2022年河北省秦皇島市大學(xué)英語6級大學(xué)英語六級模擬考試(含答案)

2022年河北省秦皇島市大學(xué)英語6級大學(xué)

英語六級模擬考試（含答案）

學(xué)校:班級:姓名:考號:

一、l.Writing（10題）

1.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacomposition

onthetopicALettertoaSchoolmate.Youshouldwriteatleast150words

accordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese.

假設(shè)你是李明，你有一校友玩網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲成癮，請給他寫封信，勸告他戒

掉這種游戲。

你的信應(yīng)包括以下內(nèi)容：

1.你得知他玩網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲成癮的渠道及你的感受；

2.過分玩網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲的危害；

3.你對他的建議或忠告。

AlettertoaSchoolmate

2.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessay

entitledTheTearsofABird.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowing

theoutlinegivenbelow:

1.描述圖片內(nèi)容和作者的用意。

2.這種現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生哪些危害。

3.如何解決這個問題？你的建議。

3.Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledOn

IndependentSpirit.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutline

givenbelow:

1.大學(xué)新生報道的時候，都是家長拎行李；

2.出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象的原因及其不良后果；

3.培養(yǎng)獨立精神的重要性。

OnIndependentSpirit

4.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacomposition

onForeignTradeofChineseCompanyaccordingtothefollowingchart.You

shouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.

1.Descriptionofthechart

2.ChangeintheamountsofforeigntradeoftheChinesecompanyinits

MiddleEastmarket

3.Reasonsofthechange

ForeignTradeofChineseCompany

5.1.面對今年的就業(yè)形勢，很多大學(xué)生畢業(yè)后選擇到農(nóng)村去發(fā)展，比

如去農(nóng)村當(dāng)“村官”。

2.你認為到農(nóng)村就業(yè)對大學(xué)生來說是好的就業(yè)選擇嗎?請說明理由。

6.Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthe

topicLearntoGiveupWisely.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsaccording

totheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:

1.我們應(yīng)該學(xué)會明智地放棄

2.該放棄而不放棄的危害

3.在什么情況下我們應(yīng)該明智地放棄

LearntoGiveupWisely

7.Direction:Forthispartyouareallowed30minutestowriteacomposition

onthetopicOnStress.Youshouldwritenolessthan150wordsandbaseyour

compositionontheonlinebelow.

1.有的人害怕壓力。

2.有的人認為壓力并不是一件壞事。

3.我的看法。

8.1.目前，國久“漢語熱”持續(xù)升溫

2.出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象的主要原因

3.“漢語熱”給我的啟示

OnForeigners'LearningChinese

9.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteaCampaign

Speech.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.

1.你認為自己具備了什么條件（能力、性格、愛好等）可以勝任學(xué)生會主

席的工作。

2.如果當(dāng)選，你將為本校同學(xué)做些什么。

10.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteapassagein

thetitleofMyViewsonTeleeducation.Youshouldwriteatleast150words

followingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:

1.許多人贊成遠程教育，是因為……

2.也有人認為遠程教育效果不明顯。

3.你的觀點。

二、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(10題)

11.Toimproveitsresponsibilitycommitments,thisyearIntelplanstoget

theirinvestmentinenergyefficiency.

12.

Ifmostemployeesoftentakebusinesstrips,thentheofficecouldbemuch

smaller.

A.YB.NC.NG

13.

ComparedwiththenumberofAmericanpeoplewhohadtheirblood

cholesterollevelscheckedin1990wasthanthatofin1983.

14.

TheneedsofthoseIndiansinwith4areasformedbytheAndean

MissionarethegreatestamongallIndiansinthethreeSouthAmerican

countries.

15.

Toeffectivelypromoterelationshipsbetweennegotiatorandhostage-taker,

mustappearascredibletothecaptor.

16.NewHopesforPreventingAIDS

Thesuccessofanti-retroviral（抑止月中瘤病毒）drugsintreatingHIVisgetting

researchersatthe16thInternationalAIDSconferenceexcitedattheprospect

thatthepotentmedicinesmightbeexploitedtoperform,doubleduty.Why

notusethepoweroftheseARVstopreventanHIVtransmissionorinfection

fromtakingholdinthefirstplace?BillandMelindaGatesaskedthat

provocativequestionontheopeningdayoftheconference,andare

committingtheirconsiderablefinancialresourcestowardfindingananswer.

