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Tourism
VisaOpenness
Report2023
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Tourism
VisaOpenness
Report2023
Acknowledgments
TheTourismVisaOpennessReport2023wasdevelopedbytheSustainableDevelopmentofTourismDepartmentoftheWorldTourismOrganization(UNWTO),overseenbyMs.ZoritsaUrosevic,UNWTOExecutiveDirector.
Dr.DirkGlaesser,DirectoroftheDepartment,supervisedthereport’spreparationwithleadcontributionsfromMs.LornaHartantyo,TechnicalCoordinatorandMs.CordulaWohlmuther,Coordinator.
Mr.GordonClarkandMs.LauraDelgadoassistedincodingthevisapolicies,whichinformedthereport’scontent.
Ms.SandraCarv?o,Director,andMr.KananAliyev,Officer,oftheUNWTOTourismMarketIntelligenceandCompetitivenessDepartmentandMs.ClaravanderPol,Directora.i.oftheUNWTOStatisticalDepartment,providedinputtothereport.
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Tableofcontents
9
11
1.COVID-19-relatedtravelrestrictions2020–2023
2.Theroleofvisas
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
18
18
20
20
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
3.Theglobalandregionaldimensionstovisas
3.1.Theglobaldimension
3.1.1.Traditionalvisa
3.1.2.eVisa
3.1.3.Visaonarrival
3.1.4.Novisarequirementorvisaexemption
3.2.Evolutionofglobalvisapolicies
3.2.1.Visapoliciesin1980
3.2.2.Evolutionofvisafacilitationsince1980
4.Worldwideopenness
4.1.Theopennessscore–Regionalperspectivesandevolutionovertime
4.1.1.Africa
4.1.2.TheAmericas
4.1.3.AsiaandthePacific
4.1.4.Europe
4.1.5.MiddleEast
4.1.6.Conclusion
4.2.Thetwentymostopendestinations,2023
4.3.Emergingandadvancedeconomies
2
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32
32
35
38
40
5.Reciprocity
5.1.Reciprocityofvisapoliciesin2023:mainfindings
5.2.Reciprocity:focusoneconomicandpoliticalblocs
42
6.Interregionalandintraregionalperformances
7.Mobilityofcitizens–outboundpotentialandvisas
8.Conclusions
45
49
Annex1:Worldpopulationsubjecttovisapoliciesofdestinations,2023
Annex2:UNWTOregionsandsubregions
Referencesand
52
bibliography
55
Allaroundtravelfacilitation
。
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Keyfindings
?AftertheliftingofCOVID-19pandemic-relatedtravelrestricions,theopennessofdestinationstointernationaltravelhasreturnedtopre-pandemiclevels..
?Thetrendovertimeindicatesthatfewerpeopleworldwiderequireatraditionalvisatotravel.While77%oftheworld’spopulationwasrequiredtoapplyforatraditionaltourismvisabeforedeparturein2008,thisfigurehasfallento47%in2023.
?Theuseofelectronicvisas(eVisas)hasincreasedsixfoldfrom3%to18%between2013and2023.
?Destinationshavebecomelessreciprocalintheirvisapoliciescomparedtopreviousyears,demonstratingagrowingtrendofunilateralactioninfacilitatingtravelforinternationaltourism.
?Digitalizationinthepost-COVID-19periodhasincreasedfurther,ashavespecificnewvisatypes,suchasdigitalnomadvisas.
Keydata,asofMay20231
?47%oftheworldpopulationaresubjecttotraditionalvisa2requirements.
?18%oftheworldpopulationcanapplyforaneVisa.
?14%oftheworldpopulationcanobtainavisaonarrival.
?Only21%oftheworld’spopulationcantravelfortourismpurposeswithoutanykindofvisa(refertotable4.1).
?AsiaandthePacifichavethehighestopennessscore3ofallworldregions,with46points.
?ThemostopensubregionsareSouth-EastAsia,EastAfricaandtheCaribbean.
?SouthAsiaandWestAfricaarethesubregionsthathaveseenthegreatestincreasein
opennesssincethelastUNWTOreportin2018.
?CentralandNorthAfrica,NorthAmericaandNorthernandWesternEuroperemainthemostrestrictivesubregions,withNorthAmericabeingthemostrestrictiveworldwide.
1AftercompletingdatacollectioninMay2023,dataanalysisstarted.Duringthepreparationperiodofthecurrentreportsomedevelopmentswereobservedasfollows:
i.Chinaintroducedaunilateralvisa-freeentrypolicyforholdersofordinarypassportsfromFrance,Germany,Italy,theNetherlands,SpainandMalaysiaduringtheperiod1December2023to30November2024.Formoreinformationpleaseconsult:
TheStateCouncilofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(2024),‘China’svisa-freepolicyfacilitatestravelsfromsixcountries’,onlineavailableat:
/news/202401/02/content_WS659342f3c6d0868f4e8e2b0b.html
[10-01-2024].
ii.TheGulfCooperationCouncil(GCC)approvedtheUnifiedGulfTouristVisaSystemproposal,whichisscheduledtobeimplementedbetween2024and2025.ThisvisaregimewillallowindividualstovisitseveralofthesixmemberstatesoftheGCC.Formoreinformationpleaseconsult:
CooperationCouncilfortheArabStatesoftheGulf(2023),‘HEGCCSG:TheUnifiedGCCTouristVisaProject,onlineavailableat:
/en-us/MediaCenter/NewsCooperation/News/Pages/news2023-11-8-4.aspx
[12-12-2023].
iii.InDecember2023,Malaysiaannouncedavisaliberalisationplantoattractforeigntouristsandgeneratenationalincome.AmongthemeasuresmentionedarethevisawaiverforChineseandIndiannationals,effective1December2023to31December2024,andtheextensionofthevisavalidityperiodfromthreetosixmonths.Formoreinformationpleaseconsult:
ImmigrationDepartmentofMalaysia–MinistryofHomeAffairs(2023),‘VisaLiberationPlan’,GovernmentofMalaysia,Putrajaya,onlineavailableat:
.my/index.php/en/pengumuman/visa-liberalisation-plan/
[20-12-2023].
iv.KenyaintroducedasofJanuary2024anelectronictravelauthorization.Formoreinformationpleaseconsult:
MinistryofInteriorandCoordinationofNationalGovernment–StateDepartmentforImmigrationServices(2024),‘ImplementationofElecronicTravelAuthorization(eTA)’,onlineavailableat:
https://immigration.go.ke/
[10-01-2024].
2In2012,eVisaswererecordedseparatelyforthefirsttime.
3TheTourismVisaOpennessIndexscoresrangefrom0to100.Thehigherthescoreoftheopennessindex,themorevisasarefacilitated.Openness
indicatestowhatextentadestinationisfacilitatingtourism.Itiscalculatedbysummingthepercentageoftheworldpopulationexemptfromobtainingavisawiththepercentagesofnovisaweightedby1,visaonarrivalweightedby0.7,eVisaby0.5andtraditionalvisaweightedby0.
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?15ofthe20mostopendestinationsareSmallIslandDevelopingStates.
?Visaexemptionsaremostcommoninthe
Caribbean(45%)andinCentralAmerica(31%).
?VisaonarrivalpoliciesarecomparativelycommoninEastAfrica(46%),SouthAsia(38%),South-EastAsia(36%)andWestAfrica(32%).
?Thepercentageofreciprocalvisapolicies
hasdecreasedfrom71%in2008to42%in
2023.
?eVisaprogrammesareprevalentinWestandEastAfrica(36%)andSouthAsia(31%),whileNorthAfrica,CentralAmerica,NorthernandWesternEuropedonotoffereVisas.
?ProgressinvisafacilitationisobservedintheMiddleEast,wherethepercentageofworldpopulationrequiringatraditionalvisafellfrom71%in2015to57%in2023.OverthesameperiodoftimetheprovisionofeVisarosefrom10%in2015to15%in2023,andvisaonarrivalfrom17%to24%.
?ReciprocalvisaexemptionamongmembersoftheGulfCooperationCouncil(GCC)hasincreasedfrom2%in2018to87%in2023.
?Non-reciprocalpolicieshavedoubledfrom2008to2023,from29%to58%.
?Advancedeconomiesshowahigherdegreeofreciprocalopenness(81%)comparedtoemergingeconomies(39%).
?ThehighestlevelsofopenreciprocitywithintheeconomicandpoliticalblocssurveyedarefoundintheSchengenareaandtheEconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStates.
?Emergingeconomieshaveseenadecreaseinreciprocityamongthemselvesfrom54%in2013to39%in2023..
?Traditionalvisarequirementsaremost
prevalentinNorthAmerica(84%),NorthAfrica
(79%),followedbytheWesternandNorthern
EuropeansubregionsandNorthEastAsia,all
withratesabove70%.
?Kts
D
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Introduction
TheWorldTourismOrganization(UNWTO)hasbeenmonitoringtheevolutionofvisapoliciessince1963.Since2008,datahasbeencollectedonaregularbasisandconsequentlyvalidatedthroughsurveysandcommunicationwithmemberstates.Regularreportshavebeenpublishedsince2013andareavailableontheUNWTOwebsite.4ThesereportsincludetheTourismVisaOpennessIndexthatmeasuresthedegreetowhichdestinationsfacilitatetourismandhowopenacountryisintermsofvisafacilitationfortourismpurposes.Also,mobilityscoresareincludedthatindicatetowhatextentcitizensaroundtheworldaresubjecttovisapolicies,aswellasanin-depthanalysisofthereciprocityofvisapolicies.
DuringtheCOVID-19pandemic,whenCOVID-19-relatedtravelrestrictionsbecamesignificantlymoreimportantforinternationaltravel,andinlightoftheunprecedentedchallengesthepandemicposedtothetourismsector,UNWTOsupportedthesectorwithmonitoringandreportingonCOVID-19-relatedtravelrestrictions.Overthecourseofthisunparalleledperiodfortourism,theSecretariatpublishedatotaloftwelveglobalreports,includinganalysisofthecomplexinterplayofsustainability,healthandtourism-relatedfactorsthatinfluencedtheadoptionofthevarioustravelrestrictionmeasures.5
UNWTO’sTourismVisaOpennessReport2023continuesthepreviousanalysisofvisapolicies
andaimstoprovidedestinationswithevidence-
basedinsightstohelpprioritizerelatedfacilitationmeasures.
Visapoliciesareamongthemostimportantgovernmentformalitiesaffectinginternationaltourism.Onlyhalfacenturyago,travelwasheavilyinfluencedbycustomsregulations,currencyexchangelimitationsandvisaformalities.Thedevelopmentofpoliciesandproceduresforvisas,aswellasforotherkeytraveldocumentssuchaspassports,iscloselylinkedtothedevelopmentoftourism.Withtherapidgrowthofinternationaltourisminrecentdecades,thequality,reliabilityandfunctionalityofvisasandothertraveldocumentshaveevolved.
Muchprogresshasbeenmadeintravelfacilitation,whichhascontributedtothegrowthofthetourismsector.Particularlynoteworthyaretheregionalagreementsbetweenselectedeconomicandpoliticalblocsthatmutuallyexemptallorcertaincategoriesoftravellersfromvisarequirements.
Furthermore,inresponsetotheimpactoftheglobaltravelrestrictionscausedbythepandemic,manycountrieshavecreatedspecialvisas,suchasthedigitalnomadvisa6.Suchvisaaimedtoattractlong-termvisitorsduringthepandemic,supportrecoveryandattractaspecifichightechnologicalprofileoftalenttotheircountries.7
4WorldTourismOrganization(n.d.),‘TravelFacilitation’,UNWTO,Madrid,onlineavailableat:at:
/sustainable-development/travel
-
facilitation
[30-10-2023].
5WorldTourismOrganization(2020–2023),COVID-19-relatedTravelRestrictions–AGlobalReviewforTourism,twelvereports,UNWTO,Madrid,onlineavailableat:
/covid-19-travel-restrictions
[30-10-2023].
6WorldTourismOrganization(2023),UNWTOBrief–DigitalNomadVisas,UNWTO,Madrid,DOI:
/10.18111/9789284424481
.7FormoreinformationonDigitalNomadVisaseeBox1.
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However,despitetheprogressmade,currentvisapoliciesarestillofteninadequate,inefficient,andanunnecessaryburdenforinternationaltravellers.
Visasperformseveralfunctions.Theyareusedtoensuresecurity,tocontrolimmigrationandlimittheentry,durationofstayoractivitiesoftravellers,togeneraterevenueandapplymeasuresofreciprocity,andtoensurethatadestination’scarryingcapacityisnotexceededandthiswaytocontroltourismdemand.Althoughsecurityiscommonlycitedasthemostimportantreasonforhavingavisarequirementinplace,inpracticeallthefunctionsmentionedcanbeobservedandarereasonsforintroducingormaintainingavisa.
Travellersseevisasmainlyasaformalitywithcosts.Ifthecostofobtainingavisa–eitherthedirectmonetarycostimposedintheformoffeesortheindirectcosts,whichmayincludedistance,timespentwaitinginlinesandthecomplexityoftheprocess–exceedsacertainthreshold,potentialtravellersmaybedeterredfrommakingaparticularjourneyormaychooseanalternativedestinationthatiseasieraccessible.
Itisnoteworthythatin1963,attheUnitedNationsConferenceonInternationalTravelandTourisminRome,delegatesfrom87Statesagreedthat“Governmentsshouldextendtothemaximumnumberofcountriesthepracticeofabolishing,throughbilateralagreementsorbyunilateraldecision,therequirementofentryvisasfortemporaryvisitors”8.Overthecourse
ofsixdecadessincethisconference,significant
progresshasbeenmade,yetitstillfallsshort
oftherealpotentialtocreateaseamlesstravel
experienceforvisitors.
?OlegKozlov
D
8UnitedNationsConferenceonInternationalTravelandTourism(1964),RecommendationsonInternationalTravelandTourism,August21–September5,1963,Rome.
Statesrepresentedattheconferencewere:Afghanistan,Algeria,Argentina,Australia,Austria,Belgium,Bolivia,Brazil,Bulgaria,ByelorussianSoviet
SocialistRepublic(nowBelarus),Cambodia,Cameroon,Canada,Ceylon(nowSriLanka),Chad,Chile,China,Colombia,theCongo(Leopold-Ville),CostaRica,Cuba,Cyprus,Czechoslovakia(nowCzechiaandSlovakia),Denmark,DominicanRepublic,ElSalvador,FederalRepublicofGermany,Finland,
France,Greece,Guatemala,HolySee,Hungary,India,Indonesia,Iran,Iraq,Ireland,Israel,Italy,Japan,Jordan,Kuwait,Lebanon,Liberia,Libya,Luxembourg,Madagascar,Mali,Mexico,Morocco,Nepal,theNetherlands,NewZealand,Niger,Nigeria,Norway,Pakistan,Paraguay,Peru,thePhilippines,Poland,
Portugal,theRepublicofKorea,Romania,SanMarino,SaudiArabia,Senegal,Somalia,RepublicofSouthAfrica,Spain,Sudan,Sweden,Switzerland,Syria,Thailand,TrinidadandTobago,Tunisia,Turkey(nowTürkiye),Uganda,UkrainianSovietSocialistRepublic(nowUkraine),UnionofSovietSocialistRepublics(nowRussianFederation),UnitedArabRepublic(nowEgyptandSyria),UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,UnitedStatesofAmerica,
VenezuelaandYugoslavia(nowBosniaandHerzegovina,Croatia,NorthMacedonia,Montenegro,SerbiaandSlovenia).UNspecializedagencies:FAO,UNESCO,ICAO,WHO,IMCO.
TourismVisaOpennessReport2023
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Methodologicalnote
whichdetailborderformalitiesastheywerereportedbymemberstatesatthattime.Thisdataprovidesavaluablebaselineforunderstandingtheevolutionofinternationaltravelregulationsandvisarequirementsoveranextendedperiod,offeringauniqueperspectiveonhowtravelfacilitationandbordermanagementhavechangedinthepastfourdecades.
ThereportfurtherhighlightssomeofthekeyfindingsoftheUNWTOBriefonDigitalNomadVisaspublishedinNovember2023.10
Forthe2023report,datawascollectedbetween
JanuaryandMay2023.Theprocessincluded
acomprehensivereviewofofficialdestination
websitesfromJanuarytoApril2023,verification
ofinformationwithsecondarypublicsourcesand
adetailedformalconsultationprocessonthe
findingswithallnational(tourism)authoritiesin
May2023.
Forthepurposeofthereport,onlymeasures
applicabletotemporaryvisitors(tourists)holding
ordinarypassports9wereconsidered.The
reportdistinguishesbetweenthefollowingfour
categoriesofvisapoliciesareconsidered:
?Traditionalvisa:alltraditionalpapervisasaffixedinthepassportandallothertypesofnon-electronicvisasthatmustbeobtainedbeforedeparture;
?eVisa:alltypesofelectronicentryandtravelauthorizationthatthetravellermustobtainpriortodeparture;
?Visaonarrival:allvisasacquireduponarrivalatthedestinationwithoutanypriorpreparationforthejourney.Typically,thistypeofvisaisissuedintheformofastamp,stickerorothervisibleendorsementinthepassport;and
?Novisa:noentrypermitisrequiredwhenenteringthedestination.
Additionally,historicaldatafromtheyear1980
weregatheredfromtheUNWTOarchiverecords,
9Excludingdiplomaticpassportsorsimilar.
10WorldTourismOrganization(2023),UNWTOBrief–DigitalNomadVisas,UNWTO,Madrid,DOI:
/10.18111/9789284424481
.
。
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1.COVID-19-relatedtravelrestrictions2020–2023
TheCOVID-19pandemichashadaprofoundimpactoninternationaltourism,negativelyaffectingdestinations,hostcommunitiesandtourism-dependentsectors.AshighlightedinthetwelveUNWTOCOVID-19-relatedTravelRestrictionsReports,11travelrestrictionsevolvedrapidlyanddiverselyduringthepandemic,overshadowingtheimpactofexistingvisapoliciesonthemovementoftravellers.ApeakintravelrestrictionswasobservedinMay2020,when75%ofalldestinationsworldwidehadtheirborderscompletelyclosed,effectivelyhaltinginternationaltourismandcontributingtoanunprecedented72%dropininternationaltouristarrivals(ITAs)in2020.12Gradually,withabetterunderstandingofthevirusanditsvariants,combinedwithglobalvaccinerollouts,governmentsbeganadoptingamorerisk-basedapproach,leadingtothegradualeasingandliftingoftravelrestrictions.
Theliftingoftravelrestrictionsoccurredthrough
variousmechanisms,leadingtosubstantial
geographicaldifferencesintherecoveryofthe
tourismsector.DestinationsinEuropeandthe
Americasgenerallyledthewayineasingtravel
restrictionsandexperiencedthestrongest
tourismrecoverycomparedtootherregions.
However,uncertaintyremainedamajorchallenge
forinternationaltravellersduringthepandemic,as
didfrequentchangesandadjustmentstotravel
restrictionsatshortnotice,lackofcommunication
ofrestrictionsongovernmentandtourism-
relatedwebsitesandadditionalfinancialcosts
duetotestingandquarantinerequirements.The
recommendationoftheEmergencyCommitteeof
theWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)toendthe
PublicHealthEmergencyofInternationalConcern
(PHEIC)forCOVID-19on4May2023markeda
significantmilestoneoftheglobalefforttocontrol
thepandemic.
?PavelLosevsky
D
11WorldTourismOrganization(2020–2023),COVID-19-relatedTravelRestrictions–AGlobalReviewforTourism,twelvereports,UNWTO,Madrid,onlineavailableat:
/covid-19-travel-restrictions
[30-10-2023].
12WorldTourismOrganization(2023),InternationalTourismHighlights,2023Edition–TheimpactofCOVID-19ontourism(2020–2022),UNWTO,Madrid,DOI:
/10.18111/9789284424504
.
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ThefindingsfromthetwelveCOVID-19-relatedTravelRestrictionsReportsunderlinethatdestinationsrespondedtothepandemicinhighlydiverseanddynamicways.Thosewithbetterenvironmentalperformance,higherhealthandhygienestandardsandagreaterrelianceontourismtendedtolifttravelrestrictionsearlier.Conversely,emergingeconomiesandSmallIslandDevelopingStatesoftenimposedfullborderclosuresmorequickly,maintainedthemforlongerandintroducedadditionaltravellerrequirementsasCOVID-19responsemeasures.TheEuropeanUnion(EU)establishedtheEUDigitalCOVIDCertificate,whichcoveredCOVID-19vaccination,testandrecovery.Withmorethan2.3billioncertificatesissueditsignificantlyenabledthetourismrecoveryintheEuropeanUnionandbeyond.13
Consequently,theCOVID-19pandemicunderscoredtheimportanceoffacilitatedtravelandhighlightedthenecessityofanevidence-basedapproachtoachieveobjectiveswiththosemeasuresandtomakecorrectionsasneeded.Theintricateinterplaybetweentheenvironment,healthandtourismsectorsnecessitatesamultifaceted,evidence-basedapproachthatincorporatesaspectsofgovernance,health,environmentandculture.Thiswillbecrucialinaddressingfuturechallengesandbuildingamoreresilientandsustainabletourismsector.
