現(xiàn)代大學英語（第三版）精讀3 課件 B3U5、B3U6

ContentsUnit5Lead-inWatchthevideoclipandanswerthefollowingquestions1.What’sthemaincauseofclimatechange?Thegreenhouseeffect.2.Whatarethebadeffectsbroughtbyclimatechange?1)Icesheetsaremelting,whichcausessealevelstorise.2)Therearemoreextremeweatherconditionslikeintensestormfloods,heavysnowfallsandfrequentdroughts.3)Growingcropsbecomesdifficultbecausetheareaswhereplantsandanimalcanliveshiftandwatersuppliesarediminished.4)Thehigherlevelofsmogcancausehealthproblemslikeasthma,heartdiseaseand

lungcancer.3.Whatmeasurescanbetakentopreventsomebadeffectsofclimatechange?

Wecanreplacefossilfuelswithrenewableenergysourceslikesolarandwind.Lead-inMorequestionsaboutthetext1.Todealwiththeproblemofclimatechange,weobviouslyhavetochangemanythings.Buttheauthorseemstothinkthatthemostimportantchangehastobe“thechangewithin.”Whatdoestheauthormeanbythat?Whatchange?Changewithinwhat?Howdoyouunderstandtheauthor’spurposeofwritingthisessay?2.Whatdoecologistsmeanby“mistiming”?Whyismistimingsuchabigissueinecology?Howshouldweunderstandthemistiminginvolvinghumanbeings?Whydoestheauthorthinkourproblemsarecausedbythismistiming?Whatcultural,economic,orpoliticaldevelopmentsinourdayhavefallenoutofstepwithclimate?Doyouagreewiththeauthor?3Whatdoestheauthormeanby“structuralbarriers”?Whydotheypreventusfromrespondingeffectivelytotheclimatecrisis?Lead-inMorequestionsaboutthetext4.Howdoyouunderstandthe“barrierswithinourveryselves”?What“personalclimatemismatch”dopeoplesufferfrom?Canyouexplainthequestionsinyourownwords?5.Whatdoes“consumerism”mean?Arehumansnaturallyinclinedtooverconsumption?Whatistherealreasonfortoomuchhumanconsumption,accordingtotheauthor?Doyouagreethathumanstodayhavethedangeroustendencytoshoptoomuchandtheiroverconsumptionisseriouslythreateningourplanet’ssupportsystems?6.Howdoourperceptionsoftimeandplacemakeitdifficultforustounderstandandhandletheclimatecrisisinaproperway?Whatkindsofmismatcharethereconcerningtimeandplace?Howhaseachkindofmismatchcomeintobeing?Anyotherexamples?Lead-inMorequestionsaboutthetext7.Accordingtotheauthor,whyhavehumans“stoppedbelievinginwhatwecannotsee”?Howdoesthiskindofmismatchblindus?8.HowdoyouunderstandWendellBerry’sadviceforrootlesspeople:“Stopsomewhere”?Howdoyouthinktakinghisadvicecanenablethechangewithin?9.Theauthorapproachesclimatechangelargelyasasocialproblem,whichrequiresacollectiveefforttosolve.Accordingtotheauthor’sdescription,whatkindofsocietycanrespondeffectivelytoclimatechange?Doyoufindherviewsandanalysespenetratingandenlighteningonthewhole?Lead-inMorequestionsaboutthetext10.Consumerismmaybewrong,butisn’tconsumptiononeofthethreehorsesthatpullthecarriageofeconomy(theothertwobeinginvestmentandexport)?Aretherecountrieswherepeoplearesufferingfromunderconsumptionratherthantheopposite?Aretherecountrieswhosepeopleshouldbeencouragedtoshopmore?Aretherecountrieswhichareoverregulatedorwherethemarketlawsarenotrespected?Aretherecountriesforwhichenergytransitionisnotpracticalatthepresentmoment?Manyseriousproblemsconfrontingusaresocomplicatedthattheremaynotbeasimplesolution,anditisdangeroustogototheextreme.Whatisyouropinion?TextTheChangeWithinNaomiKlein1.Abouttheauthor2.Background

3.Structure4.GotothetextText1.AbouttheauthorNaomiKlein(1970—)isaCanadianauthorknownforherpoliticalanalyses,supportofecofeminism,andcriticismofcorporateglobalizationandcapitalism.Thistext,originallypublishedbyTheNation,discussessomeoftheideasfoundinherbookThisChangesEverything:Capitalismvs.theClimate(2014).