Intheirremarks,theyhighlightedtheneedtodevelopmicrobicidesandoral-

preventiondrugswhilewewaitforavaccine.Andtheywillgettheirfirsthint

athowsmarttheirdecisionwasthisThursday,whenscientistsfromWest

Africareporttheinitialresultsfromthefirsttrialstudyinganoralprevention

drug.

SohowrealisticaretheGatesinexpectingevenmorefromtheARVs?"Ido

thinktherangeofpreventionoptionswehavewithinthenextdecadewill

greatlyexpand,"saysDr.HeleneGayle,PresidentofCareUSAandco-chair

oftheconference."Thebiologicplausibilityforbothmicrobicidesandoral-

preventiondragsissogreat."Dr.MarkDybul,U.S,GlobalAIDSCoordinator,

saidthatifamicrobicideorpreventiondrugbecomesavailabletoprotect

peoplefrominfections,theywouldbefundedunderthePresident's

EmergencyPlanforAIDSReliefifcountrieschosetousethem."Wewould

supportallofthat;itwouldbeperfectlywithinourmandatetodoallthat,"he

toldTIME.

PreventingHIVistheonlywaytokeepthenumberofnewinfectionsthat

occureachyear—4million—fromgrowing.Andyetpreventionstrategies,

alwaystheuglystepsistertotreatmentprograms,havenotreallytakenhold

inthedevelopingnationswheretherateofinfectionishighest.Aneffective

vaccine,ofcourse,istheultimatepreventionweapon,butastheGates'

pointedout,anHIVshotisstillalongwayoff.Inthemeantime,microbicides

couldbeonewaytoco-optARVsintothepreventionwar;thesearechemical

compounds,usuallyintheform,ofagelorcream,thatwomencanuse

vaginallypriortointercoursetostopthetransmissionofHIV—it'sthesame

ideabehindspermicides（殺精子劑），whicharechemicalbarrierstosperm

enteringthevaginaandcausingpregnancy.It'sanelegantlysimpleapproach,

madeevensimplerbythefactthatresearchersdidn'treallyhavetostartfrom

scratchtocomeupwithnewanti-HIVcompounds;theyalreadyhavethemin

theARVs,whichnowinterruptthevirusfrominfectingcellsatvariouspoints

initslifecycle.

Thekeydifferenceisthatinamicrobicide,thedrugsarebeingusedinhealthy

peopleratherthaninthoseinfectedwithHIV.WhenARVsareusedfor

treatment,bothdoctorsandpatientsarewillingtotolerateahigherlevelof

sideeffects—afterall,ifthechoiceisbetweendyingfromHIV-AIDSand

sideeffects,mostpatientsoptforthelatter.Ifthedrugsaretobeusedto

preventinfection,however,everythingchanges;understandably,healthy

peoplearen'taslikelytoacceptthesamelevelofsideeffectsandtoxicitiesas

thosealreadyinfected.

That'swhyclinicaltrialsaresosignificant.Sofar,thereare30to40different

microbicidecandidatesbeingtestedinanimals,andfivetrialsinGhana,

Nigeriaandotherdevelopingnationsatthemostadvancedstagesoftesting

inwomen.Dr.GitaRamjee,oftheHIVPreventionResearchUnitinDurban,

SouthAfrica,hasworkedwithallfive,andishopefulthattheywillprove

effectiveandmakeanimpactonthedisease.Becausetheselatest

microbicidesarereformulatedARVs,however,theproblemofthevirus

becomingresistanttothemisapotentialdrawback.Dr.PeterPlot,of

UNAIDS,suggestsbasingmicrobicidesonlyonthedrugsdonotmakeit

throughthepharmaceuticalpipelinemanyarerejectedbecaus

A.YB.NC.NG

17.ReturningtoScience

TeresaGarrettwasworkingpart-timeasabiochemistrypostdoc（博士后）.

