基本原理 人工智能

Fundamentalsof

ArtificialIntelligence

Module1

PAGE

2

TableofContents

Introduction 4

LearningOutcomes 6

OverviewofAI 7

ArtificialIntelligence 7

TheNeedforAI 11

CloudStorageanditsapplications 13

Categoriesofcloudcomputingservices 14

MajorCloudPlatformsandApplications 15

AreasofApplicationofAIinourDailyLife 16

AIandItsApplications 20

NaturalLanguageGeneration(NLG) 20

Speechrecognition 21

VirtualAgents 21

ExposuretoAIanditsapplicationsacrossdifferentindustries 21

ConversationalAI 23

ApplicationProgramInterfaces(APIs) 24

VisionAPIs 24

SpeechAPIs 24

LanguageAPIs 25

SearchAPIs 25

DecisionAPIs 26

PublicDatabases 26

IntroductiontoPublicDatasets 26

UsingPublicUseDatasets 26

ComputerLanguagestoDevelopAI-basedApplications 27

IntroductiontoR–Programming 29

IntroductiontoPython 29

TextbookAssessments 3

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PracticalAssignment/LabWork 3

1

Questionstoponderupon 3

2

PracticalQuestion 3

4

LinksforFurtherReading 3

5

ReferenceLinks 3

6

Glossary

38

Disclaimer:

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TheImagineCupJuniorguidesandlessonmaterialsarecreatedbyMicrosoftandourpartnersandintendedtobeforguidanceonlytosupportwiththeImagineCupJuniorChallenge.ForthelatestonMicrosoftAIpleasevisit

/en-us/ai

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Introduction

ThiscontenthasbeencreatedinordertosupporteducatorsinprovidingtheirstudentswithanunderstandingofArtificialIntelligence(AI),toincreaseknowledgeofthisemergingtechnology,andtoinspireengagementinImagineCupJunior.

ThecontentmakesuseofreallifescenariosandhowAIcanhaveanimpactontheworldaroundthem.Educatorscanusereallifescenarios,casestudies,research-basedaction-orientedtasks,andexamplesfromeverydaylifeaspartofthestudentlearning.Thehands-on-activitiesaredesignedtoreinforceexperientiallearningandeffectiveretentionofthesubjectmatter.

Thecontentisdesignedtobeusedasfollows:

EducatorscanusethecontenttoexplainthetheoryofAI,aswellasgivepracticaldemonstrationoftheconceptsviareal-lifeexamplesandpromptstudentstoputforwardtheirownreal-lifeexamplesinordertodemonstratethecomprehensionoftheconceptanditspossibleapplications.

Havingbeenprovidedwithahandbook,studentsshouldbeencouragedtocollaborate,research,explore,andutilizethevariousresourcesavailable.

LearningOutcomes

Bytheendofthemodule,thestudentswillbeableto:

UnderstandthemeaningofintelligencefromanAIperspective.

IdentifytheapplicationofAIinreallife,howwearesurroundedbyit,anduseitineverydaylife.

Understandmethodsofdatacollectionanditsimportanceinmachinelearning.

Getexposuretodigitalassistantsandhowtheycanhelphumansintheirpersonalandprofessionallife.

ConductaprojectthatinvolvestheuseofAIandcreateareportonitsimpact.

OverviewofAI

ArtificialIntelligence

ArtificialIntelligence(AI)hasbeenanintegralpartofourliveswhetherwehaverealizeditornot.Whenwebookaticketonline,scrollthroughournewsfeedonoursocialnetworkingaccount,orreadtherecommendationsfromanecommercesite,weareengagingwithanAIcomponentinthebackground(Medium,2019).EventhesimplechatassistantthatwesometimesencounterwhilstshoppingonlineororderingfoodisdrivenbyAI.

Fig1.1:ApplicationsofArtificialIntelligence

ArtificialIntelligenceisanattempttomakeacomputer,arobot,orotherpieceoftechnology‘think’andprocessdatainthesamewayaswehumansdo.AIthereforehastostudyhowthehumanbrain‘thinks’,learns,andmakesdecisionswhenittriestosolveproblemsorexecuteatask.TheaimofAIistoimprovetechnologybyaddingfunctionalityrelatedtothehumanactsofreasoning,learning,andproblem-solving.HereareafewpracticalexamplestodemonstratehowAIhaspenetratedoureverydaylivestoprovideservicesthatwecanuseextensivelytomakeourliveseasier.

MicrosoftConnectedLife

HomeautomationsystemssuchasMicrosoftConnectedLifeallowshomeappliancessuchaslights,thermostats,speakers,TVsandotherhomeappliancestobeconnectedtoalocalWi-FinetworkandthereforetheInternet.ThesedevicescanthenbecontrolledfromanyWindows10Device,includingTablets.Otherappliancescanbeaddedtothenetworkvia‘Smart’Plugsallowingolderdevicesalsotobecontrolled.WhenlinkedtoAIsupportedsystemssuchasCortana(seebelow),thedevicescannotonlybecontrolledviayourpersonalWindows10devicebutalsobyyourvoice,allowingyoutostreammusicorvideofromyourfavoriteprovidertocapableappliancessuchasTVsandSpeakers.InthefuturethesesystemswilllearnyourindividualliferoutineathomeusingAIandcontroldevicesaccordingly.

Fig1.2:HomeAutomationfromaMobiledevice

Cortana

Asmentionedabove,Cortanaisexampleofavoicecontrolledintelligentsystem.ItusestheBingsearchenginetocarryoutsearchesfortheuserandusesthedatastoredontheuser'sdevicetomakepersonalizedrecommendations.CortanaisfullyintegratedintoWindows10allowingitnotonlytosearchtheInternetbutviaintegrationwiththerestoftheoperatingsystemcanremindyouofCalendarevents,searchforfilesonyourdevice,openapplications,andmanyotherautomatedfunctions.CortanaisalsointegratedintotheXboxallowingyoutovoicecontroltheentiresystem.

Fig1.3:Cortana-PersonalDigitalAssistant

Intelligencecanbelooselydefinedasthecapabilitytoobtainknowledgeandskillsandtoapplythosetovarioussituationswithoutsupervision.Asisthecasewithchildren,intelligenceisoftenlinkedtolearning.Asachildgrowstheylearnfromtheparents,siblings,teachers,friendsandthesocietyingeneralaswellashowtheyinteractwiththeirenvironment.Whilesomelearningistaught,otherconceptsareacquiredanddevelopedbyachildthroughobservation.

Whilstmachinesaretraditionallyknowntofollowrigidinstructions,contemporarymachinesaredesignedto‘think’andhavethecapabilitytoperformtasksbylearning.ThebranchofscienceandtechnologydevotedtothecreationofmachinesthatlearnandthinkasintelligentlyashumanbeingsisknownasArtificialIntelligenceorAI.AccordingtothefatherofArtificialIntelligence,JohnMcCarthy,AIis“Thescienceandengineeringofmakingintelligentmachines,especiallyintelligentcomputerprograms”.

ThefundamentalpremiseofAIisthatitcancreatemachinesthatcanintelligentlythinkinthesame,orsimilar,waythathumansthink.Itisdesignedtoacquireknowledgeorawareness(cognizance)fromitsenvironment,itscircumstances,andentities(humans)bylearning

AIoperateswhereeffortsaremadetomakeacomputer,arobot,oramachinethinkinthesamewayasmarthumanbeingthinks.AIisthusareplicationofhowthehumanbrainthinks,learns,decides,andworks,whenittriestosolveproblems(Bermudez,2017)resultinginthecreationofanintelligentsoftwaresystem.ThepurposeofAIistoachieveimprovisationinthefunctionalityofcomputersbywayoffunctionsrelatedtohumanknowledge,suchasproblem-solving,reasoning,andlearning.

Intelligenceismadeupof

Reasoning

Learning

ProblemSolving

Perception

LinguisticIntelligence

TheNeedforAI

TheneedforAIisfueledbythefactthatitisatechnologythatcanenhancemachinesbyequippingthemwithintelligence.Thetechnologyisusedtohavemachineshelphumansbyteachingthemselvestoadjust,adapt,refertomoredataandprocessthatquicklyinordertoprovideaforabetteroralternativeanswerwherepossible.

TheintroductionofAIistocreatetechnologythatallowsmachinestofunctionin

anintelligentmannerwithorwithouthumansupervision(Bermudez,2017).Thehugetaskofsimulatingorcreatingintelligenceisbrokendownintosub-problemsinorderto:

Createintelligentsystemswhichcanexhibitsmartbehaviorwithanin-builtabilitytolearn,validate,explain,andsuggestasuitablecourseofactiontoitsusers.

Helpmachinesfindsolutionstocomplexproblemsinasimilarwaythathumansdoandapplysimilarlogicintheformofheuristic(self-learning)algorithmstocalculateanddisplaytherequiredoutput.

AnAIsystemiscomposedoftwomainelements-anagentanditssurroundingenvironment.Anagentcanbeeitherahumanoramachine.Anagentcanbeanythingthatcanperceiveitsenvironmentthroughsensorsandactuponthatenvironmentthrougheffectors.Theintelligenceofagentsiscalculatedbytheirabilitytocreategoalsandachievethem.CommonapplicationsofAIinclude-NaturalLanguageProcessing,Gaming,SpeechRecognition,VisionSystems,andmore,whoseapplicationscanbefoundacrosstheHealthcareand

Automotivesectorsetc.

CloudComputingServices

CloudComputingisthesystemofusingarobustnetworkofremoteserverstostore,manage,andprocessdata.ItoperatesviaanetworkofcomputersconnectedtoeachotherandtheuserviatheInternetratherthanalocalserverorindividualpersonalcomputer.Acloudcomputingsystemkeepsitscriticaldataonremoteserversratherthandistributingcopiesofthesamedatafilestoindividualclientdevices.Video-steamingcloudservicesstreamdataacrosstheInternettoaplayerapplicationontheviewingdeviceratherthanusingthelocalstoragesuchasDigitalVersatileDiscs(DVD’s)orCompactDiscs(CD’s).

Fig1.4:Theworkingofcloudcomputing(Wikipedia)

CloudStorageanditsapplications

Thecloudisatermreferredtoasaccessingdataandsoftwareapplicationsviaanetworkconnectionofremoteservers,oftenlargedatacentersusingInternetconnectivity(SDxCentral,2019).Almostallsoftware-basedresourcescanoperateinthecloud:Aprogramorapplication,aservice,orevenanothersimulatedcomputer.Examplesofcloud-basedsystemsare–OneDriveandOffice365.

CategoriesofCloudComputing

Cloudownershipisoftendividedintothreecategoriesbasedonwhohasaccesstotheservicesorinfrastructure.Theseare

Private-Builtbycompaniesforusebytheiremployeesandpartnersonly.

Public-Availabletoanybodythatwantstopurchaseorleasetheservices.

Hybrid–Partlyavailabletothepublicandpartlykeptforusebytheemployees.

Fig1.5:TypesofClouds

Weallusecloudservicesinonewayorotherinourday-to-daylifeinvariousforms.Forexample,welistentostreamedmusicorwatchstreamedmovies,shoponline,storeourdocumentsandphotosonOneDriveandothercloudservices,manageourmailsviavariousemailproviders,downloadapplicationstoourphones,uploadvideostosharewithothers,andevenusemobilephoneapplicationstorequestataxi.Alloftheseservicesareprovidedviacloud-basedservicestous.

Cloudservicescan,withtherelevantapplication,beusedtogainfasteraccesstounlimiteddataandcanbeaccessedfromyoursmartphone,laptop,desktoporanydevicethathasaccesstotheinternet.Cloudstorageservicesusuallyemployadvanceddatacompressiontechniques,thusensuringgreatermobilityofdataatgreaterspeed.

Categoriesofcloudcomputingservices

Cloudcomputingservicescanbedividedintothreemaincategories(Giva,2019)namely,

InfrastructureasaService(IaaS):providestheuser,viaasubscription(leasing),accesstoaninfrastructureofservers,operatingsystem,virtualmachines,networks,andstoragecapabilitiesonleasetotheirclients.Examples-MicrosoftAzure.

PlatformasaService(PaaS):isaserviceusedbycompaniestosupportthedevelopmentandtestingofsoftwareapplicationswithouttheneedforlargeinternalinfrastructure.PaaSalsoprovidesarangeoftoolsforthedeveloperwhichmakesitideallysuitedtotheyoungentrepreneur.Examples–MicrosoftAzure.

SoftwareasaService(SaaS):enablesuserstoconnecttovariouscloud-basedapplicationsthroughtheInternetforasubscriptionfee.Examples–Office365,Microsoft365,MinecraftforEducationetc.

Theabove-mentionedservicestogetherconstitutewhatisknownastheCloudComputingStackconsistingofIaaSontop,PaaSinthemiddle,andSaaSonthebottom.

Whilsttheusageofcloud-basedstoragesolutionsandservicestosupportday-to-daytasksaregrowing,itisnecessarytokeepinmindprivacyandsecurityconcerns.Itisimperativetoaddressinordertobevigilantinensuringthesecurityoftheenvironment.Itisthusimportanttobeawareofthesecurityfeaturesusedbymanycloudserviceprovidersinorderthatthecustomerscankeepthedatasecure(Rashid,2016).Therecouldbevariousissuesregardingprivacyandsecurityofcloudstoragesuchas:

Databreaches

Networksecurity

DataAccess

Systemvulnerabilities

Accounthijacking

Maliciousinsiders

Permanentdataloss

Compromisedcredentialsandbrokenauthentication

HackedinterfacesandAPIs

Thefirstlayerofsecurityisprovidedbythecloudproviderwhilstthesecondlayerisprovidedbythecustomer.Thechallengehereisthatcustomersshouldbeawareastotheextentofsecurityprovidedbythecloudproviderinorderthattheycanaddadditionallayersofsecuritytosecuretheirdata.

MajorCloudPlatformsandApplications

Withcloudcomputingandtheinternetenjoyingvariousservicesfromthecomfortofourhomesorofficeshasbecomeeasy.Thiscost-savingoptioneliminatestheneedtoinvestandmaintaincostlylocalinfrastructure(NewGenApps,2019).Hereisanexampleofamajorcloudstorageplatformthatisusedextensivelyaroundtheworld:

MicrosoftAzure

Formerlyknownas'WindowsAzure',MicrosoftAzureisthecloudcomputingplatformenabledprimarilythroughMicrosoft-manageddatacenters.Thisservicehasproveditselftobeareliablesolutionforthedevelopment,testing,deployment,andmanagementofapplicationsandservicesaswellasthehostingofdataandisusedbyalargenumberofdataserviceprovidersduetothelevelofsecurityandglobalinfrastructure.

AreasofApplicationofAIinourDailyLife

Healthcare

Oneprimaryaimofhealth-relatedAIapplicationsistoanalyzetherelationshipsbetweenprevention/treatmenttechniquesandpatientoutcomes.AIprogramshavebeendevelopedandappliedamongstotherstopracticessuchastheentirediagnosisprocesses,treatmentdevelopment,drugdevelopment,customizedmedication,andpatientmonitoringandcare(PwC,2019).

ThemedicalworldisincreasinglyusingAIandtheInternetofMedicalThings(IoMT)forhelpingcitizensviatherangeofconsumerhealthapplicationsavailabletoday(PwC,2019).Suchmedicalapplicationsareagreatsourceofencouragementandsupportforpeopletodevelopandfollowahealthylifestyle.Withproactivehealthmanagement,technologyhasputthepersonincontroloftheirownhealthandholisticwell-being.

Additionally,advancementsinAIhaveincreasedtherateofcorrectdiagnosisanderror-free

applicationoftreatmentoptions.Thishasledtoabetterunderstandingofpatients’problemsbydoctors,andincreasedtherateofqualityfeedback,guidanceandcounselling,andtheidentificationofotherpotentiallyrelatedmedicalproblems.

TheinclusionofAI-basedtechnologiesinthemedicalworldhasimprovedservicesgiventhefactthatthehealthsectorgenerateslargeamountsofdatawhichwhenprocessedleadstotimelyandappropriatedecisionswhichcanbetakenbythedoctors.Thistechnologyisknownaspredictiveanalyticsandisoftenusedtosupportdata-basedclinicaldecisionmaking.AIusespatternrecognitiontoidentifyriskpatternsinthepatientsorthosewhohaveapredispositiontocertaindiseases.

Fig1.6AreasofUseofAIandRoboticsinHealthcare

ImageCourtesy-(PWC,2019)

Inthepast,robotarmswereusedinmedicallabs,however,withcurrentdevelopmentsintechnology,AI-supportedrobotsassistthedoctorsevenduringcomplexsurgeriesperformingrepetitivetasksandinsomecases,undercontrolofthesurgeon,takeoverelementsofcomplexanddelicatesurgery.

Intelligentrobotsinthefuturewilllikelycompletelytransformthewaytheelderlyarecaredfor,givingthemmoreindependenceandthusreducingtheneedofcarehomesandhospitalization.AI-basedsystemsarebeingengagedtohavehuman-likeconversationswithelderlypeopletokeeptheirmindssharpaswellaspayingavarietyofgamestoassistinwardingoffdementia.

Agriculture

AIisbeingusedextensivelyinagriculture(Intel,2019).Fromcountingthenumberofbloomstopredicttheyieldinthefields,tothedetectionofpestsandpredictingwhichofthesowncropswillyieldthebestpossiblereturns,technologyisbeingreadiedtomeetafutureglobal

challenge.AccordingtoUnitedNations’populationdivision,theentireworldpopulationisestimatedtotouch9.7billionbytheyear2050(UNDESA,2015)andthechallengewewillfacewillbetofeedsuchagrowingpopulation.

MicrosoftincollaborationwithICRISAT,hasdevelopedanAISowingApppoweredbyMicrosoftCortanaIntelligenceSuiteincludingMachineLearningandPowerBI.Theappsendssowingadvisoriestoparticipatingfarmersontheoptimaldatetosow.Thebestpart–the

farmersdon’tneedtoinstallanysensorsintheirfieldsorincuranycapitalexpenditure.Allthey

needisafeaturephonecapableofreceivingtextmessages(Microsoft2017).

ArtificialIntelligencecanbeusedinagriculturetoassistinweatherpredictionandsimulatetheimpactofcurrentandemergingtrendsonyield,andthereforeglobalproduce.HerearethreemajorcategoriesofapplicationsofAIinagriculture:

AgriculturalRobots–Developmentandprogrammingofautonomousmachinerytomanageessentialtasksinagriculturesuchasharvestingofthecropsatahighervolumeandfasterpacethanhumanlaborers.Thiswillsavebothcostandtime.

CropandSoilMonitoring–Advancedcomputervisiontogetherwithdeep-learningalgorithmsarebeingdevelopedtoprocessdatacapturedbydronesandothertechnologiestomonitorcropsandsoilhealthofvastgeographicalareasthataredifficult,bytheirsize,tomanagebypeople.

PredictiveAnalytics–Modelsarebeingdevelopedwithmachinelearningtechnologytotrackandpredictvariousenvironmentalimpactsoncropyieldsuchasweatherchanges,spreadofpestandagriculturaldiseasesetc.

Retail

ThefutureofretailingisinthepartnershipofemployeeswithAItechnologytointroducewaysofoptimizingtheperformanceofthebusiness.(Bayern,2019).

