中山大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院《638基礎(chǔ)英語》歷年考研真題及詳解

目錄

2003年中山大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院352基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2004年中山大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院352基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2005年中山大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院352基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2006年中山大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院348基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2007年中山大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院738基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2008年中山大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院616基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2009年中山大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院628基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2010年中山大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院622基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2011年中山大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院632基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2012年中山大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院632基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2013年中山大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院637基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2014年中山大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院638基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2015年中山大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院638基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2016年中山大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院637基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2017年中山大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院638基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2018年中山大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院638基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

2003年中山大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院352基

礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

Ⅰ.Reading(30%)

GreenWaveWashesOverMainstreamShopping

ResearchinBritainhasshownthat“greenconsumers”continueto

flourishasasignificantgroupamongshoppers.Thissuggeststhatpoliticians

whoclaimenvironmentalismisyesterday’sissuemaybeseriously

misjudgingthepublicmood.

AreportfromMintel,themarketresearchorganization,saysthatdespite

recessionandfinancialpressures,morepeoplethaneverwanttobuy

environmentallyfriendlyproductsanda“greenwave”hassweptthrough

consumerism,takinginpeoplepreviouslyuntouchedbyenvironmental

concerns.Therecentlypublishedreportalsopredictsthattheprocesswill

repeatitselfwith“ethical”concerns,involvingissuessuchasfairtradewith

theThirdWorldandthesocialrecordofbusinesses.Companieswillhaveto

bemorehonestandopeninresponsetothismood.

Mintel’ssurvey,basedonnearly1,000consumers,foundthatthe

proportionwholookforgreenproductsandarepreparedtopaymorefor

themhasclimbedfrom53percentin1990toaround60percentin1994.On

average,theywillpay13percentmoreforsuchproducts,althoughthis

percentageishigheramongwomen,managerialandprofessionalgroupsand

thoseaged35to44.

Between1990and1994theproportionofconsumersclaimingtobe

unawareoforunconcernedaboutgreenissuesfellfrom18to10percentbut

thenumberofgreenspenderamongolderpeopleandmanualworkershas

risensubstantially.RegionssuchasScotlandhavealsocaughtupwiththe

southofEnglandintheirenvironmentalconcerns.AccordingtoMintel,the

imageofgreenconsumerismasassociatedinthepastwiththemoreeccentric

membersofsocietyhasvirtuallydisappeared.Theconsumerresearch

managerforMintel,AngelaHughes,saidithadbecomefirmlyestablishedas

amainstreammarket.Sheexplainedthatasfarastheaveragepersonis

concernedenvironmentalismhasnot“goneofftheboil”.Infact,ithasspread

acrossamuchwiderrangeofconsumergroups,agesandoccupations.

Mintel’s1994surveyfoundthat13percentofconsumersare“verydark

green”,nearlyalwaysbuyingenvironmentallyfriendlyproducts,28percent

are“darkgreen”,trying“asfaraspossible”tobuysuchproducts,and21

percentare“palegreen”tendingtobuygreenproductsiftheyseethem.

Another26percentare“armchairgreens”;theysaidtheycareabout

environmentalissuesbuttheirconcerndoesnotaffecttheirspendinghabits.

Only10percentsaytheydonotcareaboutgreenissues.

Fourintenpeopleare“ethicalspenders”,buyinggoodswhichdonot,

forexample,involvedealingswithoppressiveregimes.Thisfigureisthe

sameasin1990,althoughthenumberof“armchairethicals”hasrisenfrom

28to35percentandonly22percentsaytheyare,unconcernednow,against

30percentin1990.Hughesclaimsthatinthetwenty-firstcentury,consumers

willbeencouragedtothinkmoreabouttheentirehistoryoftheproductsand

servicestheybuy,includingthepoliciesofthecompaniesthatprovidethem

andthatthiswillrequireagreaterdegreeofhonestywithconsumers.

Amonggreenconsumers,animaltestingisthetopissue—48percent

saidtheywouldbedeterredfrombuyingaproductifithadbeentestedon

animals—followedbyconcernsregardingirresponsibleselling,theozone

layer,riverandseapollution,forestdestruction,recyclingandfactorfarming.

However,concernforspecificissuesislowerthanin1990,suggestingthat

manyconsumersfeelthatGovernmentandbusinesshavetakenonthe

environmentalagenda.

Questions1-6

Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterofthe

passage?InyouranswerbookletwriteYES,NO,orNOTGIVENforeach

statement.

1.Theresearchfindingsreportcommercialratherthanpoliticaltrends.

2.Beingfinanciallybetteroffhasmadeshoppersmoresensitiveto

buying‘green’.

3.Themajorityofshoppersarepreparedtopaymoreforthebenefitof

theenvironmentaccordingtotheresearchfindings.

4.Consumers’greenshoppinghabitsareinfluencedbyMintel’s

findings.

5.Mintelhaslimitedtheirinvestigationtoprofessionalandmanagerial

groups.

6.Mintelundertakesmarketsurveysonanannualbasis.

【答案與解析】

1.YES

(文章通篇沒有多提政治，除了第一段“politiciansclaims

environmentalismisyesterday’sissue”，本文更多的是從消費(fèi)者的角度來

討論這一問題的。故答案為YES。)

2.NO

(根據(jù)文章第二段可知“despiterecessionandfinancialpressures,more

peoplethaneverwanttobuyenvironmentallyfriendlyproductsanda“green

wave”hassweptthroughconsumerism”，即：盡管經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退且金融面臨壓

力，但越來越多的人想要購買環(huán)保產(chǎn)品，“綠色浪潮”席卷了消費(fèi)主義。

由此可見，綠色消費(fèi)的潮流和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展沒有很大關(guān)系，故答案為NO。)

3.YES

(文章開篇就提到“ResearchinBritainhasshownthat“green

consumers”continuetoflourishasasignificantgroupamongshoppers”，

即“綠色消費(fèi)者”在購物者中成為一個(gè)重要的活躍群體，表明綠色消費(fèi)的

人越來越多。根據(jù)第三段“theproportionwholookforgreenproductsand

arepreparedtopaymoreforthemhasclimbedfrom53percentin1990to

around60percentin1994”，在隨機(jī)抽查的消費(fèi)者中60%的人都準(zhǔn)備為綠

色產(chǎn)品支付更多的錢。隨機(jī)抽查的消費(fèi)者可以代表全體消費(fèi)者的一種傾

向，故答案為YES。)

4.NOTGIVEN

(本文只是描述了人們對(duì)綠色食品感興趣的趨勢(shì)，并提出了人們出

于道德關(guān)注而鐘愛綠色食品。Mintel的報(bào)告只是一種總結(jié)，并沒有告知

該報(bào)告是否對(duì)消費(fèi)者的行為產(chǎn)生影響，故答案為NOTGIVEN。)

5.NO

(根據(jù)文章第三段可知“Onaverage,theywillpay13percentmorefor

suchproducts,althoughthispercentageishigheramongwomen,managerial

andprofessionalgroupsandthoseaged35to44”，即：平均而言，對(duì)于這

類產(chǎn)品他們將多支付13%的費(fèi)用，盡管這個(gè)比重在婦女、管理和專業(yè)團(tuán)

體以及35歲至44歲的人群中更高。很明顯題干中只提到了管理和專業(yè)團(tuán)

體，并列信息缺失，因此答案為NO。)

6.NOTGIVEN

(文章通篇都是將1994年的調(diào)查結(jié)果和1990年的消費(fèi)數(shù)據(jù)作對(duì)比，

但并未提到該調(diào)查是否每年都進(jìn)行，因此答案為NOTGIVEN。)

Questions7-8:

Answerthefollowingquestionsinyourownwords

7.Whatdoes“ethicalspender”mean?

8.What’sthepurposeofthewriterwhopublicizesthisreportof

findings?

【答案與解析】

7.“Ethicalspender”meanstheconsumerswhobuygoodswhichdonot

involvedealingswithoppressiveregimes..

(根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“ethicalspender”，回歸原文尋找并整合相關(guān)信息。)

8.Thepurposeofthewriteristoreflecttherealpublicmoodabout

greenconsumptionandgetsomeinspirationfromgreenconsumptioninthe

past.

(根據(jù)短文的意思，來判斷作者寫文章的主要目的。)

Questions9-12

Completethesummaryusingthewordsbelow.Therearemoreanswers

thanspaces,soyouwillnotusethemall.

TheMintelreportsuggeststhatinfuturecompanieswillbeforcedto

practicegreater(9)_______intheirdealingsbecauseoftheincreased

awarenessamongst(10)_______ofethicalissuesThispredictionis

supportedbythegrowthinthenumberof(11)_______identifiedinthemost

recentsurveypublished.Asaconsequence,itisfeltthatcompanieswillhave

tothinkmorecarefullyabouttheir(12)_______.

【答案與解析】

9.honestyandopenness

（根據(jù)第二段結(jié)尾“Companieswillhavetobemorehonestandopenin

responsetothismood”可知，在綠色消費(fèi)不斷受到公眾支持的今天，面對(duì)

這種趨勢(shì)，企業(yè)應(yīng)當(dāng)更加誠實(shí)且開放。因此答案為honestyand

openness。）

10.consumers

（根據(jù)文章第四段可知“Between1990and1994theproportionof

consumersclaimingtobeunawareoforunconcernedaboutgreenissuesfell

from18to10percent”，表明消費(fèi)者對(duì)于環(huán)境問題的意識(shí)在不斷增強(qiáng)，因

此答案為consumers。）

11.environmentalists

（分析題干含義，數(shù)量的增長只能是具體的、可數(shù)的人或事物，且

根據(jù)后半句的定語可知，所填的內(nèi)容應(yīng)當(dāng)是“最近所公布的調(diào)查結(jié)果中

被認(rèn)可的”的內(nèi)容，因此答案就只能在ethicalspenders，politicians,

armchairethicals，environmentalists,consumers中選擇。politicians和

consumers范圍太大，與identified不符；armchairethicals在題中的位置出

現(xiàn)了“although”，表明其消極含義，與題干中的“support”不符；根據(jù)文

章可知“Sheexplainedthatasfarastheaveragepersonisconcerned

environmentalismhasnot“goneofftheboil”.Infact,ithasspreadacrossa

muchwiderrangeofconsumergroups,agesandoccupations”，表明越來越

多的人都在關(guān)注環(huán)境保護(hù)，環(huán)境保護(hù)主義者在眾多消費(fèi)群體、年齡及職

業(yè)中都有擴(kuò)展。故答案為environmentalists。）

12.socialrecord

（題干關(guān)鍵詞是“company”，回歸原文，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，除了第二段結(jié)尾

處之外，第六段中“consumerswillbeencouragedtothinkmoreaboutthe

entirehistoryoftheproductsandservicestheybuy,includingthepoliciesof

thecompaniesthatprovidethemandthatthiswillrequireagreaterdegreeof

honestywithconsumers”表明關(guān)于所購產(chǎn)品及服務(wù)，消費(fèi)者需要考慮更

多，包括生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的政策，這需要企業(yè)對(duì)消費(fèi)者誠實(shí)。因此，企業(yè)需要

慎重對(duì)待他們的社會(huì)記錄。故答案為socialrecord。）

Ⅱ.Englishcomposition(30%)

以下是對(duì)競爭和合作的兩種看法。請(qǐng)用英語寫一篇約400個(gè)單詞的

短文，比較兩種觀點(diǎn)，并提出你自己的觀點(diǎn)。

甲：社會(huì)在新陳代謝的競爭中實(shí)現(xiàn)，文明在挑戰(zhàn)與應(yīng)戰(zhàn)的循環(huán)中發(fā)

展。

競爭不僅是社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)內(nèi)在矛盾的體現(xiàn)，更是現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的根本動(dòng)力。

現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)力的提高正是基于競爭壓力所帶來的制度創(chuàng)新和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新。經(jīng)

濟(jì)增長作為競爭性的發(fā)展過程，導(dǎo)致組織與組織，國家與國家之間競爭

力的變換，你追我趕的發(fā)展競爭可使落后成為先進(jìn)，也可使先進(jìn)淪為落

后。社會(huì)就是遵循這種永恒的競爭法則走向現(xiàn)代，走向未來。

乙：生產(chǎn)力與科學(xué)技術(shù)高度發(fā)達(dá)，人類改造自然的能力空前提高。

在歷史上任何一個(gè)時(shí)期，人類從未像今天這樣強(qiáng)大，強(qiáng)大到可以上九天

攬?jiān)?，下五洋抓鱉。然而人類也從未像現(xiàn)在一樣脆弱，脆弱到手指輕輕

一點(diǎn)，地球?qū)⒂瓉砑澎o的春天。科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展到今天，這把雙刃劍的兩

面都已是無比的鋒利。面對(duì)恐怖的陰云，人類的理性在發(fā)出聲聲呼喚。

合作，只有實(shí)現(xiàn)全球的合作，才能讓人間多一分奇跡，讓世界少一分恐

慌。聯(lián)合國大廈前那“化劍為犁”的巨型雕像，不正是人類防止自我毀滅

的理性象征嗎？

【參考作文】

CompetitionandCooperation

Competitionandcooperationexistinalmosteveryfieldwitha

backgroundoftherapiddevelopmentofmodernsociety.Itisafamiliartopic

forpeople:whichoneismoreimportant?Cooperationorcompetition?The

answermayvaryfromonetoanother.Somepeopleholdtheviewthat

competitionisoneofthemotivestopromotetherapiddevelopmentof

modernsociety.Thecompetitionbringspressuretopeople,accelerating

institutionalandtechnologicalinnovationwhichplaysacrucialroleinthe

improvementofproductivity.Thecompetitivenessineconomicgrowtheven

hasaprofoundinfluenceonthedestinyofanation.Itiscompetitionthat

shapestheworld.Inaddition,otherpeoplethinkthatcooperationismore

importantbecauseitisessentialforthelong-termdevelopmentofhuman

beings.Fromtheperspectiveofhistoryandreality,peoplecanonlysurvive

tremendousnaturaldisastersandenjoypeaceinsteadofself-destruction

throughcooperation.Thereisnodenyingthatbothoftheseviewsarebased

onfactsandshowuspersuasiveexplanationsaboutcompetitionand

cooperation.

AsfarasIamconcerned,competitionandcooperationaretwoconcepts

thatareinseparable,andwhatweshoulddoistomakeabalancebetween

themindealingwithproblems.Cooperationisanecessaryguaranteefor

successwhichisthegoalforcompetitors.Thepressureofcompetitionoften

urgespeopletocooperatewitheachotherinordertoobtainmoreresources.

Intheprocessofcooperation,partnersandstrategiesmustbecarefully

chosen.Ontheonehand,theindividualpowerisgatheredtogether,making

thegroupstrongertocompetewithothergroups;ontheotherhand,the

individualcanalsoovercomeitsweakpointsbylearningfromothermembers

andbenefitsfromthesuccessofthewholegroup.That’swhatwehaveseen

ontheinternationalstage.Moreandmoreinternationalorganizationsoffer

platformsforallcountriestoreachcooperationandtoimprovetheir

competitiveness.Besides,competitionisthepreconditionofcooperation.

Effectivecooperationcanbereachedonthebasisoffaircompetition.Fair

competitionmeansthateverybodyhasequalrightsandopportunitiesto

competewithothers,whichleadsto“thesurvivalofthefittest”.The

cooperationoftheexcellentonesmeanshighefficiencyandquality.Atthe

sametime,thebackwardoneswillbemotivedtomakegreatereffortsto

improvethemselves,whichpavingthewayfortheoveralldevelopmentof

thewholeindustry,thewholefieldandeventhewholesociety.

Inconclusion,importanceshallbeattachedbothtocooperationandto

competitionsincetheyareinseparableinreachingone’sgoals.Without

cooperation,competitionmayleadtogapsandconflictsbetweenpeople.

Withoutcompetition,cooperationmaybecomeineffective.Steadyandlasting

progresswillbemadeontheconditionthatabalancedconnectionbetween

activecompetitionandfriendlycooperationisbuilt.

【解析】該作文要求比較題目所給出的關(guān)于競爭和合作的兩種看

法，并要提出自己的觀點(diǎn)，寫一篇400詞的文章。作文的關(guān)鍵詞為“合

作”和“競爭”，所給段落各自強(qiáng)調(diào)了其中一方面，考生可以從二者的關(guān)

系角度發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)。參考作文第一段主要引出話題，并將所給的兩

個(gè)段落內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了總體比較；第二段給出自己的觀點(diǎn)，并進(jìn)行闡釋：一

方面，合作是競爭者成功的保證，另一方面，公平競爭是有效合作的基

礎(chǔ)。最后一段總結(jié)全文，要處理好競爭與合作之間的關(guān)系，最終實(shí)現(xiàn)穩(wěn)

步提升。

Ⅲ.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish:(20%)