Shehadaninfantathome,andshewasmiserable.Sheandherhusbandwere

consideringhavingasecondchild.Shedidn'tlikeleavingherdaughterwith

adaycareprovider,andshewonderedifherslimincomejustifiedtheexpense

ofchild-care.Shedecidedtostayhomefulltime.

Itwasalonelybutpracticaldecision,shesays.Shehadn'truledoutthe

possibilitybutshedidnotexpecttoreturntoscience:Afterall,the

conventionalwisdomwouldequateseveralyearsofparentingleavewiththe

endofaresearchcareer.Garretteventuallyhadtwodaughtersandspenttheir

earlyyearsathome.

Thechallengeofmanagingasciencecareerandpersonalandfamily

obligationsisnotanewissue,particularlyforwomen.Inacareerwhere

productivityandpublicationsdefineyourvalue,canyoutakeacoupleof

yearsoffandthenmakeasuccessfulreturn?Whenyoudo,willemployers

trustyourdevotiontoyourjob?

ForGarrett,theanswertobothquestionswas"Yes".First,shefoundashort-

termteachingtutoratDukeUniversity,theinstitutionwhereshehaddoneher

Ph.D.AndthenChristianRaetz,whohadbeenherPh.D.adviser,offeredher

apostdoc.Thetimingwasperfect:Shewasreadytostartamoreregularwork

schedule,andherhusbandwasinterestedinstartingabusiness.Today,sheis

achemistryprofessoratVassarCollege.GarrettcreditsRaetzbothforhis

faithinherabilitiesandhiswillingnesstojudgehercontributionsonquality

andproductivityandnotthenumberofhoursshespentinthelaboratory.

"Peoplearealwaysshockedtoknowthatyoucantaketimeoffandcome

back,"shesays.

Returningtoresearchafteranextendedpersonalleaveispossible,butitmay

notbestraightforward.Progresscanbeslowandtheremaybesomefallout

fromabreak.Thepathbackdoesn'tcomewitharoadmaporatimeline.Your

reentrywillhaveadifferentrhythmthanyourinitialapproachbecausethis

timeyouhavetobalanceyourcareerwiththeneedsofafamily.The

uncertaintycanmakeyoufeelisolatedandalone.Butifyouarepersistentand

takeadvantageoftheresourcesthatareavailable,youcangetitdone.

SteppingSideways

Aftertimeawayfromtheworkforce,it'sparticularlyeasytounderestimate

yourvalueasascientistand—hence—totakeoneormorebackwardsteps.

Don't,saysRuthRoss,whonearlymadethatmistakeafterspending4years

athomewithherchildren.APh.D.pharmacologistwithindustryexperience,

sheappliedforatechnicianjobattheUniversityofAberdeenintheUnited

Kingdomassheplannedherreturntoscience.Shewouldhavetakenthejob

ifithadbeenoffered,shesays,but"thatprobablywouldhavebeenabad

careermove".Asitturnedout,theuniversitydecidedshewasover-qualified.

Insteadoftakingastepback,takeastepsideways:Ifyouleftapostdoc,return

toapostdoc,perhapswithaspecialcareerreentryfellowship.Afaculty

memberatAberdeenencouragedRosstoapplyforanewlyestablishedcareer

reentryfellowshipfromtheWellcomeTrust.Fundingfromthatorganization

supportedherpostdoctoralresearchuntiltheuniversityhiredherintoafaculty

positionin2002.

After2yearsathomewithhersonandtwindaughtersfollowedby3years

searchingforprojectmanagementjobsinthebiotechindustry,biochemistPla

AbolagotwindofanopeningattheMolecularSciencesInstitute(MSI).An

MSIstaffscientistneededskillslikehersbutlackedmoney,sothetwoapplied

jointlyforanNIHcareerreentrysupplement.She'snowaproteinbiochemist

andgrantwriteratProsettaBioconformatics.

IndependenceandFlexibility

Insteadofsteppingbackwardorsideways,physicistShireenAdenwallatook

astepforward.Insteadoftakinganotherpostdoc,shesetupan

A.hercommonsense

B.herseveralyearsofparentingleave

C.herslimincome

D.hercomingsecondchild

18.

