Unit-1中國文化市公開課一等獎省賽課微課金獎課件

1/60Unit1

ConfucianThoughtonHeavenandHumanity2/60Lead-inTextstudyExercisesContent3/60“Tolearnandthenhaveoccasiontopracticewhatyouhavelearned—isthisnotsatisfying?Tohavefriendsarrivefromafar—isthisnotajoy?Tobepatientevenwhenothersdonotunderstand—isthisnotthemarkofthegentlemen?”Lead-inWhat’stheChineseversionoftheselines?Wherearetheyselectedfrom?Whosewordsarethey?4/60人不知而不慍不亦君子乎Lead-in5/60

IntroductionConfuciusonHeaven:theSourceofEverything

ConfuciusonPeople:renandliTextstudy

ConfuciusontheStateofLife6/60IntroductionConfucius(551-479BC),knowninChinaasKongzi,givennameQiuandaliasZhongni.HewasanativeofZouyi(present-dayQufuinShandongProvince)oftheStateofLuduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod(770-476BC).7/60WhydoesourKongzibecomeConfuciusinthewest?ConfuciusisaLatinizednamebestoweduponKongzi

byJesuitmissionariesinthe18thcentury,whichisacriticaltimewhenmissionariesintroducedChineseculturetotheWest.Introduction8/60TheAnalects,orLunyu,purportstobearecordoftheteachingofConfuciusandhisdisciples.Introduction9/60ItisanenduringclassicofChinesecultureandhasinfluencedallthinkers,writersandpoliticiansintheover-2,000-year-longhistoryofChinaafterConfucius.Noscholarcouldtrulyunderstandthelong-standingcultureortheinnerworldoftheancientChinesewithoutthisbook.Introduction10/60AdditionalInfoTheAnalectsisnota“book”inthesensethatmostmodernWesternersusuallyunderstandabook—thatis,acoherentargumentorstorypresentedbyasingleauthor,tobedigestedaloneinthequietofstudy.Itisinsteadarecord—somewhathaphazardlycollectedandeditedtogetheratanunknownpointinhistory—ofadynamicprocessofteaching,andmostlikelywasonlycommittedtowritingmanyyearsaftertheMasterConfuciushadpassedaway.Introduction11/60ConfuciusonHeaven:theSourceofEverything“Heavendoesnotspeakinwords.Itspeaksthroughtherotationofthefourseasonsandthegrowthofalllivingthings

(天何言哉？四時行焉，百物生焉，天何言哉？).”—SelectedfromTheAnalectsWhatisConfucius’viewonHeavenaccordingtotheselines?12/60Confuciusregarded“Heaven”asnature.Confuciusbelievesthatnatureisnotalifelessmechanismseparatefromhuman;instead,itisagreatworldfulloflifeandtheprocessofcreatinglife.Humanispartofnature.ConfuciusonHeaven:theSourceofEverything13/60Thenaturalprocessoflifecreationwasthe“wayofHeaven”.ThisideawaslaterdevelopedinTheBookofChanges(Yijing).Confucius’equationofHeavenwiththecreationoflifewasaninnovativeideainhistime.“Continuouscreationoflifeischange(生生之謂易。).”—SelectedfromTheBookofChangesConfuciusonHeaven:theSourceofEverythingThe“wayofHeaven”14/60The“virtueofHeaven”Asthenaturalprocessofcreationoflife,Heavenwasthesourceofalllivingthingsandthesourceofallvalues.Thiswasthe“virtueofHeaven”.“ThegreatvirtueofHeavenandEarthiscreatinglife(天地之大德曰生。).”—SelectedfromTheBookofChangesConfuciusonHeaven:theSourceofEverything15/60“Heavenlymission”Inthenaturalprocessofcreationoflife,Heavenhaditsinnerpurposeincreatingallthingsaswellasprotectingandimprovinglife.Heavenhadoriginatedhumanity,andhumanswereobligedtoaccomplishthispurpose.Inotherwords,humansarebornwithasenseof“heavenlymission”,andthisisthemeaningofhumanlife.ConfuciusonHeaven:theSourceofEverything16/60ThesenseofaweandbeliefinHeavenConfuciusrequiredpeopletoholdHeaveninaweandclaimedthatapersonofvirtuemust“respecthisheavenlymission”,listentoandliveoutthepurposeofHeavenbycaringforandimprovinglife.UndertheinfluenceofConfucius,theancientChinesedevelopedasenseofaweandbeliefinHeaven.ConfuciusonHeaven:theSourceofEverything17/60“HewhooffendsagainstHeavenhasnonetowhomhecanpray(獲罪于天，無所禱也。).”—SelectedfromTheAnalectsHowdoyouunderstandthisline?Heaven,astheworldofever-generatinglife,wasthehighestsacredbeing,withitsprofoundmysterynevertobefullyunderstoodbymortals.HumanbeingsshouldtaketoheartthepurposeofHeavenbycherishinglife.Ifoneremained“ignorantanddisrespectfulofone’sheavenlymission”bykillingormaiminglife,onewouldbepunishedbyHeaven.ConfuciusonHeaven:theSourceofEverything18/60HowisConfucianconceptofHeavenrelatedtothemodernecologicalcivilization?ConfuciusonHeaven:theSourceofEverythingConfuciusregarded“Heaven”asnatureandthesourceoflife,andrequiredpeopletoholdHeaveninawe.Thisisthesourceofthemodernecologicalcivilization.19/60ConfuciusonPeople:ren

