2015年高考英語真題分類匯編：專題16-閱讀理解之科普類說明文-版含解析

PAGEPAGE65專題十六閱讀理解之科普類說明文1.【2015·湖北卷】DTheoddnessoflifeinspaceneverquitegoesaway.Herearesomeexamples.Firstconsidersomethingassimpleassleep.Itspositionpresentsitsownchallenges.Themainquestioniswhetheryouwantyourarmsinsideoroutsidethesleepingbag.Ifyouleaveyourarmsout,theyfloatfreeinzerogravity,oftengivingasleepingastronautthelookofafunnyballed（芭蕾）dancer.“I’maninsideguy,”MikeHopkinssays,whoreturnedfromasix-monthtourontheInternationalSpaceStation.“Iliketobewrappedup.”O(jiān)nthestation,theordinarybecomesstrange.TheexercisebikefortheAmericanastronautshasnohandlebars.Italsohasnoseat.Withnogravity,it’sjustaseasytopedalviolently.Youcanwatchamoviewhileyoupedalbyfloatingamicrocomputeranywhereyouwant.Butstationresidentshavetobecarefulaboutstayinginoneplacetoolong.Withoutgravitytohelpcirculateair,thecarbondioxideyouexhale(呼氣)hasatendencytoformaninvisible（隱形的）cloudaroundyouhead.Youcanendupwithwhatastronautscallacarbon-dioxideheadache.LeroyChiao,54,anAmericanretiredastronautafterfourflights,describeswhathappensevenbeforeyoufloatoutofyourseat,”Yourinnerearthinksyour’refalling.Meanwhileyoureyesaretellingyouyou’restandingstraight.Thatcanbeannoying—that’swhysomepeoplefeelsick.”Withinacoupledays—trulyterribledaysforsome—astronauts’brainslearntoignorethepanickysignalsfromtheinnerear,andspacesicknessdisappears.Spacetravelcanbesodelightfulbutatthesametimeinvisiblydangerous.Forinstance,astronautslosebonemass.That’swhyexerciseisconsideredsovitalthatNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA)putsitrightontheworkdayschedule.Thefocusonfitnessisasmuchaboutscienceandthefutureasitisaboutkeepinganyindividualastronautsreturnhome,and,moreimportantly,howtomaintainstrengthandfitnessforthetwoandahalfyearsormorethatitwouldtaketomakearound-triptoMars.63.Whatisthemajorchallengetoastronautswhentheysleepinspace?A.DecidingonapropersleeppositionB.ChoosingacomfortablesleepingbagC.SeekingawaytofallasleepquicklyD.Findingarighttimetogotosleep.64.Theastronautswillsufferfromacarbon-dioxideheadachewhen_____.

A.theycirclearoundontheirbikes

B.theyusemicrocomputerswithoutastopC.theyexerciseinoneplaceforalongtimeD.theywatchamoviewhilepedaling65.Someastronautsfeelsickonthestationduringthefirstfewdaysbecause_____.A.theirsensesstopworkingB.theyhavetostandupstraightC.theyfloatoutoftheirseatsunexpectedlyD.whethertheyareabletogobacktothestation66.OneoftheNASA’smajorconcernsaboutastronautsis_____.A.howmuchexercisetheydoonthestationB.howtheycanremainhealthyforlonginspaceC.whethertheycanrecoverafterreturninghomeD.whethertheyareabletogobacktothestation【解析】試題分析：這是一篇說明文。本文通過舉例說明了太空生活的奇妙：在太空睡覺時(shí)，對(duì)宇航員來說主要的挑戰(zhàn)在于恰當(dāng)?shù)乃咦藙?shì)；宇航員在一個(gè)地方運(yùn)動(dòng)久了會(huì)出現(xiàn)碳毒性頭痛；宇航員的大腦接收到矛盾的信息時(shí)會(huì)感到惡心。最后告訴我們美國(guó)國(guó)家宇航局對(duì)宇航員主要的擔(dān)心是宇航員回家后的修養(yǎng)期和如何在太空長(zhǎng)久地保持健康。63.A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一、二句“Firstconsidersomethingassimpleassleep.Itspositionpresentsitsownchallenges.”可知在太空睡覺時(shí)，對(duì)宇航員來說主要的挑戰(zhàn)在于恰當(dāng)?shù)乃咦藙?shì)。故選A項(xiàng)。64.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Butstationresidentshavetobecarefulaboutstayinginoneplacetoolong.…Youcanendupwithwhatastronautscallacarbon-dioxideheadache”可知宇航員在一個(gè)地方運(yùn)動(dòng)久了會(huì)出現(xiàn)碳毒性頭痛。故選C項(xiàng)。