如果不是有人發(fā)明了火車，如果不是有人把鐵軌鋪進(jìn)深山，你怎么

也不會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)臺(tái)兒溝這個(gè)小村。它和它的15戶鄉(xiāng)親，一心一意掩藏在大山

那深深的褶皺里，默默地接受著大山任意給予的溫存和粗暴。

然而，兩根纖細(xì)、閃亮的鐵軌延伸過來了。它勇敢地盤旋在山腰，

又悄悄地試探著前進(jìn)，彎彎曲曲，曲曲彎彎，終于來到臺(tái)兒溝腳下，然

后鉆進(jìn)幽暗的隧道，沖向又一道山梁，朝著神秘的遠(yuǎn)方奔去。

【參考譯文】

Ifthetrainhasnotbeeninventedandrailshavenotbeenlaidin

mountains,youwouldnothavefoundthesmallvillage,TaiErGou.The

villageishiddeninthedeepandfoldedmountainswithits15familieswho

havenodesiretogoingoutofthemountains.Instead,thesefamiliesare

willingtoacceptthetendernessandrudenessofthemountainswithoutany

complaints.

Tworailsthatarethinandshining,however,haveextendedoverhere.

Girdlingthemountainside,thetrainlinecreepsforwardandfinallywindsits

waytothefootofthevillage.Then,itwormsitswayintothedarktunnel

beforerushingtowardsanotherridgeandintothedistance.

Ⅳ.TranslatethefollowingintoChinese:(20%)

Mostpeopledon’tlive,theyjustrace.Theyaretryingtoreachsome

goalfarawayonthehorizon.,andintheheatofthegoingtheygetso

breathlessandpantingthattheyloseallsightofthebeautiful,tranquil

countrytheyarepassingthrough,andthenthefirstthingtheyknow,theyare

oldandwornout,anditdoesn’tmakeanydifferencewhetherthey’ve

reachedthegoalornot.I’vedecidedtositdownbythewayandpileupalot

oflittlehappiness,evenifIneverbecomeaGreatAuthor.Didyouever

knowsuchaphilosopherasIamdevelopinginto?

【參考譯文】

大多數(shù)人并不是在生活，而是在與時(shí)間賽跑，努力地想到達(dá)生命地

平線上某個(gè)遙遠(yuǎn)的目標(biāo)，在激烈的奔跑中，他們氣喘吁吁，疲于奔命，

都來不及看一眼身邊寧靜的鄉(xiāng)間美景，直到有一天，突然發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已垂

垂老矣，疲憊不堪，達(dá)不達(dá)到目標(biāo)對(duì)他們來說又有什么區(qū)別呢。而我已

經(jīng)決定漫步人生，沿途小憩，一點(diǎn)一滴地積累生命中許許多多的小樂

趣，即使我永遠(yuǎn)都成不了一個(gè)偉大的作家也無妨。你見過我這樣的哲學(xué)

家嗎？

Ⅴ.BackgroundknowledgeofthemajorEnglishspeakingcountries.

Answerthefollowingquestionsjustinafewwords.(20%)

1.WhichmajorEnglishspeakingcountryhasacomplicatednameand

whatisitsfullname?Whatisitknownforasfarasitsinternationalrolein

theworldisconcernedintheworldhistory?

【答案】UK.ItsfullnameistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainand

NorthernIreland.UKisknownforthefirstindustrialrevolutionintheworld

history.

2.WhatwerethemainreasonsfortherapiddecreaseoftheAboriginal

populationinAustraliaaftertheearlyEuropeansettlement?

【答案】Themainreasonsarethattheirlandwastakenawayfromthem

andtheywereforcedtomovetoplaceslikeremoteareasandislandswith

harshenvironment.Boththeconflict(withtheearlyEuropeansettlement)

anddiseaseshaveledtotherapiddecreaseoftheAboriginalpopulationin

Australia.

3.WhatwasthebiggesttragedyhappenedinNewYorkCityin2001

andwhatweredestroyed?

【答案】ItwastheSeptember11attacks.TheWorldTradeCenter

BuildingandthePentagonweredestroyed.

4.Whatcountry’spoliticaltraditiondoesNewZealand’ssystemof

governmentfollow?Whatisit?

【答案】NewZealand’ssystemofgovernmentfollowstheUK’s

politicaltraditionandthetraditioniscalledtheconstitutionalmonarchy.

Ⅵ.BasicknowledgeoftheChineseCulture,WesternCultureandcross-

culturalcommunication.AnswerthefollowingquestionseitherinEnglishor

inChinese.(30%)

1.Howdoyouinterpretthisstatement“Peoplebegintounderstandtheir

ownculturesonlyaftertheyhavebeguninteractingwithpeoplefromanother

culture”?

【答案】Theprocessofinteractingwithpeoplefromothercultures

involvestheunderstandingofothervalues,attitudes,beliefsandoutlooks

whicharedifferentfromthoseofone’sownculture.Themorepeoplelearn

fromdifferentcultures,themoretheytendtomakecomparisonbetweentheir

culturesandothercultures,whichisbeneficialforpeopletoobtainafull

understandingandanobjectiveevaluationabouttheirowncultures.

2.Doyouagreewithsuchasayingas“tolearnaforeignlanguage

withoutlearningitscultureisaverygoodwaytomakeselfalanguagefluent

fool”?Ifyes,why?Ifno,whynot?

【答案】Yes,Ido.Languageistheessentialtoolforpeoplewith

differentculturalbackgroundtocommunicatewitheachother.Eachlanguage

derivesfromcorrespondingcultureandisinfluencedbyculturedeeply.Ifwe

learnaforeignlanguagewithoutlearningitsculture,wewouldgetnothing

butthesuperficialknowledgeofthelanguageandsometimeswewouldnot

makeourselvesunderstoodifthereisalargeculturalgapbetweenusandthe

otherside.

3.CanyoujustnamesomefeaturesoftheChinesebehaviorcultureand

somefromtheWestern?

【答案】Chinesebehaviorculture:greatemphasisonfamilyandgroups;

thesupportoftraditionaletiquettelikemodestyandbenevolence;great

concernoverone’sreputation.Westernbehaviorculture:greatemphasison

equality,fairness,privacyandindependence;expressioninadirectway;the

pursuitofrationalism.

2004年中山大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院352基

礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

Ⅰ.Reading(30%)

Passage1

Criticismofresearchlaysasignificantfoundationforfuture

investigativework,butwhenstudentsbegintheirownprojects,theyare

likelytofindthatthestandardsofvalidityinfieldworkareconsiderably

stricterthanthestandardsformostlibraryresearch.Whenstudentsarefaced

withtheconcreteproblemofproofbyfielddemonstration,theyusually

discoverthatmanyoftheimportantrelationshipstheymayhavecriticized

otherresearcherforfailingtodemonstrateareverydifficulttounderstand

indeed.Theywillfind,iftheysubmitanoutlineorquestionnairetotheir

classmatesforcriticism,thatotherstudentsmakecommentssimilartosome

theythemselvesmayhavemadeindiscussingpreviouslypublishedresearch.

Forexample,studentresearchersarelikelytobeginwithageneralquestion

butfindthemselvesforcedtonarrowitsfocus.Theymaylearnthatquestions

whosemeaningsseemperfectlyobvioustothemarenotclearlyunderstood

byothers,orthatquestionswhichseemedentirelyobjectivetothemappearto

behighlybiasedtosomeoneelse.Theyusuallyfindthattheformulationof

goodresearchquestionsisamuchmoresubtleandfrustratingtaskthanis

generallybelievedbythosewhohavenotactuallyattemptedit.

Questions:

Choosetheusethatyouthinkisthecorrectanswer.Writeyouranswers

onyouranswersheet.

1.Whatdoestheauthorthinkabouttryingtofindweaknessinother

people’sresearch?

A.Itshouldonlybeattemptedbyexperiencedresearchers.

B.Itmaycauseresearcherstoavoidpublishinggoodworks.

C.Itiscurrentlybeingdonetoexcess.

D.Itcanbeusefulinplanningfutureresearch.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whatisonemajorcriticismstudentsoften

makeofpublishedresearch?

A.Theresearchhasnotbeenwritteninaninterestingway.

B.Theresearchhasbeendoneinunimportantfields.

C.Theresearchersdidnotadequatelyestablishtherelationship

involved.

D.Theresearchersfailedtoprovideanappropriatesummary.

3.Accordingtothepassage,studentresearchersmayhavetochange

theirresearchprojectsbecause_____.