(仁)andli

(禮)Ren

(仁)andli

(禮)arethetwocoreconceptsofConfucius’doctrineaboutpeople.20/60RenConfuciusinterpretedreninvariousways,andthemostimportantinterpretationis“l(fā)ovepeople”.Loveforthepeopleisuniversallove.Thiskindofloveshould“beginwiththeloveforone’sparents”.Theessenceofren:“filialpietyandfraternalduty”.ConfuciusonPeople:ren

(仁)andli

(禮)21/60“Thegreatestloveforpeopleistheloveforone’sparents(仁者，人也，親親為大。).”—Confucius,TheDoctrineoftheMean(中庸)ConfuciusonPeople:ren

(仁)andli

(禮)22/60“Childrenshouldnottravelfarwhiletheirparentsarealive.Iftheyhavenochoicebuttodoso,theymustretainsomerestraint(父母在，不遠游，游必有方。).”—SelectedfromTheAnalectsHowdoyouunderstandthisline?Confuciusdidnotmeanthatchildrenshouldnotleavetheirparentsatall.Whathemeantwasthatchildrenshouldnotmaketheirparentsanxiousaboutthemwhileawayfromhome.ConfuciusonPeople:ren

(仁)andli

(禮)23/60“Childrenshouldthinkoftenoftheageoftheirparents.Theyshouldfeelhappyforthehealthandlongevityoftheirparents.Theyshouldalsofeelconcernfortheagingoftheirparents

(父母之年，不可不知也。一則以喜，一則以懼。).”—SelectedfromTheAnalectsConfuciusonPeople:ren

(仁)andli

(禮)24/60Howdoyoufeelabouttheagingofyourparents?Doyouknowtheirageandtheirbirthdays?ConfuciusonPeople:ren

(仁)andli

(禮)25/60Howshouldpeopleloveoneanother?“Oneshouldbeawarethatotherpeoplemayhavesimilardesireasoneself.Whilefulfillingone’sdesire,allowotherstofulfilltheirdesiresaswell(己欲立而立人，己欲達而達人。).”—SelectedfromTheAnalects

Moresample>>ConfuciusonPeople:ren

(仁)andli

(禮)26/60Howshouldpeopleloveoneanother?“Donotdotowardothersanythingyouwouldnotwanttobedonetoyou(己所不欲，勿施于人。).”—SelectedfromTheAnalects“Lovingone’sparents,lovingthepeople,lovingeverythingintheworld

(親親而仁民，仁民而愛物。).”(wordsofMencius,agreatConfucianscholar,selectedfromMencius)ConfuciusonPeople:ren

(仁)andli

(禮)27/60LiLireferstorituals,traditionsandnormsinsociallife.Burialritualsandancestralworshipritualsarethemostimportantli,becausetheyarosefromhumanfeelings.Theritualofwearingmourningforadeceasedparentforthreeyearswasanexpressionofthechild’sloveandremembrance.ConfuciusonPeople:ren

(仁)andli

(禮)28/60“Achildshouldnotleavehisparents’bosomuntilheisthreeyearsold(子生三年，然后免于父母之懷。).”—SelectedfromTheAnalectsConfuciusonPeople:ren

(仁)andli

(禮)29/60Confuciusplacedemphasisonliwiththeaimofpreservingsocialorder,stabilityandharmony.“Theroleofliistomaintainharmonyamongpeople(禮之用，和為貴。).”—SelectedfromTheAnalectsConfuciusonPeople:ren

(仁)andli

(禮)30/60ConfuciusonPeople:ren

(仁)andli

(禮)31/60Philosophicalimplicationsofli:themeaningofburialritualsWhileindividualshavealimitedlifespan,lifeinnatureiseverlasting.Lifeisgivenbyone’sparentsandextendedthroughone’schildren.Alimited,individuallifebecomesmergedwiththelimitlesslifeofnature;theindividualdreamofeternallifecanthuscometrue.ConfuciusonPeople:ren

(仁)andli

(禮)32/60Throughburialritualsandancestralworshiprituals,peopleareabletoexperiencetheeverlastingcontinuityoflife,appreciatingthevalueandmeaningoflife.ConfuciusonPeople:ren

(仁)andli

(禮)33/60Confucius’influenceoneducationConfuciuswasthefirstfigureinChinesehistorytoinitiateprivateeducation.Beforethat,educationwastheprivilegeofthenobility.Asagreateducator,Confuciushasbeenadmiredbylatergenerationsasthe“sageofsages

(至圣)”.ConfuciusontheStateoflife34/60Confucius’educationpracticeConfuciustaughtformanyyearsandtrained3,000disciple,ofwhom72excelledinthe“sixarts(六藝)”,i.e.,ritual,music,archery,(carriage)driving,calligraphy,andmathematics.ConfuciusontheStateoflife35/60Confucius’ideologyoneducationThebasicgoalofeducation—tocultivate“personsofvirtue”withsoundcharacterandupliftedminds,abletoshoulderimportantsocialresponsibilitiesandtomakecontributionstosociety.Thegeneralprinciplesofeducation—loftyideals,greatvirtue(themostimportant),loveofpeople,andthe“sixarts”.ConfuciusontheStateoflife36/60Confucius’emphasisonaestheticeducation“StudyingTheBookofSongs(Shijing)inspiresthespiritandhelpsoneappreciatebeauty.StudyingTheBookofRites(Zhouli)enablesonetobehaveproperlyasapersonofenlightenment.Studyingmusicliftsthespiritandhelpsonetoenjoylife

(興于《詩》，立于《禮》，成于樂。).”—SelectedfromTheAnalectsConfuciusontheStateoflife37/60“知之者不如好之者，好之者不如樂之者?！盩ranslatedbyJamesLegge:Theywhoknowthetrutharenoequaltothosewholoveit,andtheywholoveitarenotequaltothosewhodelightinlit.Translationinthetextbook:Simplyknowingthehigheststandardofvirtue(i.e.,loveforpeople)isnotasgoodassettingitasone’sgoal.Settingitasone’sgoalisnotasgoodasenjoyingthepracticeofit.TranslatedbyEdwardSlingerland:Onewhoknowsitisnottheequalofonewholovesit,andonewholovesitisnottheequalofonewhotakesjoyinlit.AdditionalInfoConfuciusontheStateoflife38/60ConfuciusontheStateoflife39/60Confucius’influenceonlatergenerations’viewonthestateoflifeUndertheinfluenceofConfucius,Chinesethinkersoflatergenerationsallbelievedthatstudentsandscholarsshouldnotonlyincreasetheirknowledge,butalsoandmoreimportantly,broadentheirmindsandenhancetheirspiritualethos.ConfuciusontheStateoflifeInotherwords,theyshouldcontinuallyseekthegreatermeaningandvalueoflife.40/60ModernscholarsthinkthetheoryontheperspectiveonlifeisthemostvaluablefeatureofChinesephilosophy.ItallbeganwithConfucius.ConfuciusontheStateoflife41/60ConfuciusontheStateoflife42/60ExercisesComprehensionCommunicationApplication43/60Comprehensionl.SkimmingandScanning1)WhatisTheAnalectsmainlyabout?2)WhatisConfucius’viewonHeaven?3)WhatisConfucius’innovativeideaaboutHeaven?TheAnalectsismainlyaboutConfucius’wordsandlifestory.ConfuciusregardedHeavenasnature.Confucius’innovativeideaaboutHeavenisthatHeaven(ornature)istheprocessoflifecreation.Gothroughthepassagequicklyandanswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.44/604)Whatdoesthe“heavenlymission”inParagraph7referto?The“heavenlymission”inParagraph7referstoaccomplishingHeaven’spurposeofprotectingandimprovinglife.5)HowisConfucius’conceptofHeavenrelatedtothemodernecologicalcivilization?Confuciusadvocated“standinginaweoftheordinancesofHeaven”andwarnedagainstoffendingHeaven.Thisis,inessence,equivalenttothemodernideaofstayinginharmonywithnature.SointhiswayConfucius’conceptofHeavenissimilartothemodernecologicalcivilization.Comprehension45/606)WhatisConfucius’interpretationofren?Confuciusinterpretedrenas“l(fā)oveofpeople”,whichbeginswiththe“l(fā)oveforone’sparents”.7)AccordingtoConfucius,whatisthemostimportantpartofli?AccordingtoConfucius,themostimportantpartofliistheburialandancestralworshiprituals.Comprehension46/608)Whatqualitiesare“personsofvirtue”supposedtohave?“Personsofvirtue”aresupposedtohavesoundcharacterandupliftedmindsandtheycanshoulderimportantsocialresponsibilitiesandmakecontributionstosociety.Comprehension9)WhydopeopleneedtostudymusicaccordingtoConfucius?AccordingtoConfucius,studyingmusiccanliftone’sspiritandhelponeappreciatebeauty.47/6010)WhatdidConfuciusthinkofZengDian’saspiration?ConfuciusthoughthighlyofZengDian’saspirationandregardedharmonyamongpeopleandharmonybetweenpeopleandnatureasthehigheststateoflife.Comprehension48/60II.CarefulReading1.Readthepassagecarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.1)AllthefollowingarethetitlesofConfuciusEXCEPT_______?aneducator B.abiologistC.ascholar D.aphilosopher2)Theexpression“filialpiety”mostprobablymeansbeing______.A.loyaltothestateB.obedienttosister(s)C.responsibleforthefamilyD.dutifultoparentsBDComprehension49/603)WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeConfucius’viewontherelationshipbetweenmanandnature/Heaven?A.BrothersB.HusbandandwifeC.DoctorandpatientD.Motherandson4)Throughburialandancestralworshiprituals,peoplecanlearnthat______.A.natureislifelesssoitwillneverdieB.individual’slifecanbeeverlastingbyjoining

