全球環(huán)境污染情況研究報告-培訓(xùn)課件外文版2024.4

POLITICS

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SOCIETYEnvironmentalpollutionworldwideCHAPTER

01OverviewNumberofpeopleexposedtodifferentlevelsofairpollutionriskworldwideasof2022(inmillions)Globalpopulationexposedtounsafeairpollutionlevels2022,byrisk3,0002,5002,0001,5001,0002,7961,4061,1641,1015000809462NoriskLowriskModerateriskHighriskVeryhighriskHazardous3Description:Anestimated2.8billionpeopleareexposedtohazardouslevelsofairpollutionworldwide,representingalmost40percentoftheglobalpopulation.ThecountrieswiththelargestshareoftheirpopulationsexposedtohazardousconcentrationsofairpollutionareBangladesh,Nepal,andIndia,atmorethan96percent.Overall,roughly94percentoftheglobalpopulationareexposedtoairpollutionlevelsconsideredunsafebytheWorldHealthOrganization.

ReadmoreNote(s):WorldwideSource(s):Expert(s)(RentschlerandLeonova(2022));WorldBankAveragePM2.5concentrationinthemostpollutedcountriesworldwidein2023(inmicrogramspercubicmeterofair)MostpollutedcