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最近整理的英美概況的筆記,對(duì)綜合英英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況名詞解釋系列
英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況名詞解釋系列(1)
ThePuritans清教徒----ThePuritanswerewealthy,well-educatedgentlemen.TheywantedtopurifythechurchofEnglandandthreatenedwithreligiouspersecution,thePuritansleaderssawtheNew
worldasthearefugeprovidedbyGodforthoseHemeanttosave.
英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況名詞解釋系列(2)
TheBillofRights(America)權(quán)利法案----In1789,JamesMadisonintroducedintheHouseofRepresentativesaseriesofamendmentswhichlaterweredraftedintotwelveproposedamendmentsandsenttothestatesforratification.Tenofthemwereratifiedin1791andthefirsttenamendmentstotheconstitutionwerecalledtheBillsofRightsbecausetheyweretoinsureindividualliberties.
theBillofRights(Britain)
In1689,WilliamandMaryacceptedtheBillofRightstobecrownedjointly.ThebillexcludedanyRomanCatholicfromthesuccession,confirmedtheprincipleofparliamentarysupremacyandguaranteedfreespeechwithinboththetwoHouses.Thustheageofconstitutionalmonarchybegan.
TheEmancipationProclamation解放黑奴宣言----AftertheCivilwarbegan,LincolnissuedtheEmancipationProclamationtowinmoresupportathomeandabroad.ItgrantedfreedomtoallslavesinareasstillcontrolledbytheConfederacy.
英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況名詞解釋系列(3)
PilgrimsThanksgivingDay感恩節(jié)----ThePilgrimsin1620,201ofthemsailedtotheNewWorldinashipcalledMayflower.Thefirstwinteraftertheirarrivalwasverycoldandwhenspringcame,halfofthemweredead.ThentheIndianscametotheirhelpandtaughtthemhowtogrowcorn.Theyhadagoodharvestthatyear.SotheyinvitedtheIndiansandheldthefirstThanksgiving
celebrationinAmericatogivethankstoGod.
TheChunnel英吉利海峽隧道----In1985theBritishgovernmentandFrenchgovernmentdecidedtobuildachanneltunnel,whichiscalled“Chunnel”,undertheStraitsofDoversothatEnglandandFrancecouldbejoinedtogetherbyroad.TheChunnelwasopentotrafficinMay1994.
英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況名詞解釋系列(4)
Eisteddfod(一年一度的)威爾士詩(shī)人、音樂(lè)家大會(huì)
---EisteddfodistheWelshwordfor“sitting”NationalEidteddfodisthemostfamousfestivalofmusicandverseinWales.IttakesplaceeachAugustandlastsforaboutaweek.ThehighlightofthefestivaliscompetitionforthebestepicpoemaboutWaleswrittenandreadinWelsh.ThewinneriscrownedBoard,consideredthesupremehonourinWales.Inthiswaythe
WelshpeoplekeeptheWelshlanguageandculturealive.
Cockney倫敦佬----AcockneyisaLondonerwhoisbornwithinthesoundofBowBells-theBellsofthechurchofSt.Mary-LeBowineastLondon.
英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況名詞解釋系列(5)
Stonehenge巨石陣----ItisagroupofhugemonumentsofgrantrockSlabsonsalisburyplaininsouthwestEnglandbuiltaslongagoastheNewStoneAge.Itisgenerallybelievedthatstonehengeservedsomesortofreligiouspurposes.
TheCelts凱爾特人----TheCeltscametoBritaininthreemainwaves.ThefirstwaveweretheGales,thesecondwaveweretheBrythonsandtheBelgaecameabout150BC.TheCeltswerepractisedfarmers.TheCeltictribesareancestorsoftheHighlandScots,theIrishandtheWelsh,AndtheirlanguagesarethebasisofbothWelshandGaelic.TheyreligionwasDruidism.
英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況名詞解釋系列(6)
NormanConquest諾曼征服---TheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-ofYork,symbolizedbythewhite,from
1455to1485.HenryTudor,descendantofDukeofLancasterwonvictoryatBosworthFireldin1485andputhtcountryundertheruleoftheTudors.FromtheseWars,Englishfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow.Thegreatmedievalnobilitywasmuchweakened.
TheGloriousRevolutionof1688光榮革命----In1685CharlesIIdiedandwassucceededbyhisbrotherJamesII.JameswasbroughtupinexileinEurope,wasaCatholic.Hehopedtorulewithoutgivinguphispersonalreligiousvies.ButEnglandwasnomoretolerantofaCatholickingin1688than40yearsago.SotheEnglishpoliticiansrejectedJamesII,andappealedtoaProtestant
king,WilliamofOrange,toinvadeandtaketheEnglishthrone.WilliamlandedinEnglandin1688.Thetakeoverwasrelativelysmooth,withnobloodshed,noranyexecutionoftheking.Thiswas
knownastheGloriousRevolution.