natureC.theyshouldbegratefultotheirparentsfor

givingthemlivesD.individual’slifespanisshort,sotheyshould

enjoylifeasmuchaspossibleDBComprehension50/605)WhichofthefollowingisthemostimportantpartofConfucius’curriculum?Music B.CalligraphyC.Virtue D.Mathematics6)ZiLu,RanYouandGongxiChi’saspirationsrepresent_____,whileZengDian’sreflectsA.personalambition;selfishnessB.loftyideals;meaninglesspursuitC.personalstruggle;generouscontributionD.individualcontributiontosociety;harmonyCDComprehension51/602.PuteachofthefollowingintoEnglishandthencompareyourtranslationwiththatinthepassage．1)

天何言哉？四時行焉，百物生焉，天何言哉？2)生生之謂易。3)天地之大德日生。Heavendoesnotspeakinwords.Itspeaksthroughtherotationofthefourseasonsandthegrowthofalllivingthings.Continuouscreationoflifeischange.ThegreatvirtueofHeavenandEarthiscreatinglife.Comprehension52/605)仁者，人也，親親為大。4)獲罪于天，無所禱也。HewhooffendsagainstHeavenhasnonetowhomhecanpray.

Thegreatestloveforpeopleistheloveforone’sparents.Comprehension

6)父母在，不遠游，游必有方。Childrenshouldnottravelfarwhiletheirparentsarealive.Iftheyhavenochoicebuttodoso,theymustretainsomerestraint.53/607)父母之年，不可不知也。一則以喜，一則以懼。8)己欲立而立人，己欲達而達人。9)己所不欲，勿施于人。Childrenshouldthinkoftenoftheageoftheirparents.Theyshouldfeelhappyforthehealthandlongevityoftheirparents.Theyshouldalsofeelconcernfortheagingoftheirparents.Whilefulfillingone’sowndesires,allowotherstofulfilltheirs.Donotdotowardothersanythingyouwouldnotwanttobedonetoyou.Comprehension54/6010)子生三年，然后免于父母之懷。11)禮之用，和為貴。12)知之者不如好之者，好之者不如樂之者。Achildshouldnotleavehisparents’bosomuntilheisthreeyearsold.Theroleofliistomaintainharmonyamongpeople.Simplyknowingthehigheststandardofvirtue(i.e.,loveofpeople)isnotasgoodassettingitasone’sgoal.Settingitasone’sgoalisnotasgoodasenjoyingpracticingofit.Comprehension55/60CommunicationThefollowingaresomeEnglishidiomsrelatedtoGod.TrytotranslatethemandthennameatleastfiveChineseidiomsaboutHeaven(tian).Identifythesimilarityand/ordifferencebetweenWesterners’attitudetowa