淺談關(guān)聯(lián)方交易信息披露規(guī)范【外文翻譯】

Atpresent,therelatedpartytransactionsoflistedcompaniesiswidespread,manylistedcompanyhasbecomeanimportantpartofbusinessactivitierelatedpartytransactionsareneutralareasoftheeconomy,marketbehaviorisneithersimple,nor"blackbox"trading.Itsmainroleistoofcapitaloperation.However,becausethepurposeofrelatedpartytransactionsandformsthemainbodybythemicro-economiccontrol,soinpractice,manylistedcompanies,relatedpartytransacticonditions,butcontrolledbylargeshareholders.Particuregulationsarenotperfect,assessmentandauditingroleofintermediarieshasnotbeenfullyplayed,accountingpractitionersarenothighqualitycase,relatedpartytransactionseveneasiertobecomepartoftheadjustmentofprofitsoflistedcompanies,themeanstoevadetax.Thisresultedinvaryingdegreesofdistortionofaccountinginformationandmisleadinginvestorsinvestmentdecisions.First,theexistenceofrelatedpartytransactionsinquestionimage,toappeasethecreditors,incentivesofinvestors.Obviouslyunfairrelatedpartyinflatedprofits.Iflistedcompanieswellbelowthemarketpriceofrawmaterialspriceofthesaletorelatedparties,thelowprices,thentheoperatingresultsoflistedcompaniestograduallyregulation.Assetsbetweenrelatedparties,theperformanceintheformofunequalcompaniesandlistedcompaniesornon-performingassetsofnon-performingassetsoflistedcompaniesandrelateddebtequaltotheremarketpricemuchhigherthanthesaleofbadassetstorelatedpartiesinordertoobtainsignificantdisposalgains.2.Shifttheburdenofdebtandcosts.Betweenrelatheotherpartytopaythepurchaseprice;③paytheotherparty;④otherwisetheotherpartytoincurobligationsandcosts.3.Transferoffunds.Bylistedcompaniesareoftenhigherorlowerthanthemarketprice,sellinggoodstopurposeoftransferoffunds.Inaddition,listedcompaniesandfinancialexchangeseachotherbetweentheactsnotpermittedbytheregutransactionsandtheldistinguishbetween,andthemethodwasnotresponsibleforthepublic.4.Reducethetaxburden.Reducethetaxburdenthroughrelatedpartytransactions,themaintwothings:First,theprofitsofprofit-makingenterpriseswillbetransferredtotheloss-makingentegroup;secondistheuseofdifferententerprisesindifferentregionsandtaxincentivestaxprovisionsofthedifference,theprofitsSecond,thelimitationsoftherelevantlawsandregulationsbinding1.Difficulttocontroltherelatedpartyrelationshipbetweenthebehaviorofnon-associated.Inordertotrulyreflecttheeconomicsubstanceofrelatedpartytransactions,promulgatedthe"saleofassetsbetweenrelatedparties,suchasthecompaniesandtransactionsbetweenrelatedparties,ifthereisnoconthatthetransactionpriceisfair,ontheobviouslyunfairtradingpriceofparts,shallbewithandThispartofthedifferencemaynoupthelosses.AstheInterimProregulate,resultinginanumberoflistedcompaniesbyvariousmeans,theassociationofnon-relatedpartyrelationship,sothattheoriginalrevenuefromrelatedpartiesintofromnon-affiliatedparties,toachievethemanipulationofprofitpurposes