計(jì)算機(jī)概論課件

http://bb.nctu.edu.tw/

蔡文能

tsaiwn@csie.nctu.edu.tw

交通大擘^^工程擘系

tt算檄概的概it

BasicComputerConcept

Hardware,Software,Algorithm

Wen-NungTsai

tsaiwn@.tw

tsaiwn@.tw

2

Agenda

■ait?^B?tt算檄概1命的概it

■資君凡素餐(甯月譽(yù)常言戰(zhàn))？BCC?(BasicComputerConcept)

■重月譽(yù)IS史ComputingHistory

-史上第一部大型重月窗ENIAC

ElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndCalculator

^生於63年前的情人^：1946-02-14

■彳復(fù)月您筋的II字/吾(Acronym)

■重月譽(yù)如何表示資料：也可以很有趣?

■重月第硬If?軟醴？作渠系統(tǒng)？演算法？…

唁十概到底^些什麼.?.？…?

交大資工蔡文能^概3

I概^??

*十算檄概得病擘啥碗糕？

■II得懂別人蓋--篇以彳爰阜蟄甫路…

■可以蓋別人-助人篇快架之本⑥

交大資工蔡文能^概4

資1凡素餐？

■重月窗？SM字^(Acronym)?

■Internet是什麼?WWW是啥？

■Y2K困Year2000,Y2k38(2038)?

■贏病毒？(害人篇快架之本?)

■用亥客入侵？

■DoS(DenyaIofService)?

■加密解密？數(shù)位筵章？CA，匿登？GCA?

交大資工蔡文能^概5

(1/10)

ComputingHistory重月像屐史

?0:BC500:abacus,1625:sliderule,byWilliamOughtred

*e*H?V*******MBM*r?

1642:Pascal'saddingmachine,byBlaisePascal

交大—十概器可以"做事

6

ComputingHistory(2/10)

?0比Generation:匯/3年德閾(JoinedLeibniz裂造了一

部半彳固乘法器stepreckoner;1694年GottfriedLeibniz把

巴斯卡的Pascaline改良，裂造了一部可以做任何乘法的

檄器

StepReckoner

萊布尼茲(Leibniz)

交大資工蔡文能^概

ComputingHistory(3/10)

?1801年Jacquard凌明系哉布械(Loom)

Jacquard'sLoom

交大資工蔡文能^概8

ComputingHistory(4/10)

??1822年巴賓基CharlesBabbage裝造差分檄①ifiference

Engine)°

?1833年巴賓基始十分析械(AnalyticalEngine)，由於

分析檄有現(xiàn)代重月窗的基本元件，所以巴賓基被耦舄「重

月您之父

?1842年AugustaAdaByron,CountessofLovelaceJE

LuigiMenabrea有屬另分析檄的小冊子加上自己的君主解,

成卷弟一彳固程式等殳三十員(programmer)—程式善殳言十員

之

交大資工蔡文能AnalyticalEngine

ComputingHistory(5/10)

?1890年TabulatingMachine,byHermanHollerith°

-1896年HermanHollerith成立了TabulatingMachineCompany

-1911年和數(shù)家公司合彳并成Computing-Tabulating-RecordingCompany

.1924年公司的余鬻基理ThomasJ.Watson改公司名篇IBM

(InternationalBusinessMachinesCorporation)

交大資工蔡文能^概HollerithsTabulatingMachine10

MarkI,1944atHarvardUniversity

重力檄械式^算械,完成接就謾日寺了③

交大資工蔡文能^概U

ComputingHistory(7/10)

?1stGeneration:Vacuumtubes

I-1941:ABC,

-1946/2/14:ENIAC

“AcomputerliketheENIACisequippedwith

18,000vacuumtubes(真空管)andweighs30

tons,computersinthefuturemayhaveonly

|l,000vacuumtubesandweighonly11/2tons."

??-PopularMechanics,1949edition.

交大資工蔡文能^概12

ComputingHistory(8/10)

?2ndGeneration:Transistor

?1947WilliamShockleyofBellLabsinventsfirsttransistor

?1948patenton1sttransistorbyWilliamShockley

?1948/1IBMmakesits1stcomputer

?1952IBMproducesIBM701,1stelectronicstoredprogramcomputer

?1954IBM650,machinelanguage+assemblylanguage,thereisnoOS.