SecondLife'sbasicmembershipisfree,butmakesmoneybycharging

amonthlyfeetopurchasevirtuallandandbuildahouseorotherstructureon

it.

19.

Kyotoagreementisacceptedbymostoftheworld'smajorpollutersof

countries.

A.YB.NC.NG

20.

Youcangetevacuationdetailsthroughthewaysprovidedbythewebsiteof

LasVegasthoughitdoesn'tdisclosethedetailsdueto.

三、3.ListeningComprehension(10題)

21.聽力原文：W:Goodmorning.

M:Morning,canIhelpyou?

W:Yes,I'dliketojointhelibrary.We'renewtothedistrictyousee.

M:Certainly.Wellallweneedissomesortofidentificationwithyourname

andaddressonit.

W:Oh.Wejustmoved,yousee,andeverythinghasmyoldaddress.

M:Adrivinglicense,perhaps?

W:No,Idon'tdrive.

M:Yourhusband'swoulddo.

W:Yes,butonhislicenseisstilltheoldaddress.

M:Perhapsyouhavealetteraddressedtoyouatyournewhouse?

W:No,I'mafraidnot.We'veonlybeenthereafewdaysyouseeandnoone's

writtentousyet.

M:Whataboutyourbankbook?

W:That'sjustthesame.Ohdear,and1didwanttogetsomebooksoutthis

weekend.We'regoingonholidaytorelaxafterthemove,yousee,andIwant

totakesomethingwithmetoread.

M:Well,I'msorry,butwecan'tpossiblyissueticketswithoutsomeform,of

identification.Whataboutyourpassport?

W:What?Ohyes,howsillyofme.I'vejustgotanewoneanditdoeshave

ournewaddress.I'vejustbeentobookourticketssoIhaveitonme.Justa

minute.Hereyouare.

M:Thankyou.Well,that'sallright.Nowifyou'dliketogoandchooseyour

booksyourticketswillbereadyforyouwhenyoucomebacktothedeskto

havethemstampedout.

W:Oh,thankyou.

(23)

A.Losthisbankbook.

B.Missedherhomeway.

C.Failedtoborrowbooks.

D.Puzzledbyregulations.

22.(29)

Altisthesameindifferentcountries.

B.ItisusedtoshowAmericanvalues.

C.Itsimplicationissometimesmisunderstoodbyvisitors.

D.ItisanAmericanindividualinterest.

23.

[B9]

24.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeach

passage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestions

willbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebest

answerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽力原文：Afoodcalled"nutraloafhasbeenusedformanyyearsinUS

prisons.(26)Butprisonersclaimthatittastessobadthatthefoodisactually

punishment.Theysaythatprisonofficialsmustchargetheprisonerwithsome

ofviolationbeforetheycanpunishhimbymakinghimeatnutraloaf.Atleast

oneprisonerhasfiledalawsuitagainsttheuseofnutraloaf.Prisonofficials

saytheprisonersareoverreacting.Theysaythatnutraloafisanutritiousfood.

It'sjustlikefruitcake.(27)Nutraloafisamixtureofbread,cheese,rawand

cookedvegetables,beans,andotheringredientswhichmayvaryfromseason

toseasonandprisontoprison.

Prisonofficialssaythatusingnutraloaf,a"hand"food,increasesprisonsafety,

becauseprisonersdon'thaveutensilsorplatestothrowatoruseagainst

guardsorotherprisoners.(28)Officialsroutinelydistributenutraloaffordays

atatimewhenoneormoreprisonersactunruly.

BobHope,aprisonwardeninArkansas,can'tunderstandtheprisoners'

complaints,Hethinkstheyareabunchofcomplainers.Inhisopinion,

nutraloaftastesalotbetterthanthegritsandcombreadwhichheeatsevery

day.Sometimes,heevenpopsthenutraioafintothemicrowaveforaminute,

spreadsalittlebutteronit,andenjoys.Hesaysheevenwisheshecouldhave

hadnutraloafwhenhewasgrowingup.

(27)

A.Theythinkthatitissimilartofruitcake.

B.Theyregarditasakindofnourishingfood.

C.Theyhaveanumberofcomplaintsaboutit.

D.Theyshowindifferencetoitsexistence.