.Inaddition,listedcompanieswillbenon-associationofrelatedpartyrelationshipssincethenreplacementofnon-monetaryassets,monetarytransactions:thefirstnon-correlationofrelatedpartyrelationship,thenanon-monetaryassetexchangetransactions,asthetwodocumentmonetarytransactionprocessing,assetreplacementsbusinessintoasaleofassetsandacquiredassetsofthetwodocumetransactions"constraints,toincreasethecompany'spr2.Relationshipbetweenrelatedpartiesnarrowthescopeoftheprovisions."EnterpriseAccountingStandards-relatedpartyjudgetherelationshipbetweenrelatedparties,namely:directorindirectcontrol,jointisnotinfactbelongtotherelationshionlyinprinciplerequirements,butnospecificrequirements.Definethescopeofrelatedpartyrelationshipstoonarrowforthelistedcompthroughrelatedpartytransaction3.Pricingpoliciesonrelatedpartytransactiondisclosurerequirementsistoosimple."AccountingStandardsforEnterprises-relatedpartyrelationshipsandtherelatedpartytransactionspricingpolicyasoneelementoftheirtransactionstobedisclosed.However,thescopeofthepricingpolicy,towhichpricingpoliciescanbeused,differentpricingpoliciesapplytowhichtypesoftransactions,etc.,nottomakeprovision.Currently,listedcompaniestodisclosetherelatedpartytransactionpricpoliciesvaried,suchastheex-factoryprice,priceagreements,plansprice,contractprice,thewholesalepricesothechoiceofpricingpoliciesarealsohighlanddidnotexplainthepricingbasis,withnon-associatedpartytransactionsareconsistentpricingpoliciesandtheamountofWenTithedifference,thpublicright,"AccountingStandards-RelatedPartyRelationshipsandTransactionsdisclosure"disclosurerequirementwidelyque4.Disclosureofinformationonirregularlackofeffectivemonitoring.Currently,therearemoreproblems:first,incompletedisclosureofrelatedpartyrelationships.shareholderstobedisclosedasrelatedparty.Majorindividualinvestors,managementpersonnelandtheirclosefamilymembersandotherrelatedparties,disclosedlittle.Secondisthetypeofrelatedpartytransactionsdonotgrasptheaccuratedisclosureisnotsufficient.Betweenrelatedpartiessuchasthmortgageasacontingpersonnelcompensation,transferandotherreceivables,thebasicnon-disclosure.Disclosureofrelatedpartytransactionsstatementistoogeneral,thecurrentfocusondisclosureofrelatedpartytransactionsformalargeextentthedisclosure,anditseconomicsubstance,therationalebehind,theproductionoperationofthepartiestothetransactionandtheextentofcurrentperformanceofthesubstancedidnotmakedisclosure.Third,thedisclosureofrelatedpartytransactionsambiguouscontent,suchasthetypeoftransaction,thetransactionelementsofthedisclosure,orunderstatement,orincomplete,sothatuserthis,yetthelackofrelevantrulesandregulationstoregulateandcontrol.Third,disclosureofrelatedpartytransactionsonthenormativeSuggestionsdisclosethecontentsoftherelatedpartytransactionsshouldhavethepowertogovernmentregulation,industryself-disciplineandsocialsupervisionTrinityregulatoryframework.Informationdisclosureinthesecuritiesmarketregulatthesametimeimprovetheabilityofgovernmentregulation.Governmentregulation2.Establishandimprovelawsandregulationssafeguardingthinvestorsinthesystem.Forrelatedpartytransactionsduetotheunfairresultofshareholderinterestsareinfringedupon,relevantlawsandregulationsshouldbeappropriateprovisionstoprotectvictims,punishtheaggressor.establishacompleterangeofcivil,criminalandadministrativeliability,includingmulti-levelinformationdisclosureregulatoryregime,ainformationdisclosurepractices.Fromthelegislativepointofview,togivesmallaskthecourttorejecttheshareholdermeeting,BoardofDirectorsthepowersof3.Expandthescopeofrelatedpartyrelationships.Whetheranassociationpartyrelations,Inadditiontotheaccountingstandardsoftheprovisions,indirectcommonwith."InternationalAccountingStandardsNo.24-therevealoftherelatedparties",theindirectjointcontrolorsignificantinfluenceindirectly,andwithucontrolbetweentwoormoreparties,areconsideredrel4.Increasedisclosureofthecontentsoftherelatedpartytransactions.Operatingperformanceoflistedcompanieshaveasignificantimpactrelatedpatheextentofitsinfluence;involvingthetransferofassets,mutualfunds,suchasguaranteesandcollateralinformation,regardlessoftheirtheamountofsize,shouldbefullydisclosed;ontherelationshipbetwee5.Standardpricingpoliciesrelatedpartytransactions.Resourbetweenrelatedpartiesofthetransferpriceisthekeytounderstandtherelatedpartytransactions.However,as"EnterpriseAccountingrelationshipsandtransactionsdisclosedin"Relapricingpolicy,whichledtothepricingpoliciesoflistedcompaniestodisclosehighlyirregular.Inmyopinion,canlearnfromthepracticestandards,tomakeprovisionforthis,suchasthewidelycomparableuncontrolledprice,resaleprice,costplusprofitprice.6.Studyabroadandlearnfromthedisclosurerequirementsofrelatedpartytransactions.Ifsomecountriesrequirelistedcompaniestodiscloserelatedpartytransactionsoutstandingamountofthesettlementperiodandmannerofseniorstafforjointventurereceivableandnotesreceivable,withjointventures,directorsandotherrelated-partyreceivables,payables,directorandCEOinthebalancesheetofthecommitments.Somecountriesalsorequirelistedcompaniesontheamountofrelatedpartytransactionsinlargeamountsinthebalancesheetdisclosureoftransactionswithrelatedpartiesaredisclosedintheincome7.Increasedisclosureofrelatedpartytransactionsviolationpenalties.Forlistedcompaniestomanipulationrelatedpartytransactions,accountingstatementsortoglossovercertainrelinformationordistortthebehavioroftheappropriatepunishmentshouldbetodeveloprulesandincreasepenalties.Inaddition,irregularitiesoflistedcompanies,listedcompaniesmustnotonlypunish,bucompaniesbeheldresponsibleSource:K.C.JohnWei.Tunnelingorpropping:EvidencefromconnectransactionsinChina[J].JournalofAccountingandEconomics,2006(5):26-34.