Appraisal-Theory-功能語言學評價理論課件

Appraisal:negotiatingattitudes1整理pptAppraisal:negotiatingattitudThelanguageofemotion,ethicsandaesthetics1.J.R.Matin2.Definitionsandbasicstructure3.Detailsa.Attitudeb.Amplificationc.SourceApplicationtoanalysisofapoem.Comment2整理pptThelanguageofemotion,ethicProf.J.R.MartinLife:J.R.MartinisProfessorofLinguisticsattheUniversityofSydney.Hisresearchinterestsincludesystemictheory,functionalgrammar,discoursesemantics,register,genre,multimodalityandcriticaldiscourseanalysis,focusingonEnglishandTagalog-withspecialreferencetothetransdisciplinaryfieldsofeducationallinguisticsandsocialsemiotics.ProfessorMartinwaselectedafellowtheAustralianAcademyoftheHumanitiesin1998,andawardedaCentenaryMedalforhisservicestoLinguisticsandPhilologyin2003.3整理pptProf.J.R.Martin3整理pptRecentpublicationsWorkingwithDiscourse:meaningbeyondtheclause(JRMartin&DavidRose)TheLanguageofEvaluation:appraisalinEnglish.(JRMartin&PRRWhite)ShidoniiGakuhanoSFL:HarideiGengoRironnoTenkai.Genrerelations:mappingculture.(JRMartin&DavidRose).Learningtowrite/readingtolearn:scaffoldingdemocracyinliteracyclassrooms.(DavidRose&JRMartin).4整理pptRecentpublications4整理ppt1.Definitionsandbasicstructure

Appraisal:isconcernedwithevaluation:thekindsofattitudesthatarenegotiatedinatest,thestrengthofthefeelingsinvolvedandthewaysinwhichvaluesaresourcedandreadersaligned.5整理ppt1.Definitionsandbasicstruct

評價理論是對人際功能所進行的橫向和縱向的延伸,它主要研究個人如何運用語言去對事物做出評價,采取立場,從而調節(jié)主體間立場乃至意識形態(tài)立場。Martin指出,通過告訴聽話人或讀者對某些人和事物的感受,便可以利用評價資源去協(xié)商和調節(jié)社會關系。這就是說,評價理論所關心的是說話人利用其話語介入到語篇之中從而使語義隨說話人的立場而變化。運用評價理論可以分析作者和說話者的態(tài)度和立場。6整理ppt評價理論是對人際功能所進行的橫向和縱向的延伸,它主要韓禮德和哈桑致力于從社會學的角度研究語言的三大元功能:概念功能、人際功能和語篇功能。然而他們卻忽略了對談話人的賦值語義(semanticsofevaluation)的研究(王振華,2001)。澳大利亞語言學家馬丁(J.R.Martin)進一步發(fā)展了系統(tǒng)功能語法,在原有的基礎上創(chuàng)造性地提出了評價系統(tǒng)。此系統(tǒng)是一個人際意義系統(tǒng),人們可利用它來領會各種社會關系。它涉及文本所揭示出來的各種態(tài)度,各種情感的強度以及確定各種價值來源的手段(Martin2001:19)。7整理ppt韓禮德和哈桑致力于從社會學的角度研究語言的三大元功能:概念功8整理ppt8整理ppt2.Definitionsandbasic

structureNegotiationattitude:

Appraisalsareinterpersonalkindsofmeanings,whichrealizevariationinthetenorofsocialinteractionsenactedinatext.Peopleusetheresourcesofappraisalfornegotiatingsocialrelationships,bytellingourlistenersorreadershowwefeelaboutthingsandpeople(inaword,whatourattitudesare.).Appraisalconsistsofthreeaspects:attitude,amplification,andsource.9整理ppt2.Definitionsandbasic

struct2.Definitionsandbasicstructurethreeaspectsofappraisal.

Attitudes:indicateswhatpeopleappraise,includingevaluatingthings,people’scharacterandtheirfeelings.Inotherwords,therearethreetypesofattitudes:expressingemotion,judgingcharacterandvaluingtheworthofthings.Amplification:indicateshowwefeelaboutthedegreeoftheappraisal.Evaluationscanbemoreorlessintense,thatistheymaybemoreorlessamplified.Itcoversforceandfocus.Engagement:indicatesthesourceoftheappraisal.Andtheattitudemaybethewriter’sownoritmaybeattributedtosomeothersources,viaprojection,modalization,orconcession..10整理ppt2.Definitionsandbasicstruct2.DefinitionsandbasicstructureExamples:1.Hewasworkingina

topsecuritystructure.(valuingtheworthofthings)2.Itwasthebeginningofabeautifulrelationship.(valuingtheworthofthings)3.Abubbly,vivaciousmanwhobeamedoutwildenergy.Sharplyintelligent.(judgingcharacter)4.EvenifhewasandEnglishman,hewaspopularwithalthe‘Boer’Afrikanners.(judgingcharacter)5.Andallmygirlfriendsenviedme.(expressingemotion)6.Iwastorntopieces.(expressingemotion)7.wildenergy.Sharplyintelligent.(amplification)

