改寫步驟和技巧

Academic

EnglishWritingWeek

2:plagiarism

¶phrase1.What

is

plagiarism?Plagiarism

means

taking

ideas

or(

w

m

t

i

ingauthor.evottuentwithledgesourceoaacknfromcreditwordsPlagiarism□

Plagiarismis

wronglyusing

someone

else'swordsor

ideas,and

it

is

aserious

offense.Students

who

plagiarize

may

fail

aclass

or

even

be

expelled

from

school.Two

kinds

of

plagiarism.1.

Usinginformationfrom

an

outsidesource

without

citing

the

source2.

When

paraphrase

is

too

similar

to

theOriginalTh

e

l

dents

face

isci

wex

ts

t

a

thegiving

citationsd

c

eto

i

r

nt

nconclusionsalwnoigirorheiowintheideasomethesandxplainseortobydct-reasuhavonheyrteapthalhopsnoitr)p(a:uedstttcaehptextyarefficuydithainatmtheReasonswhystudentsmustavoid

plagiarism:

dp

ut

will

not·ownhersroop

yoork

ofgelwnvnditdheestanoguryiey

t

t

y

rstyenihutcomtanceacadeou

uthehafwooleoruT●Plagiarism

is

easily

detected

by·

teachers

and

computer

softwareIht

a

i

lteoa

dle

nll

g

course

or

eveneacoailiefavtonavm2.Acknowledging

sources

kon

wal

on

de

the

correct

ri(ye2l

0

a

t

ysmodernQu

ding

a

Sm

e

point

is

not

thatdth

v

in

wreft

sb

f

s(Smith,2009:103)rtoweatipthoutormreatg

neis

inopateeseeThtionh:itaitcodtnrnooctiAcotawahenehaionttntr

imscioweclaid9ads0stS:igetoaTAuthorDateTitlePlace

ofpublicationPublisherSmith,M.2009Power

and

the

StateBasingstoPalgravekeMacmillanThe

in-text

citations

are

linked

to

a

list

ofreferences

at

the

end

of

the

main

text,which

includes

the

following

details:3.Degreesof

plagiarism

i

,act

cide

ifthey

are

plagiarism.dehedtions

anonsideracademicsituwitha

partnerggnnfollowWorkisituationCopyinga

paragraph,butand

giving

a

citation.Cuttingandpastingawith

no

citation.Takingtwo

paragraphswithout

citation.changing

a

fewshortarticlefromfrom

aclassmate'swordswebsite,essay,Yes/noYes123Decidewhichare

plagiarizedandwhichareacceptable,andgivereasons.

o

,

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u

eci

lel

zyin

1k8n

7;

st

fe

th

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ail

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iarpw0eil0ivain5Lr4femscterroeevfilreerelinezenewothemthereof

tha

fewfeon

capital

sunk

in

the

British

railways

was

a

mere

3.7

pereFn

om

The

Age

of

Revolution

by

Eric

Hobsbawn,1995,p.45)rt.(a)Between1830and

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1835-7and

1844-7.It

is

hardtounderstand

thereasonfor

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at

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5)4r5:to199vesawmthe

isobtoeHblisofrrppeetrnoemohsummoefrerwthsnwailhatr(c)AsHobsbawn(1995)argues,

i

l:`b

e

i

i

t

fe

srailwayswere

much

more

profitable

to

thewwacafaannmecausrailwayrrationath-centuryinlyeeartnetpninvestor

than

other

forms

of

enterprise,mostyielded

quite

modest

profits

andmanynoneatall:in

1855

the

averageintereston

capital

sunk

in

the

British

olwbasybsa

,

9

:

5

.7

per

cent.')34re5e9m1awmwasHai

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estmentaninverthebonansyultdreheetwyeth,isttowBrig7ise84ther1olmcuacphandolegyfo835-7asib'o(1lnnaespecmayostoo3r8perk1sortromnetwohfnatyat;taal1(i