25.聽力原文：W:Ijustmadeupaquartoforangejuicethismorning,and

nowIcan'tfinditanywhere.Didyouknowwhathappenedtoit?

M:Didyouhearacrashearlier?Thatwasit.I'mjustasclumsyasever.

Q:Whatistheproblem?

(15)

A.Thewomandoesn'tlikeorangejuice.

B.Thewomanforgottobuyorangejuice.

C.Themanwasinacarcrashthismorning.

D.Themanbrokethecontaineroforangejuice.

26.(26)

A.Beinginitiative.

B.Beingabletoleadateam.

C.Beingdynamic.

D.Beingabletoprettilyusepower.

27.(25)

A.Toearnmoneyforschool.

B.Tokeephisfamily'syardlookingnice.

C.Tobeabletoworkoutdoors.

D.Togetexercisewhileworking.

28.聽力原文:W：Iwonderifourchildrenwillstillbeabletobreathethe

cleanair,drinkcleanwaterandseethebluesky.

M：Iagreewithyou.Ithinkit'stimemanlearnedtoliveinharmonywith

theearthinsteadofjustexploitingit.

Q：Whataretheytalkingabout?

(15)

A.Theenvironmentalproblem.

B.Thehealthproblem.

C.Theeducationalproblem.

D.Theinternationalproblem.

29.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2long

conversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbe

askedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbe

spokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,

youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichis

thebestanswer.

聽力原文：M:Ifyouhadsignaledyourintentiontoturnalittlesooner,this

wouldn'thavehappened!

W:ButIsignaledintime!Justlookatthemessyou'vemadeofmycar!You

weredrivingcarelesslyandyourspeedwasabovethelimit!You'retheone

who'stoblame!

Q:Whataretheytalkingabout?

(12)一

A.Adrivingtest.

B.Thebestwaytosignal.

C.APoliceMovie.

D.Atrafficaccident:

30.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthe

passageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneral

idea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillin

theblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.

Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissing

information.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhave

justheardorwritedownthe

Ironically,intheUnitedStates,acountryofimmigrants,prejudiceand

discriminationcontinuetobeseriousproblems.Therewasoften[Bl]

betweeneachestablishedgroupofimmigrantsandeach[B2]

group.Aseachgroupbecamemorefinanciallysuccessful,andmore

powerful,they[B3]newcomersfromfullparticipationinthesociety.

PrejudiceanddiscriminationarepartofAmericanhistory;however,this

prejudicialtreatmentofdifferentgroupsisnowheremoreunjustthanwith

blackAmericans.

Blackshad[B4]disadvantages.Forthemostpart,theycametothe

landofopportunityasslavesandtheywerenotfreetokeeptheir[B5]

andculturaltraditions.UnlikemostEuropeanimmigrants,blacksdid

nothavetheprotectionofasupportgroup;sometimesslaveowners[B6]

membersofthesamefamily.Theycouldnotmixeasilywiththe

establishedsocietyeitherbecauseoftheirskincolor.Itwasdifficultforthem

to[B7]totheAmericanculture.Evenaftertheybecamefreepeople,

theystillexperienceddiscriminationinemployment,housingandeducation.

Untilthetwentiethcentury,the[B8]oftheblackpopulationlived

inthesouthernpartoftheUnitedStates.Thentherewasapopulationshiftto

thelargecitiesintheNorth.Prejudiceagainstblacksisoftenassociatedwith

theSouth.Slaverywasmorecommonthereanddiscriminationwasusually

easiertosee.

[B9].Becausetheirneighborhoodsaresegregated,manyblacks

feelthateducationalopportunitiesarenotadequatefortheirchildren.[B10]

.Naturally,allparentswantthebestpossibleeducationfortheir

children.[Bll]—.Timewillbetherealsolutiontotheproblemofrace.

[Bl]

四、4.ReadingComprehension（ReadinginDepth）（3題）

31.Onethingthetourbooksdon'ttellyouaboutLondonisthat2.000ofits

residentsarefoxes.Asnativeastheroyalfamily,theyfledthecityabout

centuriesagoalterdevelopersandpollutionmovedin.Butnowthatthe

environmentiscleaner,thefoxeshavecomehome,oneofthemanywild

animalsthathavemovedintourbanareasaroundtheworld.