8.Andallmygirlfriendsenviedme.(engagement)11整理ppt2.DefinitionsandbasicstructAttitudes

Wediscussthethreekindsofattitudes:affect:judgment,andappreciation;1.Affect:expressingourfeelingsPeopleexpresstheirfeelingsindiscourseintwogeneralways:positiveandnegative;directlyandimplied.Affectcanbepositiveornegativeandthatitcanberealizeddirectlyorindirectly.1)positiveandnegative;peoplecanhavegoodfeelingsandbadfeelings.forexample,satisfied,respect,wish;pain,bitterness,feared,etc.Weareecstatic.Theywouldbecomerestless.12整理pptAttitudesWediscussthethreAttitudes2)a.directly:emotionscandescribedindifferentways.First,speakerreferstoaemotionalstate,usingwordsthatnamespecificemotions:.forexample:torntopieces,pain,ecstatic,feared,worried,etc.Secondisphysicalexpression:speakerreferstoemotionphysically,describingbehaviorthatalsodirectlyexpressesemotion;forexample:withdrawn,presshisfaceintohishands,shakeuncontrollablytoexpressfear,etc.

13整理pptAttitudes2)a.directly:emotionAttitudesb.implicit:thespeakerdescribesunusualbehaviortoexpressfeelingsindirectly.Forexample,drinktoomuch,wanderfromwindowtowindow,juststaringinfrontofhim.

metaphorisanotherwaytoexpressfeelingsindirectly.Forexample,icecoldinaswelteringnight;eyesbewildered,butdulllikethedead.Question:whataboutneutral?14整理pptAttitudesb.implicit:thespeAttitudesPositive

Weareecstatic.Wecelebrated.NegativeIwastorntopieces.Ican’texplainthepainandbitternessinmeDirectEmotionalstate:ecstatic,

wildconsumingfear

Physicalexpression:presshisfaceintohishands,shakeuncontrollablyImplicitunusualbehavior:wanderfromwindowtowindowmetaphor:dulllikethedead;15整理pptAttitudesPositiveWeareecsJudgingpeople’scharacter2.Judgingpeople’scharacter:wejudgepeople’scharacterfromtwoperspectives:personaljudgmentsofadmirationorcriticismandmoraljudgmentsofpraiseorcondemnation,bothcanbepositiveornegativeandexplicitlyorimplicitly.1)Personaljudgmentmeanstocommentonthebehaviorofpeople.Itcanalsobepositive(admiring)andnegative(criticizing);forexample,Helenadescribesherfirstlovewithwords:energetic,intelligent,populartoshowheradmirationtohimdirectlyandphraseasworkinginatopsecuritystructuretojudgehischaracterindirectly.16整理pptJudgingpeople’scharacter2.JuJudgingpeople’scharacter2)moraljudgmentscanbemadepositiveornegative:itcanalsobemadedirectlyandindirectly.a.Helenacondemnsherleadersfortheirdishonestyandinhumanity

Ourleadersaretooholyandinnocent.Andfaceless.Whatelsecanthisabnormallifebethanacruelhumanrightsviolation?.b.Helenapraisestheleadersoftheircourage:Atleasttheirleadershavethegutstostandbytheirvulture,torecognizetheirsacrifices.Withadmirationandcriticism,moraljudgmentscanalsobemadedirectlyorimplied.Metaphorplaysaroleinjudgingcharacter:

Andtodaytheyallwashtheirhandsininnocence.17整理pptJudgingpeople’scharacter2)mAppreciatingthingsAppreciatingthings:thingscanbeappreciatedpositivelyornegatively.Appreciatingthingsincludesevaluationofdifferentkindsofthings,aswellasrelationships,qualityoflifeandevensemioticthings.ThefollowingaretheappreciationofthingsinHelena’snarrative.Positiveabeautifulrelationshipaveryseriousissuehealingofbreachesrestorationofbrokenrelationships

