初中英語語法講義：句子結(jié)構(gòu)

語法：句子結(jié)構(gòu)

課題：初中英語中的句子結(jié)構(gòu)

重點：句子的結(jié)構(gòu)成分

難點：分析并列句和復(fù)合句中的各個成分

一、以練習導(dǎo)入課

[Practice]引導(dǎo)學生自己解釋所考知識點

1、---Excuseme,couldyoutellme?

——Itwillleaveat4:00p.m.

A.howwillyougotoShanghaiB.howyouwillgotoShanghai

C.whenwillthebusleaveforShanghaiD.whenthebuswillleaveforShanghai

2.Couldyoutellme?

A.whatisyourjobB.whatyourjobis

C.yourjobiswhatD.whatwasyourjob

3.---Couldyoutellushowlong?---Aboutthreeyears.

A.doesthesportsmeetinglastB.thesportsmeetingwilllast

C.thesportsmeetinglastD.willthesportsmeetinglast

4.I'mnotsureMrWangiscomingornot.

A.thatB.aboutC.ofD.whether

5.-Idon'tknowhewillcometomorrow.

--Don'tworry.hecomes,Filletyouknow.

A.whether;IfB.if;WhetherC.when;WhetherD.that;If

6.Janedidn'tgotoschooltoday,butnooneknew.

A.whathadhappenedtoherB.whathashappenedtoher

C.whatsthematterwithherD.howwasshe

7.1don'tmindtheywillcome.

A.ifornotB.whethernornotC.whetherornoD.iforno

總結(jié)：

[Studentcansumuptheknowledgepoints]簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句

1）簡單句：只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）。

2）并列句：相互之間沒有從屬關(guān)系，是平行并列的關(guān)系。它們之間用連詞連結(jié)。

【句型】簡單句+并列連詞+簡單句

【分類】1、連接兩個同等概念，常用and,notonly...butalso...,neither...nor...,then等連接。

e.g.Theteacher9snameisSmith,andthestudent'snameisJohn.

2、表選擇，常用的連詞有or,either…or...,otherwise等。

e.g.Hurryup,oryou'llmissthetrain.

3、表轉(zhuǎn)折,常用的連詞有but,still,yet,while,when等。

e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyand

interesting.

4、表因果，常用的連詞有so,for,since,because,becauseof，as等。

e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.

3）復(fù)合句：主句+從句。即含有一個或一個以上從句的句子

從句包括名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句等。

【句型】主句+連詞+從句；或連詞+從句+主句

e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.

二、本節(jié)課知識講解

句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)（5種）

1）主語+謂語（S+V）

2）主語+連系動詞+表語（S+L+P）

3）主語+謂語+賓語（S+V+O）

4）主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語（S+V+IO+DO）

5）主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補語（S+V+O+C）

【句子成分】包括：主語、謂語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語、賓語補足語、同位語和插入語。即：

（定語）主語（同位語）+（狀語）謂語+（定語）賓道（同位語）+（賓補）（狀語）

（一）主語（Subject）：一般位于句首，在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當主語不疑問詞時）和倒裝句中，位

于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后，由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表

示。例如：

1.Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.

2,WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.

3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.

4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.

5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.

6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.

7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.

8.1tisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.

（二）謂語：謂語一般是動詞、動詞短語以及復(fù)合動詞

1）回顧動詞分類：（引導(dǎo)學生自己總結(jié)）

助動詞

情態(tài)動詞

實義動詞

系動詞（be動詞）

2）謂語與主語在人稱與數(shù)方面要保持一致。

（三）表語（Predicative）說明主語性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，位于系動詞（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,

seem等）之后。由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語及表語從句表

示。例如：

l.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.

2.1sityours?

3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.

4.Thespeechisexciting.

5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?

6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.

7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.

8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.

9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.

10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.

1）狀態(tài)系動詞用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞

2）持續(xù)系動詞表示繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand

3）表像系動詞用來表示“看起來像”這一概念，主要有seem,appear,look

4）感官系動詞主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,

5）變化系動詞表示主語變成什么樣，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run

6）終止系動詞表示主語已終止動作，主要有prove,turnout,表達”結(jié)果是;證明是"

（四）賓語（Object）表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如：

l.Heisdoinghishomework.

2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.

3,Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.

4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.

5.Hepretendednottoseeme.

6.1enjoylisteningtopopularmusic.

7.1think（that）heisfitforhisoffice.

賓語種類：

（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.

To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，

例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.

For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，

例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.

（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補）,例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.

接不定式做賓語：ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,

offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等

接動名詞做賓語：admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,Hnish,imagine,mind,practise,

suggest等

既接不定式，也接動名詞做賓語：mean,stop,try,remember,forget,regret等。

（五）賓語補足語（ObjectComplement）,用于補充說明賓語的動作，一般位于賓語之后，賓語與賓語補

足語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。需接復(fù)合賓語的動詞有：tell,let,help,teach,ask,see,have,order,make

等。“賓補”一般可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。例如：

l.HisfathernamedhimXiaoming.

2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.