J1954BellLabsconstructsanalltransistorcomputer

1947/12/23:first

Point-contacttransistor-

交大資工蔡文能^概13

ComputingHistory(9/10)

?3rdGeneration:IC=IntegratedCircuit

Il958JackKilbyofTexasInstrumentsandRobertNoyceofFairchild

Semiconductorindependentlyinvent1stintegratedcircuit

?1963DECproducesPDP-8,1stcomputertouseintegratedcircuit

?1964IBMSystem/360

?1968RobertNoyce,inventorof1stintegratedcircuit,leavesFairchild

SemiconductortostartownbusinesscalledINTEL

TfsfirstIC

交大資工蔡文能^概

ComputingHistory(10/10)

?4-thGeneration:VLSI,ULSI

5-thGeneration???

eScaleIc=LSI

?VeryLargeScaleIc=VLSI

?UltraLargeScaleIc=ULSI

ThePentium,introducedinlate1993,

contained3.1milliontransistorsand

initiallyranat60MH乙

交大資工蔡文能^概

http:〃/~andr

ius/work/microproc/

970WeHeleasesDRAMmemorychip

■Intel4004(1971)i

1MHz,45instructions

=2300transistors

■1972Intel8008

■1974Intel8080,2-MHz|

■1974Motorola6800

■1975ZilogZ80,1976MOSTechnologies6502

■1978Intel8086,4.77MHz,29000transistors

■1979Intel8088

■1982Intel286,12MHz

■1985Intel386,first32-bitz25MhZ

交大資工蔡文能^概

http:"/sho

w/processors/35/2/

1989Intel486DX(with487),33MHz

1994AMD486

1993IntelPentium,60MHz

1995AMDAM5x86,133MHz

1995IntelPentiumPro

AdVMKCd

1995Cyrix6x86Mkr?

Ocvicc*

1996AMDK5

Am5x86'

1997PentiumMMX

■1997PentiumII,1998Celeron,1999

■2000CeleronII,PentiumIV,AMDDuron

■2003/03/12Intel@Centrino?(迅馳,171)

交大資工蔡文能^概17

BlaisePascal

■1623年6月19日出生於法閾克萊蒙特城

-13螂勺日寺候，被邀於加了米豳森妻娉小系且篦羲

■17蕨的日寺候，贊表了一篇著名的^文《圄椎截^福命》

■1642年贊明械械加法器Pascaline

■Pascaline檄械加法器1649年貍得了英閾皇家事利才瞿

■他做了50臺(tái)造槿械器，加且到虞宣僖檄械加法檄器的侵黑占，但道

槿曾做加法的檄器受到殿的抵制，沒有得到1W泛的鷹用。

■1646年他裝成了水金艮氟JEtf，接來又彝明了水IE檄。

■1653年贊表PascalTriangle巴斯卡三角形

■BlaisePascal在數(shù)擘領(lǐng)域也成就輝煌，他研究、代數(shù)，加

建立了檄率^道阜科；他逮首先定羲和使用了完整的數(shù)阜通帚納法。

■由於他新彝明的檄械加法器沒有得到人的稹趣回鷹，巴斯卡心灰意冷，

彳爰來迷^於神阜的研究。1662年8月19日，一代數(shù)擘、物理擘宗白幣巴斯

卡病逝，享年39蕨。熔迤他蘿想的“加法器”即被送迤了巴黎博物I?。

交大資工蔡文能^概18

ENIAQAnnouncedat1946/02/14

i.Hadover18,000vacuumtubes(17468actually)init.

2.Themostcomplexvacuum-tubemachineeverbuilt.

3.Occupieda50by30footroom(lz500squarefeet,

aboutthesizeofaclassroom).

4.Weighed30tons.

5.Required200KiloWattsofelectricity.

6.Hadaclockspeedof0.1MHz.(1024MHz=1GHz)

7.Took200microsecondstodoaddition.5000/sec

8.Took2.6millisecondstodomultiplication.350/sec

9.Wasdesignedtocalculateballistictrajectories.