AIinretailcanbeusedinspecificareassuchassupplychainplanning,demandforecasting,customerintelligence,marketing,advertisingandcampaignmanagement,andpricingandpromotionofproductsorservices.AIcanenablemoreefficientprocessingofsupplychainsandreturnsintheretailindustry.Itisalsobeingusedtodevelopchatbotswhichinteractwithcustomerstounderstandtheirenquiriesorpurchaseandreactaccordingly.Developmentofcustomer-facingAIfunctionalitysuchasself-servicecheckoutsaredesignedtobenefitretailersbyreducingcostsandincreasingsalesthroughput,andassistcustomersinatrouble-freeshoppingexperience,therebyincreasingcustomersatisfaction.

HowcanAIhelpretailersintheirbusiness?AsweallknowAIispoweredbydata,thesystemneedstocollecttherightkindofdatainordertorecognizeapatternactonthatpattern,learningasitgoes,analyzingtrendsandcommonalitiesinthedata.Customerdataisusedtoproduceanappropriatemodeltosolvespecificproblemssuchascustomersatisfaction,purchasingtrends,routestakenbycustomersthroughthestore,maintainthecorrectstockleveletc.(Hudson,2019).

OneofthemanybenefitsofusingAI-drivenmachinesisthatitcanpredictactivitiesthatincreasesales(Trivedi,2019).Forexample,ifthecustomerisissuedacashbackforapurchase,thismaypromptthemtobuymore,thereforegeneratingmoresales.AnotherbenefitofAIinretailistoimprovethecustomerexperiencebystrengtheningengagementwiththecustomer,withtheaimofbuildingalong-termloyalrelationship.

Thedatasetrequiredinthisexamplewouldbesalesdatacorrelatedagainstcustomerinformation.ThisdatasetisrunthroughtheappropriatemachinelearningalgorithmtoproduceanAImodel.Thismodelistranslatedintowaysinwhichtheretailercanincreaseturnoverbyprovidingthecustomerwhattheywantandwhentheywantit.

Productivityatwork

AI-poweredapplicationsandappsareprevalentatworktoo,assistingthehumanresourcesdepartmentinworkforcerecruitment.Thetechnologyhelpsmanagerscomeupwithconvincingjobrequirementsusingdatafromsimilarjobpostingswhichhavebornefruit(Greene,2019).AIisalsosupportingschedulingmeetings,writingemails,makingappointmentsandremindingpeopleofvariousimportantbusinessandpersonaltasksthatonemightmissout,thushelpinguserstomanagetheirtimewell.ThisdocumentitselfwascreatedusingAItechniquesinlanguagedefinitionbycheckingforcorrectspellingandgrammarandsuggestingpossiblechangestothewording.

ArtificialIntelligenceworksindependentlyoffollowinginstructionstofulfillrepetitivetasks.Theprogramisbuilttounderstandpatternsanddrawintelligentconnections,thusenablingittopredictandfulfillthenextsetofinstructionsandtasks.Consideringalltheimportantfactorsthishelpsittosuggestpotentiallysmarterbusinessdecisionstomanagers.Overaperiodof

timeanduponhandlingmultiplecases,thelearningelementofAIbecomesmoreintuitiveinprocessingtheinformation.Forexample,itcanproposenewoperationsbasedonpastbudgetaryresults,talentcost,employmentplans,etc.

OrganizationscanuseAI-basedapplicationstoallowjobcandidatestoscheduletheirinterviewwiththeinterviewpanelatatimesuitableforallparties.SomeapplicationssuchasthoseusedbyStellaandKoru(Greene,2019)makeuseofAItechnologycomponentstomatchtherequirementoftheemployerstothatofthecandidatesbasedonthecandidates’credentials,skillsandtheexperiences.AnotherAI-basedapplicationknownasthePalatineAnalyticsoffersvarioustoolstomanagersthathelpmeasuretheperformanceofemployees,andevenselecttherightemployeeforpromotionwithouttheelementofhumanbias.

PersonalLife

OurpersonallifeisfullofexamplesofAIbeinguseddaily.Ourengagementisseamlessandthereforegoesalmostunnoticed.However,manyoftheappswerunonoursmartphonesareallAI-powered.Whenwewanttolistentomusicwespeakacommand,ourphoneanalysesourspeech,understandsthetask,andrunsasearchtofindthesongbeforeplayingit.