3.Letthefreshairin.

4.Youmustn'tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.

5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.

6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.

7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.

（六）修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語（Attribute）。

定語可由以下等成分表示：

1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容詞）

2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分詞）

3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（名詞）

4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代詞）

5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短語）

6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（動名詞）

7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介詞短語）

8.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.（定語從句）

（七）修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語（Adverbial）。

可由以下形式表示：

1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.

2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.

3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.

4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.

5.Waitaminute.

6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.

9種狀語種類如下：

1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?

2.Lastnightshedidn'tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.

3.1shallgothereifitdoesn'train.

4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.

5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.

Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.

6.1nordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.

7.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.

8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.

9.1amtallerthanheis.

(A)同位語(Appositive)對前面的名詞或代詞做進一步的解釋，通常由名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔任，

如：ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.

(九)插入語(Parenthesis)對一句話做一些附加的解釋，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe一)

等，如：Tobefrank,Idon'tquiteagreewithyou.

【鞏固練習】

()1.willleaveforBeijing.

A.NowtherethemanB.Themanherenow

C.ThemanwhoisherenowD.Themanisherenow

()2.Theweather.

A.wetandcoldB.iswetandcoldC.notwetandcoldD.werewetandcold

()3.Theappletasted.

A.sweetsB.sweetlyC.nicelyD.sweet

()4.Hegotupyesterdaymorning.

A.latelyB.lateC.latestD.latter

()5.Theactorattheageof70.

A.deadB.diedC.dyedD.dying

()6.wereallverytired,butnoneofwouldstoptotakearest.

A.We,usB.Us,weC.We,ourD.We,we

()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch.

A.crowdB.crowdingC.crowdedD.crowdedly

()8.1thinknecessarytolearnEnglishwell.

A.itsB.itC.thatD.thatis

()9.Thedogmad.

A.looksB.islookedC.isbeinglookedD.waslooked

()10.1willneverforgetthedayIjoinedthearmy.

A.thatB.whenC.inwhichD.Where

【總結(jié)】

句子成分意義充當詞類例句

主語表示句子說的是什么人家什么名，代，數(shù)，不定WestudyinHuangQiaoMiddle

事式，動名詞，短語或Sch<MiL

句子

謂語說明主語做什么，是什么或怎動詞詞組Sheisdandngunderthetree.

么樣

賓語表示動作行為的對象同主語BothofuslikeEnglish.

表語與聯(lián)系動詞連用，一起構(gòu)成謂同主語Herfatho-isadienist

語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或特征Hiswordssoundreasonable.

定語用來修飾名詞或代詞形，代，數(shù)，名，Wehavelessonseveryday.

副，介詞姮語或句子

狀語修飾動詞，形容同，副詞，表副詞，介詞短語或句Heworksveryhard.

示動作發(fā)生的時間，地點，原子TheytuMapartyinHoliywood.

因，目的，方式，結(jié)果等

賓語蚪上與賓語是主調(diào)關(guān)系形容詞，名詞，介同Shealwayskeqpsthehouse

補足語短語等dean.

主語謂語是基砒，賓表定狀補輔助。賓主來自名代數(shù)，動詞作謂不可無！

【課后作業(yè)】

1、--Willyoupleasegivethedictionarytojane?

——Sure,PHgiveittohershearriveshere.

A.beforeB.untilC.becauseD.assoonas

2、Asweallknow,plantingtreesisgoodfortheenvironment.OurclasswillgototheSunislandtomorrow.As

soonaswethere,wellbegintoplanttrees.

A.arrivedB.arriveC.arrivesD.isarriving

3、Myfatherwaspreparingforhisspeechmymotherwasdoingsomewashinglastnight.

A.ifB.whileC.unlessD.until

4、You'dbettertakethemapwithyouyouwon*tgetlost.

A.aslongasB.assoonasC.nowthatD.sothat

5、I'msorrytohaveyouwaitingsolongforMarcia,andI'mafraiditllbetenminutes_shecomesback.

A上eforeB.afterC.untilD.assoonas

6、Theoldmanaskedthegirltotakeanotherseathewantedtositnexttohiswife.

A.becauseB.sothatC.soD.when

7、yougo,youcanalwaysgethelpfromothers.

A.WhereverB.WhereC.WhenD.If

8、mymotherwasill,Ishoulddosomethingforher.

A.SoB.ThoughC.SinceD.Assoonas

9、Youwon'tpassexamsyouworkharder.

A.whenB.ifC.unlessD.after

10、Footballisanicesportalmosteveryoneintheworldenjoysitverymuch.A.so;that

B.such;asC.so;asD.such;that

11、YouarefromtheUK,butIthoughtyouAmerican.

A.areB.havebeenC.wereD.hadbeen

12>Lileimadeterriblemistakethatallofusweresurprised.

A.soaB.suchtheC.sotheD.sucha

13、Youmustleaveherenowyourmothercangetsomemorerest.

1.thoughB.soC.sothatD.because

14、Therearemanyfamouspicturesinthisroominthatroom.

A.as;asB.so;thatC.so;as