■At11:45p.m.,October2,1955,withthepower

finallyshutoff,theENIACretired.

交大資工蔡文能^概19

|ENIAC

E■61年前的情人食節(jié)：1946-02-14

|■11生於美州大擘(UniversityofPennsylvania)

I■史上第一部大型重月窗ENIAC

ElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndComputer

By毛克里+J.PresperEckert

■Storedprogramconcept:JohnvonNeumann范^曼

|■ENIACpatent(U.S.#3,120,606),filed

■on1947/06/26

f■真的第一部數(shù)位重月留？馨邦法官^是ABC喔

fa■Atanasoff-BerryComputer

■■By(1941)

■AtIowa（愛渥莘）StateUniversity

交大資工蔡文能i+a20

ENIA(vs.

■是真的第一？

?1973/10/19-屣史上的一天？馨邦法院判決硅立

-史上第一部數(shù)位^^是ABC

■ABC-JohnAtanasoffandCliffordBerry(1941)

-史上第一部大型甯JIENIAC

■ENIAC-by+J.P.Eckert

(1946/02/14announced)

■At11:45p.m.,October2,1955,withthepower

finallyshutoff,theENIACretired

交大資工蔡文能^概21

httpi"/www?cs?iastate?edu/jva/]va-ardiive?shtml

?■On,USFederalJudge

EarlR.Larsonsignedhisdecision

followingalengthycourttrialwhich

declaredtheENIACpatentofMauchly

■andEckertinvalidandnamedAtanasoff

Itheinventoroftheelectronicdigital

computer-theAtanasoff-Berry

ComputerortheABC-.moreabo

JohnAtanasoff

交大資工蔡文能^概22

TheSuitregardingthepatent

■Inlate1966orearly1967,patentlawyer

CharlesG.Callwassummonedtotheoffice

ofseniorpartnerD.DennisAiiegrettiand

askedhimifhewouldbeinterestedontaking

acasewhichmighttaketenyearsofhistime.

Call,eagertodemonstratehistalents,

accepted』Aiiegrettiexp■ll?ythattneclient

wastheHoneywellCompanyof

Minneapolisandthecaseinvolveda

controversywiththeSperryRandCorporation

overwhatwascalledgenerally"theENIAC

PATENTS/1

交大資工蔡文能^概23

■InJanuary1968Atanasoffproceededwiththe

pretrialprojectofhavinghiselectronicsexperts

athisFrederick,Maryland,plantconstructa

replicaoftheprototypecomputerheandCliff

Berryhadconstructedmorethantwenty-five

yearsearlieratAtanasoff

wasexcitedabouttneprojectinwmcnhecould

establishclearlythatsketches,ideas,andplans

hehadmadeavailabletoMauchlyinJune1941

couldbeusedtoconstructaprototypeelectronic

Presentationofsuchamachine

incourtshould,withfinality,demolish1auch*s

contentionthathedidn'tanythingfromhis

examinationoftheAtanasoffBerryComputer,his

examinationoftheplans,orhisconversations

withAtanasofforCliffBerry.

交大資工蔡文能^概24

■Atanasofftestifiedthatby24March1939

hehadhisconceptsforanelectronicdigital

computerworkedoutonpaperandapproved

bythePhysicsDepartmentofIowa

StateCollegeforsubmissiontoIowaState

CollegeResearchCouncilwitharequestfor

researchfunds.HoneywelllawyerHalladay

submittedthe24March1939letteroftwo

pagesoftheDepartmentofPhysicsfor

identification,wasthenasked

toidentifyan18May1939letterfrom

ProfessorE.W-Lindstromnotifying

Atanasoffofthe$650researchgrantand

Atanasoffsreplythanking

ProfessorLinstrom,

交大資工蔡文能^概25

■InalettertohismeteorologistfriendH.Helms

Claytondated28June1941Mauchlyhadtoldof

nhistriptoIowaStateandhadexpressed

"enthusiasmoverthecomputingmachinehe

hadobserved.