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using

Britishtechnology.

hr,it

of

thhia

devb

el

pm

as

thatwedenclaioneemucHoweveirrational

because

few

railways

weremuch

more

profitableto

theinvestorthan

other

forms

of

enterprise;mostyielded

quitemodestprofitsandPlagiarized

or

acceptable?a】CdePlagiarized

or

acceptable?aacceptable…--acorrectlyreferencedsummarybplagiarised

--original

wording

with

minorchanges

to

word

orderCacceptable

--a

correctly

referencedquotationdtechnically

plagiarism--mistake

in

datemeansthe

citationisincorrecteplagiarised

--some

original

wording

andnocitation5.Avoiding

plagiarismby/

Plan

your

work

carefully

so

you

don't

haveMake

sure

your

in-text

citations

are

all

included

in

the

list

of

references.to

write

the

essay

at

the

last

minute.Take

care

to

make

notes

in

your

own

words,not

copying

from

the

source.Keep

a

record

of

all

the

sources

you

use

b.al

te,title,page

numbers,rdheor,sthiupu(e.gdeveloping

good

study

habits1.The

elements

of

effectiveparaphrasing□

Paraphrasing

attempts

to

restate

therelevantinformation.□

E.g.□

There

has

been

muchdebateaboutthereasonsfor

theindustrialor

Germany.revolutionhappening

ineighteenth-centuryBritain,ratherthan

in

FranceParaphrased

version:Why

the

industrial

revolution

occurredin

Britain

in

the

eighteenth

century,bj

ct

c

id

ntd,

us

.ioneensbischaserablecontineseonthofoneofsuadetethinsAn

effectivehas

a

diferentoriginal

hasmainlydifferentvocabulary>

Retainsthesame

meaningKeeps

some

phrases

from

theoriginal

that

are

in

common

use(e.g.'industrialrevolution'or'eighteenthcentury'paraphraseucureusually:hThree

keystowrite

a

goodparaphrase□

1.Use

your

ownwords

andyour

ownsentence

structure.3.Do

not

change

the

meaning

oftheOriginal.2.Make

your

paraphraseapproximately

the

same

length

as

theoriginal.Fivestepstowritea

good

paraphraseStep

1Readtheoriginal

passageseveral

times

until

you

understand

itfully.

Lookupunfamiliarwords,andpo

lney

fin

rsy

s

y

notformamItnym.nothedfotomsssibsynobfievery

word,especially

technicalvocabulary.In

this

case,use

theoriginalword.Ste

o

nIto

elylpsa

oe

ords

fn

a

iteor

eotes.wkewtanhw2idea—notcompletesentences.

i

te-andnicaderstmmunoucoottcultuseffeilyebut

somanLanguage-p

nnt

rnaa

ioot

lr

rsal:ereasonsish-univgelegueola—naheee

eu

coesridtnnobetweeeconominguraltc

aaysbt

eh

olpll

i

a

brief

outlineA.language—peopleuse

to

communicate1.so

many

languages

make

it

difficult

tounderstand

one

another.□

B.Reasons

c

l

l

s

betw

d

口enonebgcinmieeonofceral,etrettuBu21.ngtoowfulsuIt2.People

wish

for

one

universalinternationallanguage.Step

3

Write

your

paraphrase

from

your

notes.Don'tlookat

the

original

while

you

arewriting.

Streaoethee

thastrucve

nagaillm,emaankinegsoufrespuasrreeanpytheornuacseheaheathkeurnged

tlAabryovoeretcokmyaoncolotscehlya.eovpori4cgaiCnbahulgiven

any

wrong

information.Step

5.Add

an

in-text

citation

at

theend.

info

d

ndo

e

lnpdu

iallu

t

rg

mf

mw

kael

r

ysaws'coorroeytietnaethbuAtghoniiwasrevotrostf

tmariginmaoeUKonthecu