ThisbookwasaNewYorkTimesnon-fictionbestsellerandthewinneroftheHilaryWestonWriters’TrustPrizeforNonfiction.Kleinfirstbecameknowninternationallyforheralter-globalizationbookNoLogo(1999).TheTake(2004),adocumentaryfilmaboutArgentina’soccupiedfactories,writtenbyheranddirectedbyherhusbandAviLewis,furtherincreasedherprofile,whileTheShockDoctrine(2007),acriticalanalysisofthehistoryofneoliberaleconomics,solidifiedherstandingasaprominentactivistontheinternationalstage.Text2.BackgroundTheproductsofhumanindustrycanhavefar-reachingconsequencesforlifeonearth.Whilemostofus,awareofclimatechangeinonewayoranother,mayrecycle,buyhybridcars,orridebikestoreduceourcarbon“footprint,”theoverallhumaneffortstocombatclimatechangehaveproveninsufficientandinadequatesofar.In“TheChangeWithin”,CanadianauthorandactivistNaomiKleinpinpointstheproblemof“mistiming”or“mismatch”astherootcauseofhumanincapabilityintacklingclimatechangeandexplainsthewaysinwhichhumansocietyisspecificallynotequippedtohandlethisglobalissueunlesswemakesignificantchanges.“Iftheideasthatruleourculturearestoppingusfromsavingourselves,”shewrites,“thenitiswithinourpowertochangethoseideas.”TextTextTheChangeWithinNaomiKlein1

Thisisastoryaboutbadtiming.Oneofthemostdisturbingwaysthatclimatechangeisalreadyplayingoutisthroughwhatecologistscall“mistiming.”Thisistheprocesswherebywarmingcausesanimalstofalloutofstepwithacriticalfoodsource,particularlyatbreedingtimes,whenafailuretofindenoughfoodcanleadtorapidpopulationlosses.Text2

Themigrationpatternsofmanysongbirdspecies,forinstance,haveevolvedovermillenniasothateggshatchpreciselywhenfoodsourcessuchascaterpillarsareattheirmostabundant,providingparentswithamplenourishmentfortheirhungryyoung.Butbecausespringnowoftenarrivesearly,thecaterpillarsarehatchingearliertoo,whichmeansthatinsomeareastheyarelessplentifulwhenthechickshatch,threateninganumberofhealthandfertilityimpacts.Text3

Scientistsarestudyingcasesofclimate-relatedmistimingamongdozensofspecies.Butthereisoneimportantspeciestheyaremissing—us.Homosapiens.Wetooaresufferingfromaterriblecaseofclimate-relatedmistiming,albeitinacultural-historical,ratherthanabiological,sense.Ourproblemisthattheclimatecrisishatchedatamomentinhistorywhenpoliticalandsocialconditionswereuniquelyhostiletoaproblemofthisnatureandmagnitude—thatmomentbeingtheblastoffpointforthecrusadetospreadderegulatedcapitalismaroundtheworld.Text4

Thismistiminghascreatedallsortsofbarrierstoourabilitytorespondeffectivelytothiscrisis.Ithasmeantthatcorporatepowerwasascendantattheverymomentwhenweneededtoexertunprecedentedcontrolsovercorporatebehaviorinordertoprotectlifeonearth.Ithasmeantthatregulationwasadirtywordjustwhenweneededthosepowersmost.Ithasmeantthatweareruledbyaclassofpoliticianswhoknowonlyhowtodismantleandstarvepublicinstitutions,justwhentheymostneedtobefortifiedandreimagined.Andithasmeantthatwearesaddledwithanapparatusof“freetrade”dealsthattiethehandsofpolicy-makersjustwhentheyneedmaximumflexibilitytoachieveamassiveenergytransition.Text5

Confrontingthesevariousstructuralbarrierstothenexteconomyisthecriticalworkofanyseriousclimatemovement.Butit’snottheonlytaskathand.Wealsohavetoconfronthowthemismatchbetweenclimatechangeandmarketdominationhascreatedbarrierswithinourveryselves.Becauseofthewayourdailyliveshavebeenalteredbybothmarketandtechnologicaltriumphalism,welackmanyoftheobservationaltoolsnecessarytoconvinceourselvesthatclimatechangeisreal—letalonetheconfidencetobelievethatadifferentwayoflivingispossible.Text6