■testifiedthathisfirstmeetingwith

MauchlywasattheAAAS(AmericanAssociationfor

theAdvancementofScience)inlateDecember1940,

andthendiscussedwithMauchlyinJanuary,

February,March,April,andMayof1941.

■asoffsaidandidentifieda35bookletwithagreen

coverdescribingtheAtanasoffBerryCompuconstructionand

conceptswithhand-sketcheddrawingshehadcompletedin

August1940."Hehadacopyofthisdocumentwhilehewas

visitingandaskedmeifhecouldtakeitbackwithhim.Itold

himIpreferredthathedidnotandhedidnottakeitback,to

thebestofmyknowledgeandbelief"

交大資工蔡文能^概26

ENIACInventors:

(left)Johir^rMauchlyfand

?(right)J.PresperEckert.

"1907/08/30-1980/01/08Mauchly

■1919/04/09-1995/06/03Eckert

Moore'sLawvs.Gilder'sLaw:

TheLastTwentyYearsDSuperc

Ethernet

MicroP

Storage

802.11

s

dCQZ

q

z

.E8

.pE

①

①

d

s

交大資工蔡文能ft概Source:GordonBell,MicrosoftResearch29

Moore'sLawvs.Gilder'sLaw

■「摩ft定律」(Moore'sLaw),英特U

(Intel)育f］勃辛人GordonMoore提出的，

根撼道修定律雷:子晶片(chips)慮理^

息的能力每隔十八彳固月就增加一倍。

■「吉豳德定律」(Gilder'sLaw)，指通

^系統(tǒng)的頻寬每十二彳固月便增加刖倍。

■「莫非定律?一Murphy'sLaw?⑥

交大資工蔡文能^概30

TheNextTwentyYearsfrom2000

一WiredEthernet-802.11

100000Microprocessorperformance

1)000&s

s

1000

.E①

100.E6

p①e

10①」

dlo

1ss

0.1

?武,圈獻(xiàn)於小T

交大資工蔡文能ft概Source:GordonBell,MicrosoftResearch31

By2009...(?)

■Almosteverythingw界beconnectedto

JheInternet

■Appliances,automobiles,personal

communicators,screens(largeandsmall),

evenyourwatch.

■3billionInternet-capablewirelessdevices

■TheInternetw川be:

■Telephone,answeringmachine,television,

radio,movietheatre,clock,store,cell

phone,pager,postoffice,mailbox,library,

securitysystem,gamingplatform,musical

instrument,learningcenter,storage

medium,andmuch,muchmore!

交大資工蔡文能^概32

?^月笛筋的(Acronym)

■ENIAC

lectronicumericalntegratorndomputer(alculator?)

?■IBM

elieveoney

■nternationaligouth(櫻櫻美代子)

■nternationalusinessachine

.■IDF.OOP

-IDon'tFly

^■1on'tightbjectrientedrogramming

L-IDoFlyfIDoFightOfficeOfPresident

■CShttp:〃.tw

(【)

'Computercience.QSeekYou

交大資工蔡文能-tteountertrikeIC33

DataStorage

■Acronym()revisited

■BIT(Binary頻)，GatesFlip-Flops(正反器)

■BYTE(BinarYTErm)-一群bit以表示一Character字符

■MainMemory

-CORE(磁蕊,王安公司)一翅意H(memory)的代名言司

■ROM(ReadOnlyMemory):

.MaskROM,PROMZEPROM,EEPROM,FLASH

■RAM(RandomAccessMemory)

.SRAM,DRAM(EDODRAM,SDRAM,DDRDRAM,RAMBUS)

■MassStorage:DRUM,MagneticDisk,CompactDisk,Magnetic

Tap,…?

■重月窗如何表示資料：存取、屋縮、停送

交大資工蔡文能^概34

Kilo,Mega,Giga,Tera

■=ilo=1000=~~1024=2的10次方

■=ega=illion1024*1024

■=iga1024*1024*1024

■=era1024*1024*1024*1024

例如g公斤，512MBytes,80GBHD

■=illi=1/1000例如mm毫米

■=icro=1/1000000例如

■=nano=1/1000,000,000十彳意分之一

■=gico=1/1000000000000兆分之一

交大資工蔡文能^概35

Core-byDr.AnWang

■1949/9AnWangfiledhispatentapplication

fora"PulseTransferControllingDevice.”