英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況名詞解釋系列(10)
TheGunpowderPlotof1605火藥陰謀案----TheGunpowderPlotof1605wasthemostfamousoftheCatholicconspiracies.OnNov.5,1605,afewfanaticalCatholicsattemptedtoblowKingJames
andhisministersupintheHouseofParliamentwhereGuyFawkeshadplantedbarrelsofgunpowderinthecellars.TheimmediateresultwastheexecutionofFawkesandhisfellowconspiratorsandimpositionofsevereanti-Catholiclaws.Thelong-termresulthasbeenanannualcelebrationonNov.5,whenabonfireislittoturnaguyandafireworkdisplayisarranged.
BloodMary血腥瑪麗----ItisthenicknamegiventoMaryI,theEnglishQueenwhosucceededtothethroneafterHenryVIII.ShewasadevoutCatholicandhadsomanyProtestantsburnttodeaththatsheisrememberedlessbyherofficialtitleMaryIbyhernicknameBloodMary.
英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況名詞解釋系列(11)
Thatcherism撒切爾主義----Theelectionof1979returnedtheConservativePartytopowerandMargaretThatcherbecamethefirstwomanprimeministerinBritain.Herpoliciesarepopularlyreferredtoasstate-ownedindustries,theuseofmonetaristpoliciestocontrolinflation,theweakingoftradeforcesunions,thestrengtheningoftheroleofmarketforcesintheeconomy,and
anemphasisonlawandorder.
theBritishConstitution
ThereisnowrittenconstitutionintheUnitedKingdom.TheBritishConstitutionisnotsetoutinanysingledocument,butmadeupofstatutelaw,commonlawandconventions.TheJudiciarydeterminescommonlawandinterpretstatues
TheTradeUnionActof1871工會(huì)法----Itlegalizedthetradeunionsandgivefinancialsecurity.Itmeantthatinlawtherewasnodifferencebetweenmoneyforbeneficpurposesandcollectingitto
supportstrikeaction.
英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況名詞解釋系列(12)
Agribusiness農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)----ItreferstothenewfarminginBritain,becauseitisequippedandmanagedlikeanindustrialbusinesswithasetofinputsintotheprocesseswhichoccuronthefarmandoutputsorproductswhichleavethefarm.Theemphasisisuponintensivefarming,designestogivethemaximumoutputofcropsandanimals.
Britishdisease英國(guó)病----Theterm“Britishdisease”isnowoftenusedtocharacterizeBritain’seconomicdecline.
英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況名詞解釋系列(13)
Constitutionalmonarchy君主立憲制----ItisapoliticalsystemthathasbeenpractisedinBritainsincetheGloriousrevolutionof1688.Accordingtothissystem,theConstitutionissuperiortotheMonarch.Inlaw,theMonarchhasmanysupremepowers,butinpractice,therealpowerofmonarchyhasbeengreatlyreducedandtodaytheQueenactssolelyontheadviceofherministers.
Shereignsbutdoesnotrule.TherealpowerliesintheParliament,ortobeexact,intheHouseofCommons.
PrivyCouncil樞密院----AconsultativebodyoftheBritishmonarch.ItsorigincanbetracedbacktothetimesoftheNormanKings.AftertheGloriousRevolutionof1688,itsimportancewasgraduallydiminishedandreplacedbytheCabinet.Today,itisstillaconsultationbodyoftheBritishmonarch,Itsmembershipisabout400,andincludesalCabinetministers,thespeakerofthe
HouseofCommons,theArchbishopsofCanterburyandYork,andseniorBritishandCommonwealthstatesmen.
WhigsandTories輝格黨和托利黨
ItreferredtothetwopartynameswhichoriginatedwiththeGloriousRevolutionof1688.TheWhigswerethosewhoopposedabsolutemonarchyandsupportedtherighttoreligiousfreedomforNoncomformists.TheTorieswerethosewhosupportedhereditarymonarchyandwerereluctanttoremovekings.TheWhigsformedacoalitionwithdissidentToriesandbecametheLiberalParty.TheToriesweretheforerunnersoftheConservativeParty
英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況名詞解釋系列(14)
TheNationalHealthService國(guó)民保健署.----ItisaveryimportantpartofthewelfaresysteminBritain.ItisanationwideorganizationbasedonActsofParliament.Itprovidesallkindsoffreeornearlyfreemedicaltreatmentbothinhospitalandoutside.Itisfinancedmainlybypaymentsbythestateoutofgeneraltaxation.Peoplearenotobligedtousethisservice.Theserviceisachievingitsmain
objectiveswithoutstandingsuccess.