A.theirbudgetsaretoohigh.

B.theiroriginalquestionsaretoobroad.

C.theirteacherdonotgiveadequateadvice.

D.theirtimeisverylimited.

【答案與解析】

1.D文章第一句提到了“Criticismofresearchlaysasignificant

foundationforfutureinvestigativework”，由此可知對(duì)現(xiàn)有研究的質(zhì)疑和

批判構(gòu)成了未來研究的基礎(chǔ)。故選D。

2.C根據(jù)文章第二句“theyusuallydiscoverthatmanyoftheimportant

relationshipstheymayhavecriticizedotherresearcherforfailingto

demonstrate…”，可知學(xué)生經(jīng)常批判其他研究人員沒有證明出來一些重

要的關(guān)系……。故選C。

3.B根據(jù)文章第四句提到的“studentresearchersarelikelytobegin

withageneralquestionbutfindthemselvesforcedtonarrowitsfocus”，可

知在研究剛開始的時(shí)候，研究生們可能會(huì)提出一個(gè)比較寬泛的問題，但

是后來往往不得不縮小自己的關(guān)注點(diǎn)。故選B。

Passage2

Innatureasinculture,diversitycanbeadifficultconcept.

Understandingitisonething,acceptingitanother,especiallywhendiversity

meansnotonlyacknowledgingapre-existingmixtureofdifference—thevery

amplenessoftheworld—butalsoaccommodatinganadjustmenttothe

existingstateofthings.Acaseinpointisthereintroductionofgraywolvesin

YellowstonenationalPark.Thirty-threewolveswerereleasedin1995,and

theirnumberhasnowreached97.Populationexpansionisonemeasureofthe

wolfprogram’ssuccess,butabetteroneisthewolves’impactonthenatural

diversityofthepark.

Typically,apackoftheYellowstonewolveskillsabigdeerveryfew

days.Butovertheremainsthewolvesabandon,awonderfulnewdiversity

hasemerged.Sincetheirarrival,wolveshavekilledmanyofthepark’s

coyotes,asmallerkindofwolf.Thereductionincoyoteshascausedan

increaseinrodentssuchasmice,rabbitsandsquirrels,whichalsobenefitsa

widerangeofpredators.Eventhecoyotesthatliveatthemarginsofwolf

countryhaveprospered,thankstotheleftoversthewolvesleavebehind.So

dogrizzlybears,whichfeedonwolf-kilteddeerbeforebeginninghibernation

orwintersleep.

Whathasinterestedscientistsistheswiftness,thedynamism,ofthis

shiftindiversity.Therehasbeen,however,nomatchingdynamisminthe

opinionofhumanswhoopposethewolfreintroduction.Thatwasmadeplain

byaFederaldistrictjudge’srecentorderto“remove”thewolves,theresultor

alegalprocessthatistheoffspringofinflexibility.Severallivestockgroups,

includingtheWyomingFarmBureau,hadfiledasuitthaturged,inslightly

clevererterms,theoldproposition,nowolves,noproblems.Several

environmentalgroupshadfliedaseparatelawsuit—unconnectedtothe

Yellowstonewolves—protestingthedroppingoflegalprotectionforwolves

thatwererecolonizingIdaho.Thetwosuitswereunfortunatelymerged.

ThoughJudgeWilliamDownessstayedhisowndecision,pending

appeal,hisjudgmentisasadencouragementtothemistakendefensivenessof

mostranchersorcattlefarmers.Itisalsoamisunderstandingofthepurpose

oftheenvironmentalists’suit.Hisdecisionneedstobeswiftlyanddecisively

overturnedonappeal.Itisnoexaggerationtosaythatsincethereturnofthe

wolves,Yellowstonehaswitnessedaneconomyofdiversityfromwhich

humanculture—includingthecultureofranching—candirectlyprofit,ifonly

itchoosestodoso.

Questions:

Choosetheonethatyouthinkisthecorrectanswer.Writeyouranswers

onyouranswersheet.

1.Bysaying“diversitycanbeadifficultconcept”,theauthorimplies

that______.