■HisPulseTransferControllingDeviceswere

minusculetoroidalcoilswithadonut-shaped

ferritecoremagnetizedinoneoftwopossible

directions:0or1,thebasicunitsofeverybit

ofinformationthatacomputerorelectronic

calculatorcanhandle.Itspermanentbut

controllablenaturemadethemtheideal

substratumtoholdthe"memory"requiredby

theemergingcalculatingelectronicdevices.

交大資工蔡文能^概36

Core-byDr.AnWang(cont)

■Sixyearslater,inMay17,1955,the

PatentOfficeissuedpatent2,708,722to

Dr.Wang.IttooklittletimeforIBM,a

companywithbigstakesonthefield,to

catchinterestonthisinvention,and

afterabitternegotiationIBMboughtthe

patent.

交大資工蔡文能^概37

IDataRepresentation

■01

■重月^如何信者存文字符虢(Character字

?符;字元)？

■雷如何信者存整數(shù)(Integer)?

「雷月輟如何借譽(yù)存(Realnumber;Float)?

L雷如何信者存倍型度^^(double)?

交大資工蔡文能^概38

二迤位也可以很有趣。

想一彳固0到63^的任一彳固數(shù)，不要告^我答案…

但是告常斥我有沒有在以下哪黑張卡片中？我可以很快找出來喔!

交大資工蔡文能^概39

二迤位也可以很有趣

32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,

40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,

48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,

56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63

交大資工蔡文能^概40

16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,

24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,

48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,

56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63

交大資工蔡文能^概41

二迤位也可以很有趣

8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,

24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,

40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,

56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63

交大資工蔡文能^概42

二謹(jǐn)位也可以很有趣

4,5,6,7,12,13,14,15,

20,21,22,23,28,29,30,31,

36,37,38,39,44,45,46,47,

52,53,54,55,60,61,62,63

交大資工蔡文能^概43

二謹(jǐn)位也可以很有趣

2,3,6,7,10,11,14,15,

18,19,22,23,26,27,30,31,

34,35,38,39,42,43,46,47,

50,51,54,55,58,59,62,63

交大資工蔡文能^概44

二迤位也可以很有趣

17,19,21,23,25,27,29,31,

33,35,37,39,41,43,45,47,

49,51,53,55,57,59,61,63

交大資工蔡文能^概45

I二--迤--位-也-可--以--很--有-趣--H-ow??

3,5,7,0000011

9,11,13,15.2

17,19,21.23.000011

25,27,29,31,

33,35,37,39.000109

1.43,45,47,000110

9,51,53.55,0001117

7,59,61,63

交大資工蔡文能46

二迤位也可以很有趣How?

9000

110,11,14,15,000010=

18,19,22,23,0000

26,27,30,31,000100=4

34,35,38,39,000101=5

42,43,46,47,000110=

50,51,54,55,0001

|58,59,62,630010op=8

交大資工蔡文能^概47

誕位也可以很有趣How?

%5,6,7,01=1

12.13,14,15.010=2

20,21,22,23.03

28.29,30,31,00=4

36,37,38,39.01=5

4,45,46.47,10=6

2,53,54,55,7

0.61,62,6300100=8

交大資工蔡文能48

二迤位也可以很有趣How?

009—1=7

g13,1%15,00EI000=8

24,25,26,27,001001=9

28,29,30,31,001010=10

40,41,42,43,00101

44,45,46,47,001100=12

56,57,58,59,001101=13

60,61,62,63001110=14

交大資工蔡文能^概49

二迤位也可以很有趣How?

02100001=17

00010=18

3100011=19

4800100=20

00101=21

00110=22

00111=23

交大資工蔡文能50

卡片玩法典原理

__

I^玩者心桂想一彳固0到63的整數(shù)不要告^你（座卷舌）,然接你依第六張、

第五張、第四張-第一張拿系合他,他告^你上面有沒有他想的數(shù)，

?■焉了表示你是謾目不忘，交余合他之前假裝看一看，交系合他彼不要立刻

一拿回右只^他分別放不同手中作為登撼。

1|I答案：如果六強(qiáng)都沒有就是0。

，在每弓扇^他之前看清楚第一10數(shù)，只要他^有就加到答案中，等到

最彳爰-弓期合他,等他^出有沒有窗答案也出來了。

原理：

其^每麟氏都是代表T固二迤位數(shù)（binarynumber）

L有就是心沒有就是o。

輿上T激-楣他已^把答案告暫斥你了!