"Thenumberandvarietyofwildanimalsinurbanareasisincreasing,"says

GomerJones,presidentoftheNationalInstituteforUrbanWildlife,in

Columbia,Maryland.AsurveyofthewildlifeinNewYork'sCentralParklast

yeartalliedthespeciesofmammals,includingmuskrats,shrewsandflying

squirrels.Asimilarsurveyconductedinthe1890scountedonlyfivespecies.

Oneofthecountry'slargestpopulationsofraccoons（浣熊）nowlivesin

WashingtonD.C.,andmoose（駝鹿）areregularlyseenwanderingintoMaine

towns.Peregrinefalcons（游隼）divefromthewindowledgesofbuildingsin

thelargestU.S.citiestopreyonpigeons.

Severalchangeshavebroughtwildanimalstothecities.Foremostisthatair

andwaterqualityinmanycitieshasimprovedasaresultofthe1970s'

pollution-controlefforts.Meanwhile,ruralareashavebeenbuiltup,leaving

manyanimalsontheedgesofsuburbia.Inaddition,conservationistshave

createdurbanwildliferefuges.

TheGreaterLondonCouncillastyearspent$750,000tobuylandandbuild

10permanentwildliferefugesinthecity.Over1,000volunteershavedonated

moneyandclearedrabblefromderelictlots.Asaresult,pheasantsnowstrut

intheEastEndandbadgersscuttleacrosslawnsnearthecenteroftown.A

colonyofrarehousemartinsnestsonawindowledgebesideHarrods,and

oneeveninglastyearafoxwasseenonWestminsterBridgelookingupatBig

Ben.

Forperegrinefalcons,citiesareactuallysaferthanruralcliffdwellings.By

1970thebirdswereextincteastoftheMississippibecausetheDDThadmade

theireggstoothintosupportlife.Thatyear,ornithologistTomCedeof

CornellUniversitybeganrisingthebirdsforreleaseincities,forcities

affordedabundantfoodandcontainednoneoftheperegrine'snatural

predators.

"Beforetheywereexterminated,somemigratedtocitiesontheirownbecause

theyhadrunoutofcliffspace,"Cadesays."Toperegrines,buildingsarejust

likecliffs."Hehasreleasedabout30birdssince1975inNewYork,Baltimore,

PhiladelphiaandNorfolk,andofthe20pairsnowlivingintheEast,halfare

urbanites."Afewoftheyoungoneshavegottenintotroublebyfallingdown

chimneysandcrashingintowindow-glass,butoveralltheiradjustmenthas

beensuccessful."

Thefirstparagraphsuggeststhat.

A.environmentiscrucialforwildlife

B.tourbooksarenotalwaysareliablesourceofinformation

C.Londonisacityoffox

D.foxesarehighlyadaptabletoenvironment

32.Thetrulyincompetentmayneverknowthedepthsoftheirown

incompetence,apairofsocialpsychologistssaidonThursday.

"Wefoundagainandagainthatpeoplewhoperform,poorlyrelativetotheir

peerstendedtothinkthattheydidratherwell,"JustinKruger,co-authorofa

studyonthesubject,saidinatelephoneinterview.

Krugerandco-authorDavidDunningfoundthatwhenitcametoavarietyof

skills-logicalreasoning,grammar,evensenseofhumor-peoplewho

essentiallywereineptneverrealizedit,whilethosewhohadsomeabilitywere

self-critical.

Ithadlittletodowithinnatemodesty,Krugersaid,butratherwithacentral

paradox:Incompetentslackthebasicskillstoevaluatetheirperformance

realistically.Oncetheygetthoseskills,theyknowwheretheystand,evenif

thatisatthebottom.

AmericansandWesternEuropeansespeciallyhadanunrealisticallysunny

assessmentoftheirowncapabilities,Dunningsaidbytelephoneinaseparate

interview,whileJapaneseandKoreanstendedtogiveareasonableassessment

oftheirperformance.Incertainareas,suchasathleticperformance,whichcan

beeasilyquantified,thereislessself-delusion,theresearcherssaid.Buteven

insomecasesinwhichthefailureshouldseemobvious,theperpetratoris

blithelyunawareoftheproblem.