65.D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Yourinnerearthinksyou’refailing.Meanwhileyoureyesaretellingyouyou’restandingstraight.Thatcanbeannoying-that’swhysomepeoplefeelsick.”可知宇航員在大腦接收到矛盾的信息時(shí)會(huì)感到惡心。故選D項(xiàng)。66.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段倒數(shù)第一、二句“Thefocusonfitnessisasmuchaboutscienceandthefutureasisaboutkeepinganyindividualastronauthealthy…NASAisworriedabouttwothings:…and,moreimportantly,howmaintainstrengthandfitness…”可知美國(guó)國(guó)家宇航局對(duì)宇航員主要的擔(dān)心之一是如何在太空長(zhǎng)久地保持健康。故選B項(xiàng)。【考點(diǎn)定位】說明文閱讀【名師點(diǎn)睛】科普類說明文歷來是高考閱讀理解命題的重點(diǎn)，文章邏輯性強(qiáng)，條理清楚，主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)語篇的整體把握和領(lǐng)悟能力以及對(duì)特定細(xì)節(jié)的認(rèn)讀和處理能力?？忌鷳?yīng)注意：1.平時(shí)多讀科普知識(shí)類文章，學(xué)習(xí)科普知識(shí)，積累常見的科普詞匯，從根本上提高科普英語的閱讀能力。2.熟悉科普類文章的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)?？破疹愇恼乱话阌蓸?biāo)題（高考題中一般不給出標(biāo)題）、導(dǎo)語、背景、主體和結(jié)尾五部分構(gòu)成。導(dǎo)語一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一個(gè)事實(shí)的起因。主體則對(duì)導(dǎo)語概括的事實(shí)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)敘述，這部分是命題的重點(diǎn)，考生應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)把握。結(jié)尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并與導(dǎo)語相呼應(yīng)，命題者常在此要設(shè)計(jì)一道推理判斷題。3.在進(jìn)行推理判斷時(shí)，考生一定要以閱讀材料所提供的科學(xué)事實(shí)為依據(jù)，同時(shí)所得出的結(jié)論還應(yīng)符合基本的科普常識(shí)。2.【2015·北京卷】C

LifeintheClearTransparentanimalsletlightpassthroughtheirbodiesthesamewaylightpassesthroughawindow.Theseanimalstypicallylivebetweenthesurfaceoftheoceanandadepthofabout3,300feet—asfarasmostlightcanreach.Mostofthemareextremelydelicateandcanbedamagedbyasimpletouch.SonkeJohnsen,ascientistinbiology,says,“Theseanimalslivethroughtheirlifealone.Theynevertouchanythingunlessthey’reeatingit,orunlesssomethingiseatingthem.”Andtheyareasclearasglass.Howdoesananimalbecomesee-through?It’strickierthanyoumightthink.Theobjectsaroundyouarevisiblebecausetheyinteractwithlight.Lighttypicallytravelsinastraightline.Butsomematerialsslowandscatter(散射)light,bouncingitawayfromitsoriginalpath.Othersabsorblight,stoppingitdeadinitstracks.Bothscatteringandabsorptionmakeanobjectlookdifferentfromotherobjectsaroundit,soyoucanseeiteasily.Butatransparentobjectdoesn’tabsorborscatterlight,atleastnotverymuch,Lightcanpassthroughitwithoutbendingorstopping.Thatmeansatransparentobjectdoesn’tlookverydifferentfromthesurroundingairorwater.Youdon’tseeityouseethethingsbehindit.Tobecometransparent,ananimalneedstokeepitsbodyfromabsorbingorscatteringlight.Livingmaterialscanstoplightbecausetheycontainpigments(色素)thatabsorbspecificcolorsoflight.Butatransparentanimaldoesn’thavepigments,soitstissueswon’tabsorblight.AccordingtoJohnsen,avoidingabsorptionisactuallyeasy.Therealchallengeispreventinglightfromscattering.Animalsarebuiltofmanydifferentmaterialsskin,fat,andmoreandlightmovesthrougheachatadifferentspeed.Everytimelightmovesintoamaterialwithanewspeed,itbendsandscatters.Transparentanimalsusedifferenttrickstofightscattering.Someanimalsaresimplyverysmallorextremelyflat.Withoutmuchtissuetoscatterlight,itiseasiertobesee—through.Othersbuildalarge,clearmassofnon-livingjelly-lie(果凍狀的)materialandspreadthemselvesoverit.Largertransparentanimalshavethebiggestchallenge,becausetheyhavetomakeallthedifferenttissuesintheirbodiesslowdownlightexactlyasmuchaswaterdoes.Theyneedtolookuniform.Buthowthey’redoingitisstillunknown.Onethingisclearfortheselargeranimals,stayingtransparentisanactiveprocess.Whentheydie,theyturnanon-transparentmilkywhite.63.AccordingtoParagraph1,transparentanimals_______.A.stayingroupsB.canbeeasilydamagedC.appearonlyindeepoceanD.arebeautifulcreatures64.Theunderlinedword“dead”inParagraph3means__________.A.silentlyB.graduallyC.regularlyD.completely65.Onewayforananimaltobecometransparentisto________.A.changethedirectionoflighttravelB.gathermaterialstoscatterlight.C.avoidtheabsorptionoflightD.growbiggertostoplight.66.Thelastparagraphtellsusthatlargertransparentanimals________.A.movemoreslowlyindeepwaterB.staysee-throughevenafterdeathC.producemoretissuesfortheirsurvivalD.takeeffectiveactiontoreducelightspreading【解析】試題分析：文章解釋了生活在海洋的透明生物的特點(diǎn)，透明原理，以及形成機(jī)制。63.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。文章第一段第三行：Mostofthemareextremelydelicateandcanbedamagedbyasimpletouch。得知B選項(xiàng)：透明動(dòng)物是很容易受傷的。故選B。64.D詞義猜測(cè)題。該詞出現(xiàn)在文章第三段第三行。前文提到了：你能看到的物體一種是對(duì)光線進(jìn)行了散射；而另外一種是對(duì)光線的吸收。既然吸收了，那在光的傳播過程中就完全阻止了，因此這里dead是完全的意思。故選D。65.C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段第一句Tobecometransparent,ananimalneedstokeepitsbodyfromabsorbingorscatteringlight?？芍?，想變透明就要避免散射或吸收光線，因此其中的一個(gè)方法是C選項(xiàng)，避免光線的吸收。故選C。66.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句中的makeallthedifferenttissuesintheirbodiesslowdownlightexactlyasmuchaswaterdoes可以推斷出D為正確答案。其中slowdown對(duì)應(yīng)reduce。故選D。【考點(diǎn)定位】科技類說明文【名師點(diǎn)睛】做科技類說明文時(shí)，考生應(yīng)能：理解語篇主旨要義，理解文中具體信息，根據(jù)上下文提供的線索推測(cè)生詞的詞義，根據(jù)文中事實(shí)和線索作出簡(jiǎn)單的判斷和推理。此次出現(xiàn)了新型科技類說明文。往年科技類說明文的閱讀難點(diǎn)在于專業(yè)類詞匯，但是今年的“新型耳機(jī)”在問題設(shè)置上難度不大，屬于文章難但題目不難的題目。所以要理解好文章做好此題就不是難題。3.【2015·江蘇】BIntheUnitedStatesalone,over100millioncell-phonesarethrownawayeachyear.Cell-phonesarepartofagrowingmountainofelectronicwastelikecomputersandpersonaldigitalassistants.Theelectronicwastestreamisincreasingthreetimesfasterthantraditionalgarbageasawhole.Electronicdevicescontainvaluablemetalssuchasgoldandsilver.ASwissstudyreportedthatwhiletheweightofelectronicgoodsrepresentedbypreciousmetalswasrelativelysmallincomparisontototalwaste,theconcentration(含量)ofgoldandotherpreciousmetalswashigherinSo-callede-wastethaninnaturallyoccurringminerals.Electronicwastesalsocontainmanypoisonousmetals.Evenwhenthemachinesarerecycledandtheharmfulmetalsremoved,therecyclingprocessofteniscarriedoutinpoorcountries,inpracticallyuncontrolledwayswhichallowmanypoisonoussubstancestoescapeintotheenvironment.Creatingproductsoutofrawmaterialscreatesmuchmorewastematerial,upto100timesmore,thanthematerialcontainedinthefinishedproducts.Consideragainthecell-phone,andimaginetheminesthatproducedthosemetals,thefactoriesneededtomaketheboxandpackaging(包裝)itcamein.Manywastesproducedintheproducingprocessareharmfulaswell.TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencynotesthatmostwasteisdangerousinthat“theproduction,distribution,anduseofproducts—aswellasmanagementoftheresultingwaste—allresultingreenhousegasrelease.”Individualscanreducetheircontributionbycreatinglesswasteatthestart—forinstance,buyingreusableproductsandrecycling.Inmanycountriestheconceptofextendedproducerresponsibilityisbeingconsideredorhasbeenputinplaceasanincentive(動(dòng)機(jī))forreducingwaste.Ifproducersarerequiredtotakebackpackagingtheyusetoselltheirproducts,wouldtheyreducethepackaginginthefirstplace?Governments’incentivetorequireproducerstotakeresponsibilityforthepackagingtheyproduceisusuallybasedonmoney.Why,theyask,shouldcitiesortownsberesponsibleforpayingtodealwiththebubblewrap(氣泡墊)thatencasedyourtelevision?Fromthegovernments’pointofview,aprimarygoaloflawsrequiringextendedproducerresponsibilityistotransferboththecostsandthephysicalresponsibilityofwastemanagementfromthegovernmentandtax-payersbacktotheproducers.58.BymentioningtheSwissstudy,theauthorintendstotellusthat_________.A.theweightofe-goodsisrathersmallB.E-wastedeservestobemadegooduseofC.naturalmineralscontainmorepreciousmetalsD.thepercentageofpreciousmetalsisheavyine-waste59.Theresponsibilityofe-wastetreatmentshouldbeextended_________.A.fromproducerstogovernmentsB.fromgovernmentstoproducersC.fromindividualstodistributorsD.fromdistributorstogovernments60.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.Theincreaseine-waste.B.Thecreationofe-waste.C.Theseriousnessofe-waste.D.Themanagementofe-waste.【解析】【考點(diǎn)定位】科普說明文閱讀【名師點(diǎn)睛】科普類文章邏輯性強(qiáng)，條理清楚，主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)語篇的整體把握和領(lǐng)悟能力以及對(duì)特定細(xì)節(jié)的理解和推理能力。文章選材時(shí)代氣息濃厚，與經(jīng)濟(jì)、科技的發(fā)展和變化密切相關(guān)?？忌鷳?yīng)注意：1.平時(shí)多讀科普知識(shí)類文章，學(xué)習(xí)科普知識(shí)，積累常見的科普詞匯，從根本上提高科普英語的閱讀能力。2.熟悉科普類文章的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)?？破疹愇恼乱话阌蓸?biāo)題（高考題中一般不給出標(biāo)題）、導(dǎo)語、背景、主體和結(jié)尾五部分構(gòu)成。導(dǎo)語一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一個(gè)事實(shí)的起因。主體則對(duì)導(dǎo)語概括的事實(shí)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)敘述，這部分是命題的重點(diǎn)，考生應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)把握。結(jié)尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并與導(dǎo)語相呼應(yīng)，命題者常在此要設(shè)計(jì)一道推理判斷題。3.在進(jìn)行推理判斷時(shí)，考生一定要以閱讀材料所提供的科學(xué)事實(shí)為依據(jù)，同時(shí)所得出的結(jié)論還應(yīng)符合基本的科普常識(shí)。4.CSupposeyoubecomealeaderinanorganization.It’sverylikelythatyou’llwanttohavevolunteerstohelpwiththeorganization’sactivities.Todoso,itshouldhelptounderstandwhypeopleundertakevolunteerworkandwhatkeepstheirinterestinthework.Let’sbeginwiththequestionofwhypeoplevolunteer.Researchershaveidentifiedseveralfactorsthatmotivatepeopletogetinvolved.Forexample,peoplevolunteertoexpresspersonalvaluesrelatedtounselfishness,toexpandtheirrangeofexperiences,andtostrengthensocialrelationships.Ifvolunteerpositionsdonotmeettheseneeds,peoplemaynotwishtoparticipate.Toselectvolunteers,youmayneedtounderstandthemotivationsofthepeopleyouwishtoattract.Peoplealsovolunteerbecausetheyarerequiredtodoso.Toincreaselevelsofcommunityservice,someschoolshavelaunchedcompulsoryvolunteerprograms.Unfortunately,theseprogramscanshiftpeople’swishofparticipationfromaninternalfactor(e.g.,“Ivolunteerbecauseit’simportanttome”)toanexternalfactor(e.g.,“IvolunteerbecauseI’mrequiredtodoso”).Whenthathappens,peoplebecomelesslikelytovolunteerinthefuture.Peoplemustbesensitivetothispossibilitywhentheymakevolunteeractivitiesamust.Oncepeoplebegintovolunteer,whatleadsthemtoremainintheirpositionsovertime?Toanswerthisquestion,researchershaveconductedfollow-upstudiesinwhichtheytrackvolunteersovertime.Forinstance,onestudyfollowed238volunteersinFloridaoverayear.Oneofthemostimportantfactorsthatinfluencedtheirsatisfactionasvolunteerswastheamountofsufferingtheyexperiencedintheirvolunteerpositions.Althoughthisresultmaynotsurpriseyou,itleadstoimportantpracticaladvice.Theresearchersnotethatattentionshouldbegivento“trainingmethodsthatwouldpreparevolunteersfortroublesomesituationsorprovidethemwithstrategiesforcopingwiththeproblemtheydoexperience”.Anotherstudyof302volunteersathospitalsinChicagofocusedonindividualdifferencesinthedegreetowhichpeopleview“volunteer”asanimportantsocialrole.Itwasassumedthatthosepeopleforwhomtheroleofvolunteerwasmostpartoftheirpersonalidentitywouldalsobemostlikelytocontinuevolunteerwork.Participantsindicatedthedegreetowhichthesocialrolematteredbyrespondingtostatementssuchas“VolunteeringinHospitalisanimportantpartofwhoIam.”Consistentwiththeresearchers’expectations,theyfoundapositivecorrelation(正相關(guān))betweenthestrengthofroleidentityandthelengthoftimepeoplecontinuedtovolunteer.Theseresults,onceagain,leadtoconcreteadvice:“Onceanindividualbeginsvolunteering,continuedeffortsmightfocusondevelopingavolunteerroleidentityItemslikeT-shirtsthatallowvolunteerstoberecognizedpubliclyfortheircontributionscanhelpstrengthenroleidentity”.61.Peoplevolunteermainlyoutof______.A.academicrequirementsB.socialexpectationsC.financialrewardsD.internalneeds62.WhatcanwelearnfromtheFloridastudy?A.Follow-upstudiesshouldlastforoneyear.B.Volunteersshouldgetmentallyprepared.C.Strategytrainingisamustinresearch.D.Volunteersareprovidedwithconcreteadvice.63.Whatismostlikelytomotivatevolunteerstocontinuetheirwork?A.Individualdifferencesinroleidentity.B.PubliclyidentifiablevolunteerT-shirts.C.Roleidentityasavolunteer.D.Practicaladvicefromresearchers.64.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.HowtoGetPeopletoVolunteerB.HowtoStudyVolunteerBehaviorsC.HowtoKeepVolunteers’InterestD.HowtoOrganizeVolunteerActivities【解析】試題分析：本文是一篇議論文。文章分析講述志愿者為什么自發(fā)地去服務(wù)社會(huì)，并通過3個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究志愿者的意圖。61.D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段內(nèi)容可知人們做志愿者工作的原因?yàn)椋骸皌oexpresspersonalvaluesrelatedtounselfishness,toexpandtheirrangeofexperiences,andtostrengthensocialrelationships”，再結(jié)合“Ifvolunteerpositionsdonotmeettheseneeds,peoplemaynotwishtoparticipate”可知答案為D項(xiàng)（滿足內(nèi)在的需求）。62．B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句中“trainingmethodsthatwouldpreparevolunteersfortroublesomesituationsorprovidethemwithstrategiesforcopingwiththeproblemtheydoexperience”可知志愿者應(yīng)該從心理上做好充分的準(zhǔn)備。故選B項(xiàng)。63.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段第二句中“thosepeopleforwhomtheroleofvolunteerwasmostpartoftheirpersonalidentitywouldalsobemostlikelytocontinuevolunteerwork”可知志愿者身份認(rèn)同會(huì)激勵(lì)他們繼續(xù)從事志愿者工作。故選C項(xiàng)。64.A標(biāo)題歸納題。文章首段提出假設(shè)：假如你是一名組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，很想得到志愿者的幫助。并指出在此之前，必須弄清志愿者為什么自發(fā)地去服務(wù)社會(huì)，并通過3個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究志愿者的意圖。因此A項(xiàng)（如何使人們從事志愿者服務(wù)）是文章的最佳標(biāo)題?！究键c(diǎn)定位】議論文閱讀【名師點(diǎn)睛】議論說理類文章具有以下特點(diǎn)：1．一般按提出問題、分析問題、解決問題的方法寫作。作者一般從日常生活中的熱點(diǎn)問題、社會(huì)上的重大問題、與讀者息息相關(guān)的問題入手，即提出問題。然后，分析利弊，舉例說明，推理判斷，即分析問題。最后，闡述觀點(diǎn)，提出辦法，即解決問題。2．以作者的觀點(diǎn)或情感為核心，對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)推理等方面進(jìn)行考查。