因每角氏上第T固黝直就是1亥位的比重（weight,加榭。

交大資工蔡文能^概51

「迤位也可以很有趣

#:W程式印出前述之六張卡片*/~

br(inti=0;i<=5;i++){

printf("二迤位也可以很有趣\n\n

/*印出第i張卡片*/

printf("\n\n\rT);

交大資工蔡文能^概52

迤位也可以很有趣

RF『(inti=。；iv=5;i++){

?

|printf("二迤位也可以很有U\n”)；Bug

]for(k=0;k<=63;k++){

if(k&(2的i次方)!=(3)(

printf(ll%2d,k);

li-

if(必要日寺)printff^n1);

printf(”\n\n\rr);

)

交大資工蔡文能^概53

,tyy[1B?fyi4f駛32

〃用一彳固障列|已住2的i次方：tablelookup

ex

for(k=0;k<=63;k++){

if(k&；!=0){

printf("%2d9",k);

if(必要日寺)printf('\n");

printf(vv\n\n\niv);

交大資工蔡文能^概54

if(必要畤)printf(n\n');

?intnp=0;/*numbersprinted*/

1for(k=0;k<=63;k++){

if(k&yy[i]!=0){

printf(v,%2d,0,k);

np++;IInumberprinted

if(np%8==0)printf(n\nn);

交大資工蔡文能^概55

訐(必要畤)printfC'\nH);“

!

Bug

?intnp=0;

Pfor(k=0;k<=63;k++)<

要加括虢

if(k&!=0){(k&yy[i])

printf(v,%2d,0,k);

IIInp++;IInumberprinted

if((++np)%8==0)printfCyn");

一II每印完八彳固數(shù)就換列(newline)

交大資工蔡文能^概56

冏題典思考

禹什麼要依第六弓:那弓；g）、第五弓是、

第四弓：！?.第一張拿系合玩者？

如果不用一偃Itable（array）住2的i次方,

那要怎麼做？

用乘的一有何缺黑占？

每張卡片最彼一列也印了逗黑占，

如何改迤？（hint:加一列if）

交大資工蔡文能^概58

Textbookforprogramming:

TheCprogrammingLanguage,byK&R

(BrianW.KernighanandDennisM.Ritchie)

(通耦c|吾言的娶系跖英文本或中文本皆可)

■

蔡文能

tsaiwn@.tw

交大資工蔡文能^概59

巴斯卡三角形

WWArray(障列)+Loop

軍歹!的

1

使用ByBlaisePascal,1653

11

121(a+b)2=a2+2a-b+b2

11

61

10101

5期=1C(5J)=5C(5,2)=10=C(5,3)

交大資工蔡文能60

神典思考(ASCIIcode)

#include<stdio.h>

?main(){

printf(vv%c的ASCHcode>%d\nM,'O','0');

printf(H%c的ASCHcode^%d\nM,'A',TV);

printf(vv%c的ASCIIcode^%d\nM,'a','a');

■)

0的ASCIIcode是48

A的ASCIIcode是65|力fl里率，布f市田FRCD［「稚|

a的ASCIIcode是971-

交大資工蔡文能^概61

瞑典思考(ASCIIcode)

#include<stdio.h>

1main(){

inti,k=0;

for(i=65;i<=122;++i){

printf(M%c的ASCHcode"，i);

printf("是％*i);

I++k;printf(k%3==0?,,\nM:M\r);

F}printf(i,\nM);

交大資工蔡文能^概62

冏題典思考（中文碣？）

#include<stdio-h>

unsignedcharx[9]={0};

main(){

intm=Oxa%n=0x6a;

x[O]=m;x[1]=n;

x[2]=Oxae,