Andlittlewonder:Justwhenweneededtogather,ourpublicspherewasdisintegrating;justwhenweneededtoconsumeless,consumerismtookovervirtuallyeveryaspectofourlives;justwhenweneededtoslowdown,wespedup;andjustwhenweneededlongertimehorizons,wewereabletoseeonlytheimmediatepresent.7

Thisisourclimatechangemismatch,anditaffectsnotjustourspecies,butpotentiallyeveryotherspeciesontheplanetaswell.8

Thegoodnewsisthat,unlikesongbirds,wehumansareblessedwiththecapacityforadvancedreasoningandthereforetheabilitytoadaptmoredeliberately—tochangeoldpatternsofbehaviorwithremarkablespeed.Iftheideasthatruleourculturearestoppingusfromsavingourselves,thenitiswithinourpowertochangethoseideas.Butbeforethatcanhappen,wefirstneedtounderstandthenatureofourpersonalclimatemismatch.Text9

Climatechangedemandsthatweconsumeless,butbeingconsumersisallweknow.Climatechangeisnotaproblemthatcanbesolvedsimplybychangingwhatwebuy.Atitscore,itisacrisisbornofoverconsumptionbythecomparativelywealthy,whichmeanstheworld’smostmanicconsumersaregoingtohavetoconsumeless.10

Theproblemisnot“humannature,”aswearesooftentold.Weweren’tbornhavingtoshopthismuch,andwehave,inourrecentpast,beenjustashappy(inmanycaseshappier)consumingfarless.Theproblemistheinflatedrolethatconsumptionhascometoplayinourparticularera.Text11

Latecapitalismteachesustocreateourselvesthroughourconsumerchoices:Shoppingishowweformouridentities,findcommunityandexpressourselves.Thus,tellingpeoplethattheycan’tshopasmuchastheywanttobecausetheplanet’ssupportsystemsareoverburdenedcanbeunderstoodasakindofattack,akintotellingthemthattheycannottrulybethemselves.12

Climatechangeisslow,andwearefast.Whenyouareracingthrougharurallandscapeonabullettrain,itlooksasifeverythingyouarepassingisstandingstill:people,tractors,carsoncountryroads.Theyaren’t,ofcourse.Theyaremoving,butataspeedsoslowcomparedwiththetrainthattheyappearstatic.Text13

Soitiswithclimatechange.Ourculture,poweredbyfossilfuels,isthatbullettrain,hurtlingforward.Ourchangingclimateislikethelandscapeoutthewindow:fromourracyvantagepoint,itcanappearstatic,butitismoving,itsslowprogressmeasuredinrecedingicesheets,swellingwatersandincrementaltemperaturerises.Ifleftunchecked,climatechangewillmostcertainlyspeedupenoughtocaptureourfracturedattention—islandnationswipedoffthemap,andcity-drowningsuperstorms,tendtodothat.Butbythen,itmaybetoolateforouractionstomakeadifference,becausetheeraoftippingpointswilllikelyhavebegun.Text14

Climatechangeisplace-based,andweareeverywhereatonce.Theproblemisnotjustthatwearemovingtooquickly.Itisalsothattheterrainonwhichthechangesaretakingplaceisintenselylocal:anearlybloomingofaparticularflower,anunusuallythinlayeroficeonalake,thelatearrivalofamigratorybird.Noticingthosekindsofsubtlechangesrequiresanintimateconnectiontoaspecificecosystem.Thatkindofcommunionhappensonlywhenweknowaplacedeeply,notjustasscenerybutalsoassustenance,andwhenlocalknowledgeispassedonwithasenseofsacredtrustfromonegenerationtothenext.15

Butthatisincreasinglyrareintheurbanized,industrializedworld.Wetendtoabandonourhomeslightly—foranewjob,anewschool,anewlove.Andaswedoso,weareseveredfromwhateverknowledgeofplacewemanagedtoaccumulateatthepreviousstop,aswellasfromtheknowledgeamassedbyourancestors.Text16

Evenforthoseofuswhomanagetostayput,ourdailyexistencecanbedisconnectedfromthephysicalplaceswherewelive.Shieldedfromtheelementsasweareinourclimate-controlledhomes,workplacesandcars,thechangesunfoldinginthenaturalworldeasilypassusby.Wemighthavenoideathatahistoricdroughtisdestroyingthecropsonthefarmsthatsurroundoururbanhomes,sincethesupermarketsstilldisplaymountainsofimportedproduce,withmorecominginbytruckallday.Ittakessomethinghuge—likeahurricanethatpassesallprevioushigh-watermarks,oraflooddestroyingthousandsofhomes—forustonoticethatsomethingistrulyamiss.Andeventhenwehavetroubleholdingontothatknowledgeforlong,sincewearequicklyusheredalongtothenextcrisisbeforethesetruthshaveachancetosinkin.Text17

Climatechange,meanwhile,isbusilyaddingtotheranksoftherootlesseveryday,asnaturaldisasters,failedcrops,starvinglivestockandclimate-fueledethnicconflictsforceyetmorepeopletoleavetheirancestralhomes.Andwitheveryhumanmigration,morecrucialconnectionstospecificplacesarelost,leavingyetfewerpeopletolistencloselytotheland.18

Climatepollutantsareinvisible,andwehavestoppedbelievinginwhatwecannotsee.WhenBP’sMacondowellrupturedin2010,releasingtorrentsofoilintotheGulfofMexico,weheardthecompanyCEOsay,“TheGulfofMexicoisaverybigocean.Theamountofvolumeofoilweareputtingintoitistinyinrelationtothetotalwatervolume.”Thestatementwaswidelyridiculedatthetime,andrightlyso,butthemanwasmerelyvoicingoneofourculture’smostcherishedbeliefs:thatwhatwecan’tseewon’thurtusand,indeed,barelyexists.Text19

Somuchofoureconomyreliesontheassumptionthatthereisalwaysan“away”intowhichwecanthrowourwaste.There’stheawaywhereourgarbagegoeswhenitistakenfromthecurb,andtheawaywhereourwastegoeswhenitisflusheddownthedrain.There’stheawaywherethemineralsandmetalsthatmakeupourgoodsareextracted,andtheawaywherethoserawmaterialsareturnedintofinishedproducts.ButthelessonoftheBPspill,inthewordsofecologicaltheoristTimothyMorton,isthatoursis“aworldinwhichthereisno‘a(chǎn)way.’”Text20

Airistheultimateunseen,andthegreenhousegasesthatwarmitareourmostelusiveghosts.PhilosopherDavidAbrampointsoutthatformostofhumanhistory,itwaspreciselythisunseenqualitythatgavetheairitspowerandcommandedourrespect.Butinourtime,“werarelyacknowledgetheatmosphereasitswirlsbetweentwopersons.”Havingforgottentheair,Abramwrites,wehavemadeitoursewer,“theperfectdumpsitefortheunwantedby-productsofourindustries…Eventhemostopaque,acridsmokebillowingoutofthepipeswilldissipateanddisperse,alwaysandultimatelydissolvingintotheinvisible.It’sgone.Outofsight,outofmind.”Text21

Anotherpartofwhatmakesclimatechangesoverydifficultforustograspisthatoursisacultureoftheperpetualpresent,onethatdeliberatelyseversitselffromthepastthatcreatedusaswellasthefutureweareshapingwithouractions.Climatechangeisabouthowwhatwedidgenerationsinthepastwillinescapablyaffectnotjustthepresent,butgenerationsinthefuture.Thesetimeframesarealanguagethathasbecomeforeigntomostofus.22

Thisisnotaboutpassingindividualjudgment,noraboutberatingourselvesforourshallownessorrootlessness.Rather,itisaboutrecognizingthatweareproductsofanindustrialproject,oneintimately,historicallylinkedtofossilfuels.Text23

Andjustaswehavechangedbefore,wecanchangeagain.Afterlisteningtothefarmer-poetWendellBerrydeliveralectureonhowweeachhaveadutytoloveour“homeplace,”Iaskedhimifhehadanyadviceforrootlesspeoplelikeme,whoalwaysseemtobeshoppingforhome.“Stopsomewhere,”hereplied.“Andbeginthethousand-year-longprocessofknowingthatplace.”(1,820words)內(nèi)在的改變娜奧米·克萊恩

1

這是一個關于時機錯誤的故事。在氣候變化借以發(fā)展的途徑中，最令人擔憂的途徑之一就是生態(tài)學家稱為“時間錯亂”的過程，即氣候變暖導致動物與其重要的食物來源步調(diào)不一致，尤其是在繁殖期，那時找不到足夠的食物將導致動物種群數(shù)量迅速減少。Text2

舉例而言，經(jīng)過遷徙模式數(shù)千年的進化，很多鳴禽已經(jīng)可以保證恰好在食物——比如說毛毛蟲——最豐富的時候孵化，這樣成鳥就可以為饑餓的幼鳥提供充足的食物。但是，現(xiàn)在春天往往來得更早，毛毛蟲也孵化得更早，這就意味著在某些地區(qū)，幼鳥孵化的時候食物就不夠充足，可能會帶來一系列的健康和繁殖方面的影響。Text3

科學家們正在研究數(shù)十個物種中與氣候變化相關的時間錯亂例子，但是卻漏掉了一個重要的物種——我們。智人。我們也正在遭受與氣候變化相關的嚴重時間錯亂帶來的痛苦，只不過不是生物意義上的，而是歷史文化意義上的。我們的問題是，氣候危機到來的時刻，恰好是在歷史進程中政治和社會現(xiàn)狀對這個如此嚴重、規(guī)模如此巨大的問題尤為不利的時刻——在全球推行取消資本管制的運動恰在此刻開始。Text4

這種時間錯亂給我們有效地應對氣候危機制造了各種障礙。這意味著，正當我們需要對公司行為加以前所未有的管制來保護地球上的生命時，公司權(quán)力反而增加了；這意味著，正當我們最需要監(jiān)管權(quán)力時，監(jiān)管成為了一個貶義詞；這意味著，正當公共機構(gòu)最需要強化并重塑時，統(tǒng)治我們的那群政客只知道撤銷這些機構(gòu)或者收回支持；這還意味著，當決策者需要最大的靈活度來完成大規(guī)模的能源轉(zhuǎn)型時，他們卻無能為力，受制于“自由貿(mào)易”的制度。Text5

應對這些阻礙未來經(jīng)濟的制度性障礙是任何嚴肅的氣候運動的重要任務，但并非唯一的任務。我們還需要應對氣候變化與市場主導的錯配在我們自己內(nèi)心造成的障礙。因為我們的日常生活已經(jīng)被市場及技術必勝主義所改變，我們?nèi)狈Χ喾N必須的觀察工具來說服我們自己氣候變化是真實存在的——更別提有信心相信可能有另一種生活方式了。Text6

難怪，正當我們需要團結(jié)時，我們的公共領域在瓦解；正當我們需要減少消費時，消費主義幾乎占據(jù)了我們生活的每個方面；正當我們需要慢下來時，我們反而加速了；正當我們需要看得更長遠時，我們只能夠看到眼前。7

這就是人類與氣候相關的時間錯亂，不僅影響我們自己，還可能會影響地球上幾乎所有其他物種。8好消息是，我們?nèi)祟愊碛懈呒壍乃季S能力，跟鳴禽不一樣，因此也有主動適應的能力——能以驚人的速度改變舊的行為模式。如果我們文化中的主導思想在阻止我們自救，那我們有力量改變這些想法。但是，在此之前，我們首先要了解氣候錯配對于我們個人意味著什么。Text9

氣候變化要求我們減少消費，但是我們只知道消費。氣候變化這個問題并不能夠僅僅通過改變我們的購物清單得以解決；本質(zhì)上，氣候變化危機來自相對富裕人群的過度消費，這就意味著要想解決危機，世界上最瘋狂的消費者們必須減少消費。10

我們經(jīng)常聽人說，消費是“人的本能”，但這并不是問題所在。我們不是生下來就要買這么多的，而且，在不久以前，我們的消費遠遠少于現(xiàn)在，但同樣快樂（很多時候甚至更快樂）。問題在于，在我們這個年代，消費的重要性被過分夸大了。Text11

晚期資本主義教我們通過消費選擇來創(chuàng)造自我：我們通過購物構(gòu)建自我身份，找到群體歸屬，并進行自我表達。因此，告訴人們地球的支持體系不堪重負，所以他們不能再隨心所欲地購物了，可能會被理解為一種攻擊，類似于告訴人們他們不能成為真實的自己。12

氣候變化是慢慢發(fā)生的，但我們很快。當你坐在高速列車上疾馳穿越鄉(xiāng)村時，路過的一切看起來似乎都靜止不動：人、拖拉機、路上的汽車。但其實并非如此。它們都在動，但比起火車它們的速度太慢了，所以看起來像靜止的。Text13

氣候變化也是如此。我們的文化就是那輛向前猛沖的高速火車，用化石燃料驅(qū)動，而正在變化的氣候正如車窗外的風景：從我們疾馳的位置看過去可能是靜止不動的，但其實它在動，緩慢地發(fā)展，冰川逐漸融化、海水不斷上漲、溫度慢慢升高。如果置之不理，氣候變化一定會加速，也一定會發(fā)展到足以吸引我們破碎的注意力——島國整個從地圖上消失，或者超級暴雨淹沒城市。但那時，我們的行為可能已經(jīng)改變不了什么，因為臨界點很可能已經(jīng)開始了。Text14

氣候變化是基于特定地點的，而我們卻在同一時間無處不在。問題不僅在于我們發(fā)展得太快，也在于氣候的變化都只在當?shù)匕l(fā)生：一種花開早了，湖上的冰結(jié)得特別薄，候鳥來遲了。要想注意到這樣微妙的變化，需要與某個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)有密切的聯(lián)系，而這種聯(lián)系只會在我們深刻了解一個地方，并且將對它的了解帶著一種神圣的信任感代代相傳的時候才會有：我們不僅把它當成風景，也是賴以生存的家鄉(xiāng)。15但是，在城市化、工業(yè)化的世界里，這越來越罕見了。我們往往輕易地放棄家鄉(xiāng)——為了一份新工作，一所新學校，或者一段新感情。這么做的同時，我們在前一個落腳點積累起來的對當?shù)氐娜魏瘟私?，還有祖先累積起來的當?shù)刂R都與我們割裂開來。Text16

即使對于那些得以長久待在一個地方的人來說，日常經(jīng)歷也可能與居住地割裂開來。帶有溫控功能的家、工作場所和汽車保護我們不受天氣的影響，但也讓我們?nèi)菀缀雎宰匀唤缰邪l(fā)生的變化。當一場史上罕見的旱災正在摧毀我們都市家園周圍農(nóng)田里的莊稼時，我們對此可能一無所知，因為超市里仍然擺放著成堆的進口農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，每天還不斷有卡車運來新的。只有當極其重大的事情發(fā)生——比如一次讓河水漲過以往所有高水位線的颶風，或者一場摧毀數(shù)千座房屋的洪水——我們才能注意到確實有什么地方出了問題。即便這樣，我們也很難長時間思考這些，因為在我們有機會深刻理解這些真相之前，很快就被下一個危機所吸引。Text17

與此同時，氣候變化每天都在讓更多的人無家可歸。越來越多的人因為自然災害、莊稼歉收、牲畜挨餓，以及氣候原因加劇的種族沖突被迫離開自己的故鄉(xiāng)，而隨著人類的每一次遷徙，更多的與地方息息相關的聯(lián)系丟失了，只有越來越少的人留下來仔細傾聽大地的聲音。18

氣候污染物是肉眼看不見的，而我們已經(jīng)不相信眼睛看不見的東西了。2010年，英國石油公司（BP）的馬孔多油井發(fā)生爆炸，向墨西哥灣傾瀉了大量石油。我們聽到英國石油的首席執(zhí)行官辯解道：“墨西哥灣非常廣闊，我們排入其中的石油的量與海水的總量相比不值一提?！碑敃r，這個說法廣受嘲諷，也確實應該嘲諷，但他只不過說出了一個我們文化中最重要的信仰：我們看不見的東西就不會對我們造成傷害，甚至都幾乎不存在。Text19

我們的經(jīng)濟很大程度上基于一個假設：總有一個“去處”讓我們丟棄廢物。垃圾從街邊收走時，有一個去處；馬桶沖水時，有一個去處；用于制造商品的礦物和金屬被提取出來，有一個去處；用這些原材料制作的成品，也有一個去處。但是，用生態(tài)理論學家蒂莫西·莫頓（TimothyMorton）的話來說，英國石油泄露事件帶給我們的教訓是，我們的世界“是一個沒有‘去處’的世界”。Text20

空氣最無形，而導致空氣變暖的溫室氣體則是最難以捉摸的幽靈。哲學家大衛(wèi)·亞伯拉姆（DavidAbram）指出，在人類大部分的歷史上，正是這種無形的特質(zhì)賦予了空氣力量，并贏得我們的尊敬。但在我們的年代，“我們很少認可空氣，即使它總在人之間盤旋?！眮啿穼懙?，我們忘記了空氣，把它當成下水道，當成“完美的垃圾場，我們工業(yè)產(chǎn)生的多余副產(chǎn)品都可以扔過去……即使是從煙囪中滾滾而出的最濃厚、最刺鼻的煙霧也會消散，一如既往地永遠消散在無形之中，就這么不見了。眼不見，心不想。”Text21

讓氣候變化如此難以理解的另外一個原因是我們的文化永遠關注當下，刻意地把當下與創(chuàng)造我們的過去和我們正用行動創(chuàng)造的未來割裂開來。而理解氣候變化的關鍵在于明白過去幾代人的行為將不可避免地影響現(xiàn)在，也影響未來幾代人。這些時間概念對我們大部分人來說已經(jīng)變得陌生了。22寫這些，并不是要評判個人，也不是要苛責我們的淺見薄識或者漂泊無著，只是想要指出我們是工業(yè)社會的產(chǎn)物，而這個社會一直與化石燃料緊密聯(lián)系。Text23

正如我們曾經(jīng)改變過一樣，我們可以再次改變。我曾經(jīng)聽過農(nóng)民詩人溫德爾·拜瑞（WendellBerry）的講座，講的是我們每個人都有責任熱愛我們的“家園”；講座后，我問他是否能夠給像我這樣漂泊無依，似乎總是在尋找家園的人一些建議，他說：“找個地方停下來，然后開始用千年的時間了解這個地方。”TextTextAnalysis

playout:developorendinaparticularwayTextAnalysismistiming:

Itoriginallymeanschoosingabadorinappropriatemomenttodoorsaysomething.Hereinecology,mistimingmeans“theprocesswherebywarmingcausesanimalstofalloutofstepwithacriticalfoodsource,particularlyatbreedingtimes.”Thisisthekeyconceptinthisessay.Theauthoralsoreferstohowclimatechangeisfallingoutofstepwithhumandevelopmentandhumanperceptionoftheworld.TextAnalysis Thisistheprocesswherebywarmingcausesanimalstofalloutofstepwithacriticalfoodsource,particularlyatbreedingtimes,whenafailuretofindenoughfoodcanleadtorapidpopulationlosses.Mistimingmeansthatasaresultoftheprocessofglobalwarming,animalscannolongerhaveenoughfoodasusualduringthetimetheyproducetheiryoung,whichcanresultinseriouspopulationlosses.falloutofstepwith…:failtosynchronizewith,nottomatch

Antonym:

fallintostepwithcritical:

extremelyimportantbecauseafuturesituationwillbeaffectedbyitTextAnalysis Themigrationpatternsofmanysongbirdspecies,forinstance,haveevolvedovermillenniasothateggshatchpreciselywhenfoodsourcessuchascaterpillarsareattheirmostabundant,providingparentswithample

nourishmentfortheirhungryyoung.Forexample,manysongbirdshavedevelopedparticularroutesortimingfortheirmigrationoverthousandsofyears.Asaresult,theireggswillhatchatatimewhentheirmainfoodsourcesaretherichest.Thisway,parentbirdswillbeabletosecureenoughfoodtofeedtheirchicks.millennia:

thepluralformof“millennium.”InEnglish,manynounsthatendwith“-ium”havetheirpluralforms,iftheydo,endingwith“-ia,”forexample,“medium”—“media,”“bacterium”—“bacteria.”TextAnalysis

Homosapiens:ItisatermfromLatinthatreferstothespeciestowhichallmodernhumanbeingsbelong.TextAnalysis Wetooaresufferingfromaterriblecaseofclimate-relatedmistiming,albeitinacultural-historical,ratherthanabiological,sense.Theauthorisemphasizingourclimate-relatedmistimingisculturalandhistoricalinessence;thatis,ourculturalvaluesandourperceptionoftimepreventusfromtrulyunderstandingclimatechange.TextAnalysis Ourproblemisthattheclimatecrisishatchedatamomentinhistorywhenpoliticalandsocialconditionswereuniquelyhostiletoaproblemofthisnatureandmagnitude—thatmomentbeingtheblastoffpointforthecrusadetospreadderegulatedcapitalismaroundtheworld.Thechallengefacingusisthatclimatechangecameupandstartedtoshowitsimpactsatthewrongtime;thatis,thetimewhencountriesintheworldwerestartingtoembracecapitalismfeaturedwithlaissez-fairepolicy,free-marketeconomyanddecentralization.Suchasocioeconomicandpoliticalsystemmadeitdifficultforustounderstandandtackleclimatechange,which,bynature,requirescollectiveeffortstodealwithit.Theauthorisprobablyreferringtothe1980sandtheearly1990s.Ontheonehand,RonaldReaganandMargaretThatcherwereimplementingtheirconservativepoliciesintheU.S.andtheU.K.respectivelyontheotherhand,itwasalsoduringthisperiodthattheworldmadeeffortstoaddresstheclimatechangeissue,forexample,the1979WorldClimateConferenceandtheUNFCCCin1994.TextAnalysis

Ourproblemisthattheclimatecrisishatchedatamomentinhistorywhenpoliticalandsocialconditionswereuniquelyhostiletoaproblemofthisnatureandmagnitude—thatmomentbeingtheblastoffpointforthecrusadetospreadderegulatedcapitalismaroundtheworld.blastoff

point:

(here)themomentwhensth.startssuddenlyandviolentlyhatch:

(here)happen,comeupderegulatedcapitalism:

alsocalled“economicliberalism”whichsupportsamarketeconomybasedonindividualismandprivatepropertywhileopposinggovernmentinterventionTextAnalysis Andithasmeantthatwearesaddledwithanapparatusof“freetrade”dealsthattiethehandsofpolicy-makersjustwhentheyneedmaximumflexibilitytoachieveamassiveenergytransition.Thenormsof“freetrade”agreementssignedduringtheperiodareburdeningusandholdingusback,preventinggovernmentsfrommakingnecessarypoliciestodealwithclimatechange,whilepolicy-makersactuallyneedtohavefreedomofchoicesoastoshifttheenergy.apparatus:thestructureofasystemoranorganizationtiethehandsofsb.:

limitthefreedomofsb.,preventsb.fromtaking

actionTextAnalysis Wealsohavetoconfronthowthemismatchbetweenclimatechangeandmarketdominationhascreatedbarrierswithinourveryselves.Wealsohavetodealwiththeproblemcausedbythemismatchbetweenclimatechangeandmarketdomination,becausesuchmismatchhasledtosomeobstaclesinourselves;thatis,ourpreoccupationwiththemarketpreventsusfromunderstandingandtacklingclimatechange.confront:dealwithaproblemordifficultsituationTextAnalysis Becauseofthewayourdailyliveshavebeenalteredbybothmarketandtechnologicaltriumphalism,welackmanyoftheobservationaltoolsnecessarytoconvinceourselvesthatclimatechangeisreal—letalonetheconfidencetobelievethatadifferentwayoflivingispossible.Nowadays,ourwayoflifehasbeenchangedbythedominationofthemarketandtechnology.Asaresult,weareobsessedwithmoney,production,andconsumption.Wearenotinterestedinclimatechange,anddonothavethenecessarymeanstomakesurethatclimatechangeisreal.Whatislesslikelyisthatwewillhavetheconfidencethatwecanliveinadifferentway.technologicaltriumphalism:

thebeliefthattechnologieswillsolveallproblemsletalone:saynothingof,nottomention,usedespeciallytoemphasizetheimprobabilityofacontrastingexampleTextAnalysis Justwhenweneededtogather,ourpublicspherewasdisintegrating;justwhenweneededtoconsumeless,consumerismtookovervirtuallyeveryaspectofourlives;justwhenweneededtoslowdown,wespedup;andjustwhenweneededlongertimehorizons,wewereabletoseeonlytheimmediatepresent.Theauthorislistingsomesignsofourmistiming.horizons:

thelimitofyourideas,knowledge,andexperienceTextAnalysis Atitscore,itisacrisisbornofoverconsumptionbythecomparativelywealthy,whi