3．文章的主題一般是生活中的熱點(diǎn)問題、重大問題或與生活息息相關(guān)的問題等?？忌鷳?yīng)注意抓住作者提出的觀點(diǎn)、給出的例證及最后得出的結(jié)論。同時(shí)，理清作為論據(jù)的諸多事例和理由之間以及它們和觀點(diǎn)/結(jié)論之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。5.【2015·廣東】CDanielAnderson,afamouspsychologist,believesit’simportanttodistinguishtelevision’sinfluencesonchildrenfromthoseofthefamily.WetendtoblameTV,hesays,forproblemsitdoesn’treallycause,overlookingourownrolesinshapingchildren’sminds.Onetraditionalbeliefabouttelevisionisthatitreducesachild’sabilitytothinkandtounderstandtheworld.WhilewatchingTV,childrendonotmerelyabsorbwordsandimages(影像).Instead,theylearnbothexplicitandhiddenmeaningsfromwhattheysee.Actually,childrenlearnearlythepsychologyofcharactersinTVshows.Furthermore,asmanyteachersagree,childrenunderstandfarmorewhenparentswatchTVwiththem,explainingnewwordsandideas.Yet,mostparentsuseaneducationalprogramasachancetoparktheirkidsinfrontofthesetanddosomethinginanotherroom.Anotherargumentagainsttelevisionisthatitreplacesreadingasaformofentertainment.ButaccordingtoAnderson,theamountoftimespentwatchingtelevisionisnotrelatedtoreadingability.TVdoesn’ttaketheplaceofreadingformostchildren;ittakestheplaceofsimilarsortsofrecreation,suchaslisteningtotheradioandplayingsports.Thingslikeparents’educationalbackgroundhaveastrongerinfluenceonachild’sreading.“Achild’sreadingabilityisbestpredictedbyhowmuchaparentreads.”Andersonsays.Traditionalwisdomalsohasitthatheavytelevision-watchinglowersIQ(智商)scoresandaffectsschoolperformance.Buthere,too,Andersonnotesthatnostudieshaveprovedit.Infact,researchsuggeststhatit’stheotherwayaround.“Ifyou’resmartyoung,you’llwatchlessTVwhenyou’reolder,”Andersonsays.Yet,peopleoflowerIQtendtobelifelongtelevisionviewers.Foryearsresearchershaveattemptedtoshowthattelevisionisdangeroustochildren.However,byshowingthattelevisionpromotesnoneofthedangerouseffectsasconventionallybelieved,Andersonsuggeststhattelevisioncannotbecondemnedwithoutconsideringotherinfluences.36.BywatchingTV,childrenlearn_________.A.imagesthroughwordsB.morethanexplicitmeaningsC.moreaboutimagesthanwordsD.littleaboutpeople’spsychology37.Aneducationalprogramisbestwatchedbyachild_________.A.onhisownB.withotherkidsC.withhisparentsD.withhisteachers38.Whichofthefollowingismostrelatedtochildren’sreadingability?A.Radio-listeningB.Television-watchingC.Parents’readinglistD.Parents’educationalbackground39.Andersonbelievedthat_________.A.themoreachildwatchesTV,thesmarterheisB.theyoungerachildis,themorehewatchesTVC.thesmarterachildis,thelesslikelyhegetsaddictedtoTVD.thelessachildwatchesTV,thebetterheperformsatschool40.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.ToadviseontheeducationaluseofTV.B.TodescribeTV’sharmfuleffectsonchildren.C.ToexplaintraditionalviewsonTVinfluences.D.TopresentAnderson’sunconventionalideas.【解析】試題分析：本文敘述著名心理學(xué)家DanielAnderson對(duì)孩子們看電視的看法，打破了以往人們認(rèn)為看電視對(duì)孩子不好的想法。他認(rèn)為孩子們看電視不知學(xué)到顯現(xiàn)出來的東西；父母陪孩子看電視，孩子可以學(xué)到更多知識(shí)；孩子看電視并沒有代替孩子閱讀，并沒有影響孩子的智商。36.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的Instead,theylearnbothexplicitandhiddenmeaningsfromwhattheysee.可知孩子們通過看電視，可以學(xué)到顯性和隱藏的意義，因此不僅僅學(xué)到隱藏的意思。故選B。37.C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的Furthermore,asmanyteachersagree,childrenunderstandfarmorewhenparentswatchTVwiththem“孩子們有父母陪著看電視理解的更多”，故推斷教育節(jié)目最好是父母陪著孩子看。