外到內(nèi)襲擊Chemical---ChloridesOrganic---Freeze/thawcycle---LiquidMechanical---Abrasion，erosionSurfacepreparationClianing---removalofoil/greaseRoughening---Acidetching---Abrasivesweeping---PowertoolRequirementstopaintingFullycured---28day(normalportlandcement)Moisturecontent---4%W/W(lessthan)---Plasticsheetmethod(ASTM)---MoisturemeterSoundness(surfacestrength)---1.4to2.1Mpa(dependonconditions)MarinefoulingBio-filmLarvaeandsporesBarnacles(e.g.Acom，goose)TubewormsAlgae(e.g.seaweed，grass)ToxingCuprousoxideTributyltinBiocides(various)Arsenic，mercury(previously)，organic，toxicsFunctionaltypesConventional(solublematrixrosin)Release(insolublematrix)Ablative(rosin+moderators)Self-polishing(co-polymer)TBTcontainingTBTfreeLowsurfacecontact(self-release)Oneofthreewillhappen1.TBT-polymertypewillbereplacedbynewco-polymertype(CuOx/Zn/silyl)2.Lowsurfacecontacttypes(self-release)willcomemoretothefore3.Dry-dockingintervalsmaybeshortedFouling=increasedroughnessFrictionincreaseDragincreaseIncreasedresistanceIncreasedbunkerConsumptionorreducedspeedPowdercoatingSinteringDay8Xylene二甲苯Discolor---Physically褪色---物理干燥型Noreaction---Chemical沒有作用---化學固化型Lifting---Oxidative拉起---氧化固化型Placeflakeintosolvent(various)(MEK)使用溶劑（不同）（異丙醇）在漆膜上Flakedissolves---Physically漆膜溶解---物理干燥型Flakewrinkles---Oxidative漆膜起Flakeunchanged---ChemicalRun(curtain，sagging)CausedbyGuntoocloseToomuchpaint(slowpass)ExcessthinningSurfacetoohard/clossySurfacetemperaturetoohighSurfacetemperaturetoolowRemediedbyBrushoutbeforedry/curedIfdry/cured，abrade/washorblastApplyfreshcoatOpenfilm(Appliedcoatappearsasdropsindiscontinuousfilmexposingunderlyingcoat)CausedbyToohighatomizationGuntoofarfromsubstratePainttooviscousToohighsurfacetempratureToohighairtemperatureRemediedbyApplicationofoneadditional，heavycoatwithadditionofthinnertoimproveflow.Orangepeel(hillsandvalleysinfilmresemblingskinoforange)CausedbyPainttooviscousGuntoocloseToofastsolventevaporationToolowairpressureRenediedbyBrushoutbeforedry/cureIfdry/cure，abrade/washorblastRemedysprayconditionsApplyfresscoatWrinklingandorangepeel(frequentlyfoundtogether)Dryspray(overspray)(Dryflatpebblysuface，resemblingsandpaper)CausedbyGuntoofarawayToohighatomizationIncorrectspraytechniqueFall-outfromadjacentsprayFall-outfromwindToohighairtemperatureRemediedbyRemovebydrybrushingandsolventwipebeforedry/cureCratering-ponholesWetintermediatecoatwithevaporationofsolventorairPinholes(tiny，deephole)CausedbySolvent/airpassagethroughthefilmRemediedbyBrushoutandapplyadditionalcoatifnotdry/curedIfdry/cured，abrade/washorblastandapplyfreshcoatCratering(smallunifoemindentationsinfilm)CausedbyAir/solvent，gasRemediedbyAbrading/washingplusfreshcoat(smallareas)Blasting(largeareas)Applicationofadditionalcoat(s)Fisheyes(Separationofpullingapartofwetfilmtoexposesubstrateorprecedingcoat)CausedbySubstratecontaminatedby---oil(grease)---silicone---dirtRemediedbyBlastingplusremovalofcontaminationBlistering(Smalltolargebrokenorunbrokenbubbles)CausedbySolvententrapmentSalt(oroil/moisture)ContaminationonthesubstrategivingraisetoosmoticblisteringCathodicdisbondingColdwalleffectPreventedbySufficientairarculation(especiallyinenclosedareas)AdequateremovalofsurfacecontaminantsProperlevel(s)ofcathodeprotectionsoforiginalcoat(s)RemediedbyBlastingPorosityVoids(orvacuoles)insidethepaintfilmCausedbySolvententrpmentSalt(oroil/moisture)ConlamBleedingColourchangeinfinishcoatsCausedbyMigrationofRemediedbyApplicationofsuitablesealercoatplusreapplicationoffinish(ifestheticallyunacceptable)Nothing(ifestethicallyacceptable)Bleedingdoesnotaffectanti-foulingpropertyPeeling(Flaking)(Dirtunderdriedpaintfilm)CausedbyContaminationonsubstrateorunderlyingcoatStressinpaintfilmexceedsadhesionforceRemediedbyBlasting(possibleremovalofcontaminant)Chalking(Gradualthinningoffinishcoattoexposeunderlyingcoat)CausedbyDegradationRemediedbyHighpressurewaterjettingtoremoveunderbondpigmentsandfaillerChedking(Norrowbreaks，usuallyshort，intopcoatexposingunderlyingcaot)(non-directional)(Aligatoring)CausedbyLimitedpaintflexibilityToothickcoatAppliedattoohighsubstratetemperationUnderlyingcoatsoftRemediedbyCracks(crackingintopcoat)(Deepcracksinareaofoverthicknessandsagging)(Deepcracksinpaintexposingsubstrate)(Impactdamagereversesideofbulkhead)CausedbyPaintshrinkageLimitedpaintflexibilityMudcrackingofzincsilicateSaponificationAlkydpaintonthezincrichpaintsubstrateReactiononinterfacealkydzincresultinginzincsoapformationBlushingCausedbyPrecipitationormoistureonfreshpaint---moisturemixedintoliquidpaint---unbalancedthinnerinspayapplicationAmineflotationduetocold/dampconditions(aminesweating/blushing)RemediedbyPinpointrusting(toolowDFTatoverlapofPFP)(Corrosionatpinholesorholiday)CausedbyPinholesinpaintfilmToohighsteelsurfaceprofileToothinpaintfilmParticlecntaminationunderfilmPreventedbyContralofsurfaceprofileControlofDFTUseofholidaydetectortolocalisepinholesRemediedbyAbradeandwashAbrasiveparticalesunderthecoatingfilmFadingCausedbyUV-raysUndercutting(Blisteringand/orpeelingofpaintatbreaksinfilm)Day9Health-safety-environmentPrecautionsmustbetakento---prtectworders’health---preventaccidents---pretecttheenvironmentHealthIndividualcountriesandcompaniesusuallyhavelows，rulesandregulationsgoverningvorkers’health.Suchlaws，rulesandreglatiousapplytoinspectorsaswellBeagoodexampleVentilation---generalventilation---pointexhoustionDust---irritatingtoeyes，muaousmembranes，lungs---poisonousparticles---silicosisSolvents---explosionhazard(lowerandupperexplosionlimits---intoxicatinganddestructive--Brainandnorves--Eyes--Respiratorysystem--Skin--Arc