Remindersforameeting,ortobuygroceriesonaparticulardayforyourparentsorremindingyoutostudyaparticularsubjectforanupcomingtestareallAIinterventionsinourdailylife.Theemailspamfiltersthatkeepunwantedemailsawayfromyourinbox,orthesocialnetworkingsitewhichusesAItopersonalizeyournewsfeedandensuresthatyouareseeingpoststhatinterestyou,areallexamplesofhowAIhasbecomeanintegralpartofourdaytodaylife.

AIandItsApplications

AIisgrowinginitsapplications,someevenwithimpressivecapabilitiessuchasself-drivingvehiclesorsocialhumanoids.Thoughcurrently,wedonothaveafullyfunctionalAIbasedrobot,itseemsjustamatteroftimebeforewewillhaveafullyfunctionalhumanoidcapableofworkingwithusorevensupportingusinourhomes.

Hereareafewapplicationswhichweregularlyusewhichareextremelyimportantindevelopinganytechnologythatcanengageinthesamewayhumanscanbeinreallife.

NaturalLanguageGeneration(NLG)

NaturalLanguageGeneration(NLG)isasub-disciplineofAIthatrecognizeshumanlanguageintextformandconvertsitintoaformwhichenablesthecomputersystemtocommunicatethedataefficientlyandaccurately.Forexample,itisusedtotakerawmarketdataandgeneratereportsofmarketsummaries.Itcanalsobeusedtogenerateshortpiecesoftextininteractiveconversations(achatbot)whichmightevenbereadoutbyatext-to-speechsystem.

AnotherimportantuseofNLGistheclassificationoftext.Thisisspecificallyusedinthecontrolofspam.SeveralemailprovidersusesimilarNLG-basedservicestoanalyzethecontentoftheemailsinordertounderstandwhetherthemailisgenuineorfake.

NLGcanhelpustodothefollowing:

Manuallysearchdata,comparingorscanningtables

Analyzingcharts,metricsormaps

Developingrecurringstatusreports

Fig1.7NLGcreatingreports

Imagecredit:/what-is-natural-language-generation/

“Apicturemaybeworth1,000words,butconcisedescriptionsandannotationscanhelppeopleunderstand

andbetterinterpretdata.Naturallanguagegeneration(NLG)technologyinterpretsdataandoffers

backgroundcontextoranalysisthroughtextualdescriptions.”

Speechrecognition

Speechrecognitionisatechnologywherebythesystemscapturethenaturalconversationswithahuman,analyzessaiddata,andconvertsthesame,whenrequiredto,intoinstructionstoperformthegiventasks.Itisusedinvoice-responseinteractivesystemsandmobileapps.Forexample,almostallsmartphoneshavethebuilt-inabilitytoconvertspeechintotext.Thetechnologyofrecognizingspeechisalsousedinthemedicalworld,defense,homeautomation,gamingandeveningeneralrobotics(Lifewire,2019).

However,therearetimeswhenspeechrecognitiondoesnotworkthewayitshould.Thishappensattimeswhendifferentpeoplepronouncethesamewordinatotallydifferentmanneroraccentaltogether,althoughsystemsarebecomingmoreadeptatlearningsuchdifferences.Anotherscenariowherethesoftwaremayfailiswhenthereisagreatdealofbackgroundnoise.Unlessgoodqualitynoisecancellingmicrophonesareused,thesoftwarewillpickupthenoiseandmaythereforenotbeabletointerpretitwell.

VirtualAgents

Avirtualagentisacomputerprogramthatisdesignedtointeractwithhumansandcanbeseeninthechatbotsthatappearwhenusingsomeapplicationsorvisitingsomewebsites.

Gonearethedayswhenthecustomerswouldbeabletodetectiftheywerechattingwithabotoraperson.Withthehelpofbothartificialintelligenceandmachinelearningthebotis

designedtorespondwithaveryspecificandcustomizedresponsetotheuser’s