2024年全球資源展望（英）

BendthetrendPathwaystoaliveableplanetasresourceusespikesGlobalResourcesOutlook2024?2024UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeISBN:978-92-807-4128-5Jobnumber:DTI/2618/NADOI:/20.500.11822/44901Thispublicationmaybereproducedinwholeorinpartandinanyformforeducationalornon-pro?tserviceswithoutspecialpermissionfromthecopyrightholder,providedacknowledgementofthesourceismade.TheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammewouldappreciatereceivingacopyofanypublicationthatusesthispublicationasasource.NouseofthispublicationmaybemadeforresaleoranyothercommercialpurposewhatsoeverwithoutpriorpermissioninwritingfromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme.Applicationsforsuchpermission,withastatementofthepurposeandextentofthereproduction,shouldbeaddressedtotheDirector,CommunicationDivision,UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme,unep-communication-director@.DisclaimersThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialinthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheSecretariatoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.MentionofacommercialcompanyorproductinthisdocumentdoesnotimplyendorsementbytheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeortheauthors.Theuseofinformationfromthisdocumentforpublicityoradvertisingisnotpermitted.Trademarknamesandsymbolsareusedinaneditorialfashionwithnointentiononinfringementoftrademarkorcopyrightlaws.TheviewsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme.Weregretanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenunwittinglymade.?Maps,photosandillustrationsasspeci?edSuggestedcitation:UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(2024):GlobalResourcesOutlook2024:BendtheTrend–Pathwaystoaliveableplanetasresourceusespikes.InternationalResourcePanel.Nairobi./20.500.11822/44901URL:/resources/Global-Resource-Outlook-2024/reports/global-resources-outlook-2024GlobalResourcesOutlook2024BendthetrendPathwaystoaliveableplanetasresourceusespikesAcknowledgementsDevelopedundertheguidanceoftheInternationalResourcePanelCo-ChairsJanezPoto?nikandIzabellaTeixeira.LeadCoordinatingAuthor:HansBruyninckxLeadChapterAuthors:HansBruyninckx,SteveHat?eld-Dodds,StefanieHellweg,HeinzSchandl.ContributingAuthorsbyChapter:Chapter1:HansBruyninckx,BeatrizVidal,HalaRazian,RebeccaNohl.Chapter2:HeinzSchandl,RaymundoMarcos-Martinez,JimWest,YingyingLu,AlessioMiatto,StephanLutter,StefanGiljum,ManfredLenzen,MengyuLi,LiviaCabernard,MarinaFischer-Kowalski.Chapter3:StefanieHellweg,LiviaCabernard,ViktorasKulionis,ChristopherOberschelp,StephanP?ster.Chapter4:SteveHat?eld-Dodds,YingyingLu,RayMarcos-Martinez,HeinzSchandl,EsterVanderVoet,DetlefvanVuuren,LiviaCabernard,SebastiaanDeetman,VassilisDaioglou,OreaneEdelenbosch,StefanFrank,PetrHavlik,StefanieHellweg,ManfredLenzen,MengyuLi,AmandaPalazzo,GeorgeVerikios,KajvanderWijst.Chapter5:HansBruyninckx,BeatrizVidal,RebeccaNohl,HalaRazian,PaulEkins,JuliusGatune,SteveHat?eld-Dodds,StefanieHellweg,JeffHerrick,PederJensen,JoannaKulczycka,IrisLassus,ReidLifset,EevaPrimmer,JeannetteSanchez,HeinzSchandl,NamitaSharma,MarkSwilling,AndersWijkman,BingZhu,MikeAsquith,EliasAyuk,VeredBlass,ShaoFengChen,AkshayJain,AnaJesusandDiogoAparecidoLopesSilva.i|UNEP|GlobalResourcesOutlook2024ThisreportwaswrittenundertheauspicesoftheInternationalResourcePanel(IRP)oftheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP).ThanksareextendedtoTheauthorsalsowishtothanktheCentreforEnvironmentandDevelopmentfortheArabRegionandEurope(CEDARE)andUNEPEarlyWarningandAssessmentDivisionfortheirJanezPoto?nikandIzabellaTeixeira,co-chairsoftheIRP,andcontributioninfacilitatingtheuseoftheonlineReviewthemembersoftheIRPanditsSteeringCommittee.EditingAnalyticalDatabaseoftheGlobalEnvironmentOutlook(GEO-READ)systemfortheGlobalResourcesOutlookexternalexpertreviewprocess.?TheauthorsarethankfultotheWorkingGroupMembers,especially:AnthonyChiu,PaulEkins,JeffHerrick,JoannaKulczycka,MichaelObersteiner,EevaPrimmer,AnuTheauthorsaregratefultotheSecretariatoftheRamaswami,MarkSwilling,EstervanderVoet,HelgaWeiszInternationalResourcePanelhostedbytheUnitedNationsandAndersWijkman.EnvironmentProgramme,andtoHalaRazianinparticular,forthecoordinationandtechnicalsupportprovidedforthepreparationofthisreport.TheauthorswouldalsoliketothankBeatrizVidal,PederJensenandRebeccaNohlfortheirsupportinthecoordinationofthereport.TheauthorslikewiseexpresstheirgratitudefortheguidancereceivedbythePolicyResponseDraftingGroupconvenedtosupportdevelopmentofChapter5,including:EliasAyuk,JuliusGatune,MaartenHajer,ReidLifset,LourdesJeannetteSanchezZuritaandBingZhu,aswellastheGROWorkingGroupmembersEevaPrimmer,MarkSwillingandAndersWijkman.Production:UNESCODesignandlayout:KatharineMugridgeThisprojecthasreceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanUnion’sHorizon2020researchandinnovationprogrammeundergrantagreementNo101018010.Theauthorsarealsothankfultothecontributorsofcountrypro?les(availableat):KwabenaO.Asubonteng,EliasAyuk,ChikaAoki-Suzuki,JoannaKulczycka,ViktorasKulionis,PhilipNuss,CássiaUgayaandRanYagasa.TheauthorswouldliketothankRaymondBrandes,GarreteClark,So?eClausen,AndrewFanning,AndreaHinwood,PaoloMarengo,GiulioMattioli,MonaMohammed,JuliaOkatz,FabiennePierre,RulaQalyoubi,JuliaSteinberger,GinaTorregrozaandJinhuaZhangfortheirinputs.TheauthorsarethankfultotheReviewEditor,IRPmember,KeisukeNansaiforhisleadershipandsupportintheexternalreviewprocess.TheyarealsogratefulfortheExternalExpertReviewprovidedbyMeganCole,IchirDaigo,DamienGiurco,Ryu?Koide,DiagoAparecidoLopesSilva,PaulLucas,KateMeyer,ShinsukeMurakami,RüdigerSchaldach,JyriSepp?l?,TomohiroTasaki,CarlosAndresTrujilloValencia,FrancescaVerones,HongxiaWang,RanranWangandYutaoWang,andotheranonymousexpertreviewers.GlobalResourcesOutlook2024|UNEP|iiListofabbreviationsbestavailabletechnologyMFAMImaterial?owsanalysismaterialintensitymegajouleBATBECCSCBDBio-energywithcarboncaptureandstorageConventiononBiologicalDiversitycarboncaptureandstorageMJMtmilliontonsCCScomparativetoxicunitsOECDOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentCTUDALYsDEDisabilityAdjustedLifeYearsdomesticextractionPDFPMpotentiallydisappearedfractionofspeciesparticulatematterDMCDPSIREECCAdomesticmaterialconsumptionDrivers-Pressures-State-Impact-ResponsePTBR&DRTBSBTsSCPSDGSSPTWhUNphysicaltradebalanceresearchanddevelopmentrawmaterialtradebalanceScience-basedTargetsEasternEurope,CaucasusandCentralAsiaregionFAOFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationssustainableconsumptionandproductionSustainableDevelopmentGoalsSharedSocioeconomicPathwaysTeraWatthoursG7GroupofSevenG20GDPGHGGROGtGroupofTwentygrossdomesticproductgreenhousegasesUnitedNationsGlobalResourcesOutlookgigatonUNCCDUnitedNationsConventiontoCombatDeserti?cationGlobalWarmingPotentialsHumanDevelopmentIndexinequality-adjustedhumandevelopmentindexInternationalEnergyAgencyImpact=PopulationxAf?uencexTechnologyIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeUNCHEUnitedNationsConferenceontheHumanEnvironmentGWPHDIUNCTADUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandIHDIIEADevelopmentUNEPUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeIPATIPCCIPBESUNFCCCUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeIntergovernmentalScience-PolicyPlatformonBiodiversityandEcosystemServicesUNICEFUNIDOUnitedNationsChildren’sFundUnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganizationIRPLCAMFInternationalResourcePanellifecycleassessmentmaterialfootprintUSAUnitedStatesofAmericaWorldHealthOrganizationWHOiii

|UNEP|GlobalResourcesOutlook2024Glossary1Absolutedecoupling:Absolutedecouplingisashorthanddescriptionofasituationinwhichresourceproductivitygrowsfasterthaneconomicactivity(GDP)andresourceuseisabsolutelydeclining.Seealso:decoupling,relativedecouplingandimpactdecoupling.Consumption:Theuseofproductsandservicesfor(domestic)?naldemand,namelyforhouseholds,governmentandinvestments.Theconsumptionofresourcescanbecalculatedbyattributingthelife-cycle-wideresourcerequirementstothoseproductsandservices(forexamplebyinput-outputcalculation).Bioeconomy:Thisreferstoallsectorsandsystemsthatrelyonbiomassincludingbiologicalresources(animals,plants,micro-organismsandderivedbiomass,includingorganicwaste),theirfunctionsandprinciples.Itincludesandinterlinks:landandmarineecosystemsandtheservicestheyprovide;allprimaryproductionsectorsthatuseandproducebiologicalresources(agriculture,forestry,?sheriesandaquaculture);andalleconomicandindustrialsectorsthatusebiologicalresourcesandprocessestoproducefood,feed,bio-basedproducts,energyandservices(adaptedfromtheEuropeanUnion(EU)BioeconomyStrategy(COM/2018/673)).Italsoreferstoconservationandregenerationofbiologicalresources,includingrelatedknowledge,science,technologyandinnovationtoprovidesolutions(seeFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheConsumptionperspective:Itallocatestheuseofnaturalresourcesortherelatedimpactsthroughoutthesupplychaintotheregionwheretheseresources,incorporatedinvariouscommodities,are?nallyconsumedbyindustries,governmentsandhouseholds.Cradle-to-grave:Denotesthesystemboundariesofafulllife-cycleassessmentstudy,consideringalllife-cyclestages,includingrawmaterialextraction,production,transport,useand?naldisposal.Alsotermed“l(fā)ife-cycleperspective”.DisabilityAdjustedLifeYears(DALYs):Measureforhealthimpacts(referringtoparticulatematterhealthimpactsinthisreport).Itquanti?estheamountoflifeyearslostorlivedwithhealthimpairment.BasedonWorldHealthOrganization[WHO]2019.UnitedNations[FAO],Communiqué2020).2basedonGlobalBioeconomySummitThisGROreportconsidersthatthe3sustainableuseofbiomassmustbebasedonprioritizingtheuseofbiomassformaximumwell-beingandminimalimpact.Decoupling:Decouplingiswhenresourceuseorsomeenvironmentalpressureorimpactgrowsataslowerratethantheeconomicactivitycausingit(relativedecoupling)ordeclineswhiletheeconomicactivitycontinuestogrow(absolutedecoupling).Biomass:Crops,grazedbiomass,foddercrops,wood,wildcatchandharvest.Capitalformation:Capitalformationreferstoadditionsofcapitalstock,suchasthebuild-upofinfrastructure,equipmentandtransportationassets.Inmulti-regionalinput-outputassessments,thisisreportedaspartofthe?naldemandpersectorandregion.Demand-sidemeasures:Policiesandprogrammestoin?uencethedemandforgoodsand/orservices.Intheenergysector,demand-sidemanagementaimstoreducedemandforelectricityandotherformsofenergyrequiredtodeliverenergyservices.Source:IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange[IPCC]2018a.Circulareconomy:Thecirculareconomyisonewherethevalueofproducts,materialsandresourcesismaintainedforaslongaspossibleintheeconomy,andthegenerationofwasteisminimized.Thisisincontrasttoalineareconomy,whichisbasedonthe“extract,makeanddispose”modelofproductionandconsumption.Drivers-pressures-state-impacts-response(DPSIR)framework:TheDPSIRframeworkaimstoprovideastep-wisedescriptionofthecausalchainlinkingeconomicactivity(drivers),pressures(suchasemissionsofpollutants),changesinthestateoftheenvironment(includinglandcoverchange)andimpacts(diminishedhumanhealth,biodiversitylossandothers).Thisthenleads12ThisbuildsontheIRPglossary,/glossary./in-action/sustainable-and-circular-bioeconomy/en/#:~:text=The%20bioeconomy%20is%20the%20production%2C%20utilization%2C%20conservation%2C%20and,a%20sustainable%20economy%20%28Global%20Bioeconomy%20Summit%20Communiqu%C3%A9%2C%202020%293/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/GBS2020_IACGB-Communique.pdfGlobalResourcesOutlook2024|UNEP|ivtoasocietalresponseaimedatadaptingthosedrivingforcestoreduceimpacts.Itshouldnotbeunderstoodasareactivegovernanceapproachthatwaitsforirreversiblechangestotheenvironmentbeforeresponding,butratheranapproachthatsupportspreventativeactionandthatcanbeusedasananalyticaltoolforlinkinghuman-naturesystemsinfuturemodellingtohelpsteeratransition.Footprints:Footprintscanmeasuredifferenttypesofpressureandimpactincludingresourceuse(suchasmaterialsandwater),pollutionemissionsandenvironmentalimpacts(climatechange,waterscarcity,biodiversitylossesandsoforth).InthecontextoftheInternationalResourcePanel(IRP)?agshipreport,GlobalResourcesOutlook2019,thetermfootprintsisusedtorepresentthewholesystemofenvironmentalpressuresandimpactsexertedbyhumanactivity,includingdirectpressuresandimpactsoccurringwithinthegeographicalboundarywheretheactivityoccursandindirect/orsupplychainpressuresandimpactsinsideandoutside(transboundaryones).?Employment:Thistermdenotesthenumberoffull-timeequivalentpositions(usedinChapter3).Environmentalimpacts:Harmfuleffectsofhumanactivitiesonecosystemsandhumanhealth.Thepresentreportincludesthefollowingmethodsandimpactcategories(seeTable3.1forafulllist):Fossilfuels:Coal,anthracite,lignite,peat,gas,oilandtarsands.1.Climatechangeimpacts:Emissionscontributingtoclimatechange(suchasCO,CH,NO)areweighedHealthimpacts:Harmfuleffectsofhumanactivitiesonthehealthofapopulation.Inthepresentreport,theenvironmentalhealthimpactsofparticulatematter(PM)wereassessed(asthelatteristhemaincauseoftheformer).Thisincludescardiovascularandrespiratorydiseasescausedby?neprimaryparticulatematteremissionsorsecondaryparticulatematter,whichisformedfromprecursorgasestransformedtoparticulatematterintheatmosphere(SOx,NOxandammonia).242accordingtotheconcentrationchangetheyproduceintheatmospheremultipliedwiththeradiativeforcingoftherespectivegas,asubstancepropertydescribinghowmuchenergythesubstancecanabsorb.Thiseffectofalteringtheenergybalanceoftheearthisaccumulatedoverade?nedtimehorizon(typically100years)andpublishedbyIPCCas“GlobalWarmingPotentials,GWPs”(IPCC2013).Impactsarecalledclimatechangeimpacts,butarealsoknownasacarbonfootprintorgreenhousegas(GHG)emissions.AllemissionsareexpressedaskgCO2-equivalents.Impactassessment:Thisisusedinterchangeablywiththetermlife-cycleimpactassessment.Itdenotesa“phaseoflifecycleassessmentaimedatunderstandingandevaluatingthemagnitudeandsigni?canceofthepotentialenvironmentalimpacts”ofasystem(accordingtotheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO14040)).Itlinksenvironmentalimpactstoemissionsandprimaryresourceuse.Life-cycleimpactassessmentisde?nedasthephaseoflife-cycleassessment(seebelow)aimedatunderstandingandevaluatingthemagnitudeandsigni?canceofthepotentialenvironmentalimpactsofaproductsystem.BasedonISO14044(2006).2.Ecotoxicity:Emissionsoftoxicsubstancesaretransported,degradedandtransferredbetweenvariousenvironmentalcompartments(air,waterandsoil),wheretheymayleadtodirectexposure(includinginhalationofairwithpollutants)orindirectexposure(suchascropuptakeofpollutantsfromsoilandingestionofcropasfood).Toxiceffectsmayoccurafterexposure.3.Biodiversityloss:Landuseoreutrophicationreducesnaturalhabitatsizeoraltersthenutrientsupply,therebydegradingecosystemsandleadingtospeciesextinctions.Impactdecoupling:Impactdecouplingreferstoaslowerrateofgrowthinenvironmentalimpactsthanintheeconomicactivitycausingit(relativedecoupling)oranabsolutedeclineinimpactswhiletheeconomicactivitycontinuestogrow(absolutedecoupling).Impactdecouplingfromresource-usegrowthreferstoaslowerrateofgrowthinenvironmentalimpactsthanresourceuse(relativedecoupling)oranabsolutedeclineinimpactswhileresourceusecontinuestogrow(absolutedecoupling).4.Waterstress:Waterstressreferstotheimpactsofwaterconsumptiononwaterasa?owresource.Additionally,absolutewaterscarcity(availabilityperarea)isconsideredtocombinenaturalandhuman-inducedwaterstressinasingleindicator.BasedonBoulayetal.(2018).Extraction:amountofmaterialextractedfromthenaturalenvironmentforuseintheeconomy.Itincludesextractiveactivitiessuchasmining,aswellasagriculturalandwoodharvest.Incomegroups:Thisreportprovidesanalysisbasedonincomegroups.Theincomegroupclassi?cationcomesfromtheUnitedNations,whichisbasedonthresholdsestablishedbytheWorldBanktoensurecompatibilitywithclassi?cationsusedinotherinternationalorganizations.Therearefourincomegroupcategories:high-income,upperFairconsumptionspace:Theneedtocurboverconsumptionwhileensuringconsumptionopportunitiesneededforful?llingbasicneeds,decentlivingstandardsandhumandignity.Source:UnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgramme[UNEP]2022b.v|UNEP|GlobalResourcesOutlook2024middle-income,lowermiddle-incomeandlow-income(seeAnnex1).Thesecategoriesareusedinallassessmentsofthereport.However,forChapter4,incomegroupingreliesonthecountryandregionalgroupsoftheunderlyingmodels(seesection8.4intheannex).ironoreisminedandprocessedintocrudeiron,whichinturnisre?nedandprocessedintosteel.Eachofthesecanbecalledmaterials.Steelisthenusedasaninputinmanyotherindustriestomake?nishedproducts.Throughoutthereport,assessmentsrefertomaterialresources(biomass,fossilfuels,metalsandnon-metallicminerals,seebelow),withthetermoftenshortenedto“materials”.Input-output(I-O)method:Input-outputtablesdescribetheinterdependenceofallproductionandconsumptionactivitiesinaneconomy.Inaninput-outputmodel,theeconomyisrepresentedbyindustrysectors(includingresourceextraction,processing,manufacturingandservicesectors)and?naldemandcategories(includinghouseholds,government,investment,exportandstockchanges).Integratinginformationonemissionsandresourceusecausedbysectorsand?naldemandallowsenvironmentallyextendedIOtables(eeIOT)tobeprovided.Thesecanbeusedtocalculateenvironmentalpressuresinducedbyproductionsectorsor?naldemandcategoriesinawayasimilartovalue-addedorlabour.Materialresources:Biomass,fossilfuels,metalsandnon-metallicminerals.Throughoutthereport,assessmentsrefertomaterialresourcesas“materials”(seeabove).Materialflowanalysis:Material?owanalysis(MFA)comprisesagroupofmethodstoanalysethephysical?owsofmaterialsinto,throughandoutofagivensystem.Thiscanbeappliedatdifferentlevelsofscaleincludingproducts,?rms,sectors,regionsandwholeeconomies.Theanalysismayfocusonindividualsubstanceormaterial?ows,oraggregated?owssuchasresourcegroups(fossilfuels,metalsorminerals).Economy-wideMFA(ewMFA)isappliedtoentireeconomiesandprovidesthebasisforproducingindicatorsonthemetabolicperformanceofcountriesintermsofmaterialinputsandconsumption(suchasDirectMaterialInput(DMI),DomesticMaterialConsumptionJusttransition:Whilede?nitionsvaryacrossthematicandgeographiccontexts,ajusttransitionmeansgreeningtheeconomyinawaythatisasfairandinclusiveaspossibletoeveryoneconcerned,creatingdecentworkopportunitiesandleavingnoonebehind(InternationalLabourOrganization(DMC),TotalMaterialRequirement(TMR)andTotalMaterial(ILO)).AccordingtothisGROreport,addressingtheConsumption(TMC)).4structurallyunequaldistributionofcostsandbene?tsofourcurrentmodelsofresourceuseiskeytoajusttransitiontowardssustainableresourceuse.Ajusttransitionalsorelatestotheprinciplesofsuf?ciency(seebelow),whichcallforanincreaseofresourceuseinlow-developmentcontextstopromotedigni?edlivingstandards,andthereductionofresourceuseinthecontextofhigherconsumptionfootprint.Ajusttransitionrequirescompensationfortheactorsandcommunitiesthatwillbenegativelyaffectedbytheactionsdeployedforthetransition.Metals:Metalsareelements(ormixturesofelements)characterizedbyspeci?cpropertiessuchasconductivityofelectricity.Majorengineeringmetalsincludealuminium,copper,iron,lead,steelandzinc.Preciousmetalsincludegold,palladium,platinum,rhodiumandsilver,whilespecialtymetalsincludeantimony,cadmium,chromium,cobalt,magnesium,manganese,mercury,molybdenum,nickel,tin,titaniumandtungsten.Becausemetalsareelements,theyarenotdegradableandcannotbedepletedinanabsolutesense:onceintheenvironmenttheydonotdisappear.However,some,likeheavymetals,mayaccumulateinsoils,sedimentsandorganisms–withLife-CycleAssessment:Life-CycleAssessment(LCA)istheassessmentofimpactsassociatedwithalllifestagesofaproductorservicefromcradletograve(seede?nitionabove).impactsonhumanandecosystemhealth.Life-cycleperspective:Alifecycleperspectiveincludesconsiderationoftheenvironmentalaspectsofanorganization’sactivities,productsandservicesthatitcanMultilateralEnvironmentalAgreement(MEA):LegallybindinginstrumentsbetweentwoormorenationStates,dealingwithenvironmentalaspects.MostMEAshavecontrolorin?uence.Stagesinalifecycleincludeacquisitionbeenadoptedafterthe1972UnitedNationsConferenceofrawmaterials,design,production,transportation/delivery,ontheHumanEnvironment(UNCHE).TheUnitedNationsuse,endoflifetreatmentand?naldisposal(ISOn.d.).Alsotermed“cradle-to-grave”.FrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC),ConventiononBiologicalDiversity(CBD)andtheConventiontoCombatDeserti?cation(UNCCD)aresomeofthemostsigni?cantexamplesofMEAsatgloballevel,formingtheinternationallegalbasisforglobaleffortstoaddresstheseenvironmentalissues.Materials:Materialsaresubstancesorcompounds.Theyareusedasinputsforproductionormanufacturingbecauseoftheirproperties.Amaterialcanbede?nedatdifferentstagesofitslifecycle:unprocessed(orraw)materials,intermediatematerialsand?nishedmaterials.Forexample,4/global/topics/green-jobs/WCMS_824102/lang--en/index.htmGlobalResourcesOutlook2024|UNEP|viNon-metallicminerals:Materialssuchassand,gravel,limestone,gypsumandclaythataremostlyusedforconstructionbutalsoforindustrialapplications.Resources:Resources—includingland,waterandmaterials—areseenaspartsofthenaturalworldthatcanbeusedineconomicactivitiestoproducegoodsandservices.Materialresources(seeabove)arebiomass,fossilfuels,metalsandnon-metallicminerals.Planetaryboundaries:EstimateofasafeoperatingspaceforhumanitywithrespecttothefunctioningofkeyEarthSystemprocesses,referringtobiophysicalprocessesoftheEarthSystemthatdeterminetheself-regulatingcapacityoftheplanet.Accordingtothisconcept,theboundarylevelshouldnotbetransgressedifunacceptableglobalenvironmentalchangeistoavoided(intermsoftheriskshumanityfacesinthetransitionoftheplanetfromtheHolocenetotheAnthropocene).TheoriginalworkbyRockstr?metal.(2009)referstonineplanetaryboundaries.Resourcedecoupling:Resourcedecouplingmeansdelinkingtherateofuseofprimaryresourcesfromeconomicactivity.AbsoluteresourcedecouplingwouldmeanthattheTotalMaterialRequirementofacountrydecreaseswhiletheeconomygrows.Itfollowsthesameprincipleasdematerialization,thatisimplyingtheuseoflessmaterial,energy,waterandlandtoachievethesame(orbetter)economicoutput.Productionperspective:Itallocatestheuseofnaturalresourcesortheimpactsrelatedtonaturalresourceextractionandprocessingtothelocationwheretheyphysicallyoccur(Woodetal.2018).Resource-intensiveprovisionsystem:Provisioningsystemswithhighdemandforresources.Safeoperatingspace:SafeoperatingspaceisaconceptdevelopedbyRockstr?metal.(2009)thatre?ectsacorridorforhumandevelopmentwheretherisksofirreversibleandsigni?cantdamagetogloballife-sustainingsystemsseemtolerablylow.Provisioningsystem:Recentlyemergedandincreasinglyrelevantconceptthatgroupstogetherrelatedecological,technological,institutionalandsocialelementsthatinteracttotransformnaturalresourcestosatisfyforeseenhumanneeds.Usingthisapproachmeansthatresourceuseandrelatedimpactsareallocatedtothesystemswhere?nalconsumptiontakesplace.Source:Fanningetal.(2020)Sharedsocioeconomicpathways(SSP):SSPsaresocioeconomicnarrativesthatoutlinebroadcharacteristicsoftheglobalfutureandcountry-levelpopulation,globaldomesticproductandurbanizationprojections.SuchSSPsRelativedecoupling:Inrelativedecouplingthegrowthrateofarenotscenariosthemselves,buttheirbuildingblockstheenvironmentallyrelevantparameter(suchasresourcesusedorenvironmentalimpact)islowerthanthegrowthrateoftherelevanteconomicindicator(forexampleGDP).(Riahietal.2016).Suf?ciency:Conceptgainingtractioninthepolicyagendawhich,fromaresourceperspective,referstotheneedto:increaseresourceuseinlow-developmentcontextstoenabledigni?edliving,whilereducingconsumptionlevelsinthosepartsofthe