negativemyunsuccessfulmarriageafrivolousquestionbrokenrelationshipsthecommunityheorshehasinjured18整理pptAppreciatingthingsAppreciatinTheborderlineofcharacterandvalue:thereareseveralinstancesofattitudeinourtextsthatcouldperhapsbeanalysedaseitherjudgmentofcharacterorappreciationofthings.Thesebringustotheborderofcharacterandvalue.Itisimportanttotakeco-textintoconsideration,ratherthananalysingsimplyitembyitem.19整理pptTheborderlineofcharacteranAmplificationAmplification:degreeoftheappraisalOnedistinctivefeatureofattitudeisthatattitudesaregradable.Thismeansthatwecanexpresshowstronglywefeelaboutsomeoneorsomething.Twokindsofamplification:1:force:turningthevolumeupanddownWordsthatintensifymeaning:somewhat/fairlly/quite/really/sharply/extremelyintelligentWordsthatincludedegreesofintensity:happy/delighted/ecstatic.2.focus:sharpeningorsofteningcategoriesofpeopleandthings:about/exactly;real/sortof/kindof20整理pptAmplificationAmplification:dAmplificationForceIntensifiersAttitudinallexisMetaphorsSwearingHestillplaysgreatThesecondpartisfantasticIcecoldinaswelteringnightDammit,theremustbeacliqueFocusSharpenSoftenWearerealpolicemennow.Apart-timebluefan.21整理pptAmplificationForceIntensifierAmplificationSum-up:amplifyingattitudeinvolvesasetofresourcesforadjustinghowstronglywefeelaboutpeopleandthings.Technicallywerefertotheseresourcesasforce.Weusethemtoturnthevolumeupordown.Gradingexperientialboundariesinvolvesresourcesthatthatsharpenorblurapparentlycategoricaldistinctions.Technicallytheseresourcesarereferredtoasfocus.Theymakecutanddrieddistinctionsnegotiable.Technicallytheseresourcesarereferredtoasgraduation.

22整理pptAmplificationSum-up:amplifyin23整理ppt23整理pptSourceofattitudes:Sourceofattitudes:whoaretheevaluationcomingfrom?Onecanexpresstheirownopinion,thatmeansheisresponsibleforalloftheevaluation.However,hecanalsoexplicitlyintroduceotherpeople’svoicebyquotingorreportingwhatotherpeoplesaid.24整理pptSourceofattitudes:SourceofSourceofattitudesThispotentialforsourcingwhatissaidwasoneofthefactorsthatgottheRussianlinguistBakhtinthinkingaboutthedialogicnatureofdiscourse,evenintextwetraditionallythinkofasmonologues.TwotermsHeterogloss:thesourceofattitudeisotherthanthewriterMonogloss(singlevoice):thesourceissimplytheauthor25整理pptSourceofattitudesThispotentSourceofattitudesThreetypesofheterogloss:1.Projection:quoteorreportwhatpeoplesayorthink,throughprojectionthenwecanintroduceadditionalsourcesofevaluation.Wecanchoosefromprojectionoverandoveragaintoexplorethesourceofsources,andthesourceofthesourceofsources.26整理pptSourceofattitudesThreetypesSourceofattitudesFourwaystoattributesources:asprojectingclauses,asnamesforspeechacts,asprojectingwithinclauses,asscarequotes.Iknowwhereeverythingbegan.Mystorybeginsinmylateteenageyearsasafarmgirl.ManyofthosewhohavecomeforwardhadpreviouslybeenregardedasrespectablemembersoftheircommunitiesAbruptlymutterthefearedword‘trip’anddriveoff.27整理pptSourceofattitudesFourwaystSourceofattitudesModality:Alongsideprojection,anotherwayofintroducingadditionalvoicesintoatextisviamodality.Hallidalydescribesmodalityasaresourcewhichsetsupasemanticspacebetweenyesandno,aclinerunningbetweenpositiveandnegativepoles.Ateachpoleofscalesofmodalityisthechoiceofpositiveornegativepolarity.Modalitydoesn’ttakevoiceonanddenythem;itopensupaspacefornegotiationinwhichdifferentpointsofviewcancirculatearoundanissue,aspaceperhapsformediationandpossiblereconciliation.28整理pptSourceofattitudesModality:ASourceofattitudesFivetypesofmodalitytonegotiateinformationandservices:usuality,probability,obligation,inclinationandability.29整理pptSourceofattitudesFivetypesSourceofattitudesConcession:knownascounterexpectancy,adjustandmonitorreader’sexpectation.Concessives:conjunctionsthatadjustandmonitorexpectation,eg:but,evenifetc.Ican’thandlethemananymore!But,Ican’tgetout.Continuatives:thesearelikeconjunctionsbuttheyoccurinsidetheclause,ratherthanatthebeginning.eg:already,finally,still,etc.30整理pptSourceofattitudesConcession31整理ppt31整理pptSum-up:Whatwehaveareth