Comprehensiveschools綜合學(xué)校----Comprehensivesschoolstakepupilswithoutreferencetoabilityoraptitudeandprovideawide-rangingsecondaryeducationforallormostofthechildreninadistrict.
英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況名詞解釋系列(15)
Reuters路透社----Itwasfoundedin1851bytheGerman,JuliusReuter.Itisnowapubliclyownedcompany,employingover11000staffin80countries.Ithasmorethan1300staffjournalistsandphotographers.
TheCrownCourt巡回刑事法庭----AcriminalcourtthatdealswiththemoreseriouscasesandholdssessionsintownsthroughoutEnglandandWales.ItispresidedovereitherbyajudgefromtheHighCourtofJusticeoralocalfull-timejudge.
英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況名詞解釋系列(16)
TheGreatlakes北美五大湖----TheGreatLakesarethefivelakesinthenortheast.TheyareLakeSuperiorwhichisthelargestfreshwaterlakeintheworld,LakeMichigan(theonlyoneentirelyintheU.S.),LakeHuron,LakeEireandLakeOntario.TheyarealllocatedbetweenCanadaandtheUnitedStatesexpectLakeMichigan.
TheMississippi密西西比河----TheMississippihasbeencalled“fatherofwaters“or”oldmanriver”.Itanditstributariesdrainoneoftherichestfarmareasintheworld.ItisthefourthlongestriverintheworldandthemostimportantriverintheUnitedStates.
英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況名詞解釋系列(17)
UncleTom’sCabin湯姆叔叔的小屋----ItwasasentimentalbutpowerfulantislaverynovelwrittenbyHarrietBeecherStowe.Itconvertedmanyreaderstotheabolitionistcause.
Gettysburg葛底斯堡演說(shuō)----ItrefertotheshortspeechPresidentLincolnmadewhenhededicatedthenationalcemeteryatGettyburg.Heendedthespeechwith“thegovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth”.
英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況名詞解釋系列(18)
TheRedScare紅色恐懼----WhentheWWIwasover,thereexistedahighlyaggressiveandintolerantnationalism.Between1919and1920,theRedScarehappened.OnNov.7,1919andJan.2,1920,theJusticeDepartmentlaunchedtwowavesofmassarrests.Over4000suspectedCommunistsandradicalwerearrested.
TheNewDeal新政---InordertodealwiththeDepression,PresidentFranklinRooseveltputforwardtheNewDealprogram.ItpassedalotofNewDeallawsandsetupmanyefficientsocialsecuritysystems.TheNewDealhelpedtosaveAmericandemocracyandthedevelopmentofAmerican
economy.
英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況名詞解釋系列(19)
TrumanDoctrine杜魯門(mén)主義----OnMar.12,1949,PresidentTrumanputforwardtheTrumanDoctrineinhisspeechtothejointsessionofCongress.TheDoctrinemeanttosupportanycountrywhichsaiditwasfightingcommunism.
MarshallPlan馬歇爾計(jì)劃----ItwasannouncedbyGeorgeMarshallonJune.5,1947,andwastheeconomicaidplanforWesternEurope.ItwasalsousedtopreventthelossofWesternEuropeintotheSovietsphere.
英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況名詞解釋系列(20)
Londonsmog倫敦?zé)熿F----In195,thesulphurdioxideinthefour-dayLondonsmog,anunhealthyatmosphereformedbymixingsmokeanddirtwithfog.Itleft4000peopledeadordying.SincethenmostcitiesinBritainhaveintroduced“cleanairzones”wherebyfactoriesandhouseholdsare
onlyallowedtoburnsmokelessfuel.
FamilyDocto家庭醫(yī)生----InordertoobtainthebenefitsoftheNHSapersonmustnormallyberegisteredonthelistofageneralpractitioner,sometimesknownasa“familydoctor”.Thefamilydoctorgivestreatmentorprescribesmedicine,or,ifnecessary,arrangesforthepatienttogotohospitalortobeseenathomebyaspecialist.
英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況名詞解釋系列(21)
MarvellousMelbourne了不起的墨爾本----Afterthegoldrushin1850sand1860s,therewasanimportantrevolutionintransport,especiallywiththenetworkoftramandrailwaysystems.Thischangedthepaceofurbanlifeandtheappearanceofthecityandsoonpeoplewerecallingthecity“MarvellousMelbourne”.Butbythe1890soutsiderswerecallingthecity“MarvellousMelbourne”becauseofthebadsmellofthecity.
WaitangiDay懷唐伊日----In1840thefirstofficialgovernor,WilliamHobson,wassenttonegotiatewithMaorileaders.In1840Hobson,representingQueenVictoria,andsomeMaorichiefs,signedtheTreatyofWaitangi.ModernNewZealandwasfounded.Theanniversaryofthesigning,February6,iscelebratedasNewZealandNati
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