故選C。38.D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的Thingslikeparents’educationalbackgroundhaveastrongerinfluenceonachild’sreading.可知父母的教育背景對(duì)孩子的閱讀有很強(qiáng)的影響。故選D。39.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段的“Ifyou’resmartyoung,you’llwatchlessTVwhenyou’reolder”可知如果你小時(shí)越聰明，長(zhǎng)大看電視看得越來越少。故選C。40.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的Andersonsuggeststhattelevisioncannotcondemnedwithoutconsideringotherinfluences.“Anderson認(rèn)為不應(yīng)該按照常規(guī)，不考慮電視的其他影響而去譴責(zé)電視”故推斷這篇文章的目的是呈現(xiàn)Anderson打破常規(guī)的想法，故選D。【考點(diǎn)定位】教育類短文閱讀?！久麕燑c(diǎn)睛】本文側(cè)重考查學(xué)生的細(xì)節(jié)理解能力。問題設(shè)置巧妙，根據(jù)題干要求，學(xué)生自己閱讀，就能在文中找到答案。尤其第40題，充分考查了學(xué)生的語篇理解能力。同時(shí)，這篇短文提出的一種與常規(guī)不一樣的看法，看電視對(duì)孩子是有好處的。6.【2015·陜西】CTheproductionofcoffeebeansisahuge,profitablebusiness,but,unfortunately,full-sunproductionistakingovertheindustryandbringingaboutalotofdamage.Thechangeinhowcoffeeisgrownfromshade-grownproductiontofull-sunproductionendangerstheveryexistenceof,certainanimalsandbirds,andevendisturbstheworld’secologicalbalance.Onalocallevel,thedamageoftheforestrequiredbyfull-sunfieldsaffectsthearea’sbirdsandanimals.Theshadeoftheforesttreesprovidesahomeforbirdsandotherspecial(物種)thatdependonthetrees’flowersandfruits.Full-suncoffeegrowersdestroythisforesthome.Asaresult,manyspecialarequicklydyingout.Onamoregloballevel,thedestructionoftherainforestforfull-suncoffeefieldsalsothreatens(威脅)humanlife.Medicalresearchoftenmakesuseoftheforests'plantandanimallife,andthedestructionofsuchspeciescouldpreventresearchersfromfindingcuresforcertaindiseases.Inaddition,newcoffee-growingtechniquesarepoisoningthewaterlocally,andeventuallytheworld'sgroundwater.Bothlocallyandglobally,thecontinuedspreadoffull-suncoffeeplantations(種植園)couldmeanthedestructionoftherainforestecology.Thelossofshadetreesisalreadycausingaslightchangeintheworld'sclimate,andstudiesshowthatlossofoxygen-givingtreesalsoleadstoairpollutionandglobalwarming.Moreover,thenewgrowingtechniquesarecontributingtoacidic(酸性的)soilconditions.Itisobviousthatthewaymuchcoffeeisgrownaffectsmanyaspectsmanyaspectsoflife,fromthelocalenvironmenttotheglobalecology.Butconsumersdohaveachoice.Theycanpurchaseshade-growncoffeewheneverpossible,althoughatahighercost.Thefuturehealthoftheplanetandmankindissurelyworthmorethananinexpensivecupofcoffee.54.Whatcanwelearnaboutfull-suncoffeeproductionfromParagraph4?A.Itlimitsthespreadofnewgrowingtechniques.B.Itleadstoairpollutionandglobalwarming.C.Itslowsdownthelossofshadetrees.D.Itimproveslocalsoilconditions.55.Thepurposeofthetextisto.A.entertainB.advertiseC.instructD.persuade56.Wheredoesthistextprobablycomefrom?A.Anagriculturalmagazine.B.Amedicaljournal.C.Anengineeringtextbook.D.Atouristguide.57.Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthewholetext?【解析】試題分析：文章介紹陽光充足的咖啡生產(chǎn)給環(huán)境和生態(tài)帶來的種種危害，呼吁人們不要購(gòu)買這種咖啡，而要買對(duì)環(huán)境有利的產(chǎn)品。54.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段的句子：Thelossofshadetreesisalreadycausingaslightchangeintheworld'sclimate,andstudiesshowthatlossofoxygen-givingtreesalsoleadstoairpollutionandglobalwarming.可知陽光充足的咖啡生產(chǎn)會(huì)帶來空氣污染和全球氣溫變暖，故選B。55.寫作意圖題。根據(jù)文章最后一段的句子：Butconsumersdohaveachoice.Theycanpurchaseshade-growncoffeewheneverpossible,althoughatahighercost.