目前，上市公司的關(guān)聯(lián)交易十分普遍，很多上市公司關(guān)聯(lián)交易已成為企業(yè)活動(dòng)的重要組成部分。從理論上講，關(guān)聯(lián)方交易是中立的經(jīng)濟(jì)，市場行為既不簡單也不是“黑箱”交易。其主要作用是能充分利用內(nèi)部資源，降低交易成本，提高濟(jì)的主體構(gòu)成。在實(shí)踐中，在自由競爭在市場狀況的影響下，許多上市公司關(guān)聯(lián)交易不是，而是受大股東控制。特別是在法律法規(guī)不健全，評估和審計(jì)中介機(jī)構(gòu)的作用沒有得到充分發(fā)揮，會計(jì)從業(yè)人員素質(zhì)不高的情況下，關(guān)聯(lián)方交易更容易成為一部分上市公司的利潤調(diào)整和避稅手段。這導(dǎo)致了不同的會計(jì)信息，誤導(dǎo)投首先，關(guān)聯(lián)方交易存在的問題雖然某些關(guān)聯(lián)方交易是公開進(jìn)行，但在很多情況下關(guān)聯(lián)方交易不是在公平公正的基礎(chǔ)，掩飾其財(cái)務(wù)狀況和經(jīng)營成果，達(dá)到樹立良好的企業(yè)形象、安撫債權(quán)人以及獲得投資者的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的目的。顯失公平的關(guān)聯(lián)交易，主要有以下幾個(gè)方面：1、調(diào)整利潤。①轉(zhuǎn)移定價(jià)和虛假銷售及虛增利潤。如果上市公司向關(guān)聯(lián)方起來。②通過資產(chǎn)置換調(diào)節(jié)利潤。關(guān)聯(lián)方之間的資產(chǎn)進(jìn)行不等價(jià)交換：關(guān)聯(lián)方來低價(jià)購買上市公司優(yōu)質(zhì)資產(chǎn)或不等價(jià)交換不良資產(chǎn)；去除兩種不良資產(chǎn)的上市公司關(guān)聯(lián)方債務(wù)，降低財(cái)務(wù)成本，提高盈利能力；上市公司的不良資產(chǎn)以遠(yuǎn)高于市場價(jià)格出售給關(guān)聯(lián)方，獲得更高的顯著出售收益。2、轉(zhuǎn)移債務(wù)和費(fèi)用負(fù)擔(dān)。關(guān)聯(lián)方之間承擔(dān)債務(wù)和費(fèi)用，主要有以下幾種形式：①償還對方債務(wù)；②支付對方貨款；③支付另一方費(fèi)用；④為另一方承擔(dān)義3、轉(zhuǎn)移資金。上市公司往往以高于或低于市場價(jià)格，向關(guān)聯(lián)方銷售貨物或提供服務(wù)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)資金轉(zhuǎn)移的目的。此外，上市公司及關(guān)聯(lián)方資金往來和貸款相當(dāng)普遍。雖然各企業(yè)之間的借貸行為，由其他法規(guī)允許的，但關(guān)聯(lián)方交易及貸款資金往來是很難嚴(yán)格區(qū)分的，且該方法不對公眾負(fù)責(zé)。4、減輕稅收負(fù)擔(dān)。利用關(guān)聯(lián)方交易減少稅收負(fù)擔(dān)，主要有兩種情況：第一，盈利企業(yè)的利潤將被轉(zhuǎn)移到虧損企業(yè)，盡量減少對整個(gè)集團(tuán)的稅收負(fù)擔(dān)。二是不同的企業(yè)使用不同的地區(qū)的稅收優(yōu)惠規(guī)定，對關(guān)聯(lián)方的利潤實(shí)行低稅甚至更優(yōu)惠其次，有關(guān)法律法規(guī)的限制1、難以控制非關(guān)聯(lián)方關(guān)系行為。為了真正反映關(guān)聯(lián)方交易的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)質(zhì)，頒布了“關(guān)聯(lián)方之間對資產(chǎn)出售會計(jì)處理暫行規(guī)定”。核心內(nèi)容是：上市公司關(guān)聯(lián)方交易如果沒有確鑿的證據(jù)證明交易價(jià)格是公平的，對部分明顯不公平的交易價(jià)格應(yīng)允許被確認(rèn)為當(dāng)期損益，作為資本公積處理的存在，這部分差額不得用于增加資本或彌補(bǔ)損失。由于非關(guān)聯(lián)方交易的暫行規(guī)定是不完善的。上市公司通過各種途徑如通過非關(guān)聯(lián)方關(guān)系使從原來的關(guān)聯(lián)方收入轉(zhuǎn)到非關(guān)聯(lián)方，實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤操縱的目的。此外，上市公司將非關(guān)聯(lián)方關(guān)系的非貨幣性資產(chǎn)和貨幣性交易更換。2、關(guān)聯(lián)方關(guān)系的規(guī)定范圍太小。判斷關(guān)聯(lián)方之間的關(guān)系標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：直接或間接控制，共同控制或有直接的重大影響；兩個(gè)或多方控制。但間接共同控制，重大的間接影響，共同控制下的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上當(dāng)事人不作為關(guān)聯(lián)方的會計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。上市公司利用關(guān)聯(lián)方關(guān)系定義的范圍窄操縱利潤。3、關(guān)聯(lián)方交易的披露要求的定價(jià)政策太簡單。要求上市公司在財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表附注，關(guān)聯(lián)方交易的定價(jià)政策予以披露。然而，對定價(jià)政策的范圍、不同的定價(jià)政策適用于哪些類型的交易等不作規(guī)定。目前，對定價(jià)政策的選擇也極不規(guī)范，并沒有解釋定價(jià)。4、信息披露缺乏有效的監(jiān)督。目前，上市公司披露關(guān)聯(lián)方關(guān)系及其交易有很多的問題：第一，不完整披露關(guān)聯(lián)方關(guān)系。許多上市公司都沒有對