Thiswasespeciallytreeintheareaoflogicalreasoning,whereresearch

subjects-studentsatCornellUniversity,wherethetworesearcherswere

based—oftenratedthemselveshighlyevenwhentheyflubbedallquestions

inareasoningtest.

Later,whenthestudentswereinstructedinlogicalreasoning,theyscored

betteronatestbutratedthemselveslower,havinglearnedwhatconstituted

competenceinthisarea.

Grammarwasanotherareainwhichobjectiveknowledgewashelpfulin

determiningcompetence,butthemoresubjectiveareaofhumorposed

differentchallenges,theresearcherssaid.

Participantswereaskedtoratehowfunnycertainjokeswere,andcompare

theirresponseswithwhatanexpertpanelofcomediansthought.Onaverage,

participantsoverestimatedtheirsenseofhumorbyabout16percentagepoints.

Thismightbethoughtofasthe"above-averageeffect",thenotionthatmost

Americanswouldratethemselvesasaboveaverage,astatisticalimpossibility.

Theresearchersalsoconductedpilotstudiesofdoctorsandgunenthusiasts.

Thedoctorsoverestimatedhowwelltheyhadperformedonatestofmedical

diagnosesandthegunfanciersthoughttheyknewmorethantheyactuallydid

aboutgunsafety.

Sowhoshouldbetrusted:Thepersonwhoadmitsincompetenceortheone

whoshowsconfidence?Neither,accordingtoDunning."Youcan'ttakethem

attheirword.You'vegottotakealookattheirperformance,"Dunningadded.

Incompetentpeoplerarelyknowthedepthsoftheirownincompetence

becausethey.

A.aretoodulltoknowwhatcompetenceis

B.arenotskillfulatlogicalreasoning,grammar,andsenseofhumor

C.lackthebasicskillstoevaluatetheirperformancerealistically

D.havesomeabilitytoovercriticizethemselves

33.

Whathappenedtotheleavesfallingfromthetreesinthesecondstudy?

A.Theybrokedownandthemainpartsturnedintooxygen.

B.Theybrokedownandthecarboncontenthadmainlyturnedintocarbon

dioxide.

C.Theybrokedownandthecarboncontentwasmainlyabsorbedinthesoil.

D.Theyabsorbedmorecarbondioxide.

五、5.ErrorCorrection?題）

34.

[S4]

35.

[S7]

36.Whensome19thNewYorkerssaid"Harlem",theymeantalmost

allofManhattanabove86thStreet.Towardtheendofthecentury,

however,agroupofcitizensinupperManhattanwant,perhaps,to[Si]

shapeacloserandmoreprecisesenseofcommunitydesignateda

sectionthattheywishedtohaveknownasHarlem.Thechosenarea

wastheHarlemwhichBlacksweremovinginthefirstdecadesofthe[S2]

newcenturyastheylefttheiroldsettlementsonthemiddleandlower

blocksofthe.WestSide.

AsthecommunitybecamepredominantlyBlack,fileveryword

"Harlem"seemedtoloseitsoldmean.Attimesitwaseasytoforget[S3]

that"Harlem"wasoriginallytheDutchname"Harlem",the[S4]

communityitdescribedhadbeenfoundedbypeoplefromHolland,

andthatformostofitsthreecenturies—itwasfirstsettledinthe

sixteenhundreds——ithadbeenpreoccupiedbyWhiteNewYorkers.[S5]

"Harlem"becamesynonymoustoBlacklifeandBlackstyle,in[S6]

Manhattan.Blackslivingthereusedthewordasthoughtheyhad

coineditonthemselves-notonlytodesignatetheirareaofresidence[S7]

buttoexpresstheirsenseofthevariousqualitiesofitslifeend

atmosphere.Astheyearspassed,"Harlem"assertedanevenlarger[S8]

meaning.InthewordsofAdamClaytonPowell,Sr.,thepastorofthe

AbyssinianBaptistChurch,Harlem"becamethesymboloflibertyand

thePromisedLandtoNegroeseverywhere".

By1919,'Harlem'spopulationhadgrown