A.naturaldiversityismoredifficultforsomepeopletounderstandthan

culturaldiversity

B.peoplefailtoseethatnaturaldiversityalsomeansacceptingsome

necessaryadjustment

C.itishardforsomepeopletogetridoftheirtraditionalconcept

D.mostpeopledonotseetheimportanceofapreexistingmixtureof

differenceinculture

2.YellowstoneNationalParkreintroducedsomewolvesinanattemptto

______.

A.improveotheranimals’chanceofsurvivalinthepark

B.increasethekindsofanimalskeptinthepark

C.eliminatesomeanimalsthatarenotwant

D.addtotheattractionofthenationalpark

3.Theauthorthinksitunfortunatethatthejudgeshould______.

A.makeeffortstofilesuitswithregardtooldissues

B.makeuseoflegalmeanstoprotecthisowninterests

C.mixuptwoirrelevantsuitsandmakewolvesthevictim

D.supporttheprotestagainstthestoppingoflegalprotectionsfor

wolves

4.Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe______.

A.NaturalDiversityVersusCulturalDiversity

B.HumanDynamismNeededforaBalancedEcosystem

C.TheLawsuitsovertheYellowstoneWolves

D.TheCostofRaisingWolvesVersusItsBenefits

【答案與解析】

1.B文章第一段提到了“Innatureasinculture,diversitycanbea

difficultconcept.Understandingitisonething,acceptingitanother…but

alsoaccommodatinganadjustmenttotheexistingstateofthings”，由此可

知作者認(rèn)為無論是在自然方面還是文化方面，多樣性之所以是一個(gè)復(fù)雜

的概念，是因?yàn)槿藗兝斫獾灰欢〞?huì)接受。多樣性不僅是承認(rèn)既存的差

異，還包括對(duì)現(xiàn)存事物的調(diào)整。故選B。

2.B根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句“Thirty-threewolveswerereleasedin

1995…butabetteroneisthewolves’impactonthenaturaldiversityofthe

park”，可知黃石公園重新引入灰狼是為了促進(jìn)公園里生物種類的多樣

性。故選B。

3.C根據(jù)文章第三段提到的“Severallivestockgroupshadfiledasuit

thaturged…Severalenvironmentalgroups…protesting…，Thetwosuits

wereunfortunatelymerged”，可知無論是livestockgroups還是

environmentalgroups提出的訴訟都很不幸被法院整合在一起了，滿足反

對(duì)wolfreintroduction的人們的要求。故選C。

4.B文章最后一段提到了“noexaggerationtosaythatsincethereturn

ofthewolves,Yellowstonehaswitnessedaneconomyofdiversityfrom

whichhumanculture—includingthecultureofranching—candirectlyprofit,

ifonlyitchoosestodoso”，由此可知狼群的回歸促進(jìn)了牧場文化的多樣

性以及人類文化的多樣性，只要人類文化做出多樣性的選擇，就會(huì)成為

直接的收益者。故選B。

Passage3

HowtoRaiseaBrightChild

Teachersandotherspecialistsinearlychildhoodeducationrecognize

thatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.Givenanythingthatresemblesawell-

roundedlife—withadultsandotherchildrentolistento,talkto,dothings

with—theirmindswillacquirenaturallyalltheskillsrequiredforfurther

learning.

Takeforexample,reading.Thetwostrongestpredictorsofwhether

childrenwilllearntoreadeasilyandwellatschoolarewhethertheyhave

learnedthenamesandthesoundsoflettersofthealphabetbeforetheystart

school.Thatmayseemtoimplythatletternamesandsoundsshouldbe

deliberatelytaughttoyoungchildren,becausetheseskillswillnothappen

naturally.

Butinalltheresearchprogramswheretheyhavedonejustthat—

instructedchildren,rehearsedthenamesandsoundsoverandover—the

resultsaredisappointing.Thewidelyacceptedexplanationisthatknowledge

ofthealphabetforittoworkinhelpingonetoread,hastobedeeply

embeddedinthechild’smind.Thatcomesfromyearsofexposureand

familiaritywithletters,frombeingreadto,fromplayingwithmagnetic

letters,drawingandfiddlingwithcomputers.

Soparentscandosomethingstohelp,althoughmanydothesethings

spontaneously.Insteadofreadingastorystraightthrough,thereadershould

pauseeverysooftenandaskquestionsbutnotquestionswhichcanbe

answeredbyayesorno.Extendtheiranswers,suggestalternative

possibilitiesandposeprogressivelymorechallengingquestions.

Andwitharithmeticdonotexplicitlysitdownandteachchildr