可知作者的意圖是勸說人們購(gòu)買陰涼處種植的咖啡，這樣對(duì)環(huán)境是有好處的，故選D。56.推理判斷題。文章介紹陽光充足的咖啡生產(chǎn)會(huì)帶來的破壞，應(yīng)該是出自一本農(nóng)業(yè)雜志，故選A。57.文章結(jié)構(gòu)題。文章第一段介紹陽光充足的咖啡生產(chǎn)的話題，二、三、四段介紹了陽光充足的咖啡生產(chǎn)帶來的破壞，第五段說服人們?nèi)ベ?gòu)買對(duì)環(huán)境有利的陰涼處種植的咖啡，所以是總分總的結(jié)構(gòu)，故選A。【考點(diǎn)定位】環(huán)保類閱讀理解【名師點(diǎn)睛】這篇文章內(nèi)容不是學(xué)生非常熟悉的，但是篇幅適中?？疾楸容^全面，除了抓住主旨，理解細(xì)節(jié)題，還需要適當(dāng)?shù)耐评?，如：判斷文章的出處，作者的意圖，文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。這些不是某個(gè)句子可以體現(xiàn)的，要對(duì)文章有整體把握。7.【2015·四川】DTheircheerysongbrightensmanyawinter'sday.Butrobinsareindangerofwearingthemselvesoutbysingingtoomuch.Robinsaresingingallnight一aswellasduringtheday,British-basedresearcherssay.DavidDominoni,ofGlasgowUniversity,saidthatlightfromstreetlamps,takeawaysignsandhomesisaffectingthebirds'biologicalclocks,leadingtothembeingwideawakewhentheyshouldbeasleep.DrDominoni,whoisputtingcamerasinsidenestingboxestotracksleepingpatterns,saidlackofsleepcouldputthebirds’healthatrisk.Hisstudyshowsthatwhenrobinsareexposedtolightatnightinthelab,itleadstosomegenesbeingactiveatthewrongtimeofday.Andthemorebirdsareexposedtolight,themoreactivetheyareatnight.Hetoldpeopleataconference,"Therehavebeenacoupleofstudiessuggestingtheyareincreasingtheirsongoutputatnightandduringthedaytheyarestillsinging.Singingisacostlybehaviourandittakesenergy.Sobyincreasingtheirsongoutput,theremightbesomecostsofenergy."Anditisnotjustrobinsthatarebeingkeptawakebyartificiallight.Blackbirdsandseagullsarealsobeingmorenocturnal.DrDominonisaid,"InGlasgowwhereIlive,gullsareaseriousproblem.Ihavepeoplecomingtomesaying`Youarethebirdexpert.Canyouhelpuskillthesegulls?'.Duringthebreeding(繁殖)season,betweenAprilandJune,theyareveryactiveatnightandverynoisyandpeoplecan'tsleep."AlthoughDrDominonihasonlystudiedlightpollution,otherresearchconcludedthatrobinslivinginnoisycitieshavestartedtosingatnighttomakethemselvesheardoverloudnoise.However,somebirdsthrive(興旺)innoisyenvironments.AstudyfromCaliforniaPolytechnicUniversityfoundmorehummingbirdsinareaswithheavyindustrialmachinery.Itisthoughtthattheyarecapitalisingontheirpredators(天敵)fleeingtoquieterareas.42.AccordingtoDrDominoni'sstudy,whatcauserobinstosingsomuch?A.Thebreedingseason. B.ThelightinmodernlifeC.Thedangerousenvironment. D.Thenoisefromheavymachinery.43.Whatistheresearchers'concernovertheincreaseofbirds'songoutput?A.Theenvironmentmightbepolluted.B.Thebirds'healthmightbedamaged.C.Theindustrycostmightbeincreased.D.Thepeople'shearingmightbeaffected.44.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"nocturnal"inParagraph5mean?A.Activeatnight. B.Inactiveatnight.C.Activeduringtheday. D.Inactiveduringtheday.45.Whydosomebirdsthriveinnoisyenvironments?A.Becausetherearefewerdangers.B.Becausethereismorefoodtoeat.C.BecausethereislesslightpollutionD.Becausetherearemoreplacestotakeshelter.【解析】試題分析：本文主要介紹了一項(xiàng)研究調(diào)查的結(jié)果，由于人類制造的光線問題，越來越多的鳥類如知更鳥在晚上也會(huì)唱歌，這極大地影響了鳥的健康。42.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段的DavidDominoni,ofGlasgowUniversity,saidthatlightfromstreetlamps,takeawaysignsandhomesisaffectingthebirds'biologicalclock,leadingtothembeingwideawake可知選擇B。43.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章Singingisacostlybehaviourandittakesenergy.Sobyincreasingtheirsongoutput,there