?Frantic00
D
13EuropeanCommission(2023),‘TheEUDigitalCOVIDCertificate’,EuropeanCommission,Brussels,onlineavailableat:
https://commission.europa.eu/
strategy-and-policy/coronavirus-response/safe-covid-19-vaccines-europeans/eu-digital-covid-certificate_en
[30-10-2023].
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2.Theroleofvisas
Themanagementofstateborders,includingtheregulationofpeople’sentry,isasovereignright,governedbyspecificallyenactedpolicies.AlthoughtheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsarticulatesinArticle13therighttofreedomofmovementwithinandtherighttoleaveandreturntoone’scountry,itdoesnotconferthisrightwithregardtoenteringforeignstates.Consequently,statesmaintaintheauthoritytoregulatetheadmissionofforeignnationalsintotheirterritories.14
Visasserveastheprincipalmechanismthroughwhichstatesexertthiscontrol.Theseregulationscanbeunilaterallydeterminedorestablishedthroughbilateralormultilateralagreementswithotherstates.Thus,visapoliciesareamongthemostimpactfulgovernmentalmeasuresaffectinginternationaltourismandinfluencinginboundtourism.Atthesametime,therapidexpansionofinternationaltourisminthepastsevendecadesandthelinktovisapolicieshasemphasizedtheneedforimprovedquality,reliabilityandfunctionalityofvisasandothertraveldocuments.
Visasserveseveralcriticalfunctions,suchasensuringsecurity,controllingimmigration,generatingrevenue,applyingreciprocitymeasuresandmanagingadestination’scarryingcapacitytocontroltourismdemand.Whilesecurityisoftencitedastheprimaryreasonforimposingvisarequirements,theotherfunctionsareequally
operativeandformthebasisfortheintroductionormaintenanceofvisas.
Fromthetraveller’sperspective,visasareoftenseenascostlyandburdensomeformalities.Iftheexpenseofacquiringavisa–beitthedirectcostinfeesortheindirectcostsassociatedwithdistance,timeandproceduralcomplexity–exceedsacertainthreshold,potentialtravellersmaybedeterredfromvisitingormayoptfordestinationswithmoreaccessibleentryprocesses.
Whilehistoricallytravelwasprofoundlyaffectedbyawiderangeofmeasuressuchascustomsregulationsandcurrencyexchangelimitations,inrecenttimes,oneofthekeyadvancementscontributingtotheremarkablegrowthofthetourismsectorhasbeenthefacilitationofvisaprocessesinmanycountries.Thesignificanceofvisapoliciesfortourismhasbeenrecognizedfordecadesasevidencedattheabove-mentionedUnitedNationsConferenceonInternationalTravelandTourisminRomein1963.Itwasthenthatdelegatesfrom87statesagreedthatgovernmentsshouldextensivelyeliminatevisarequirements,eitherthroughbilateralpactsorunilateraldecisions,toimprovetravelaccessibility.
Furthermore,theConferenceonSecurityandCooperationinEurope(CSCE),heldinHelsinkiin1975andfromwhichresultedtheOrganizationofSecurityandCooperation(OSCE),aimedto
14ThiswasalsoconfirmedintheWorldTourismOrganizationDeclarationontheFacilitationofTouristTravel,adoptedattheeighteenthsessionofthe
UNWTOGeneralAssemblyinJune2009,inwhichtheGeneralAssemblyreaffirmsthesovereignrightofStatestocontroltheaccessofforeignnationalstotheirterritories,notablybymeansofvisapolicies,whichtheyhavetheauthoritytodeterminefreely,unilaterally,orincooperationwithotherStates
andrecognizesthediscretionaryauthorityofStatesinthisregard,yetitconsidersthatimprovingvisaissuancemodalitiescouldhelpfacilitatetouristtravelsignificantly.Seeformoreinformation:WorldTourismOrganization(2009),‘DeclarationontheFacilitationofTouristTravel,EighteenthsessionoftheWorldTourismGeneralAssembly,Astana,Kazakhstan,5–8October2009’,UNWTO,Madrid,onlineavailableat:
/toc/
unwtogad/2009/1
[14/12/2023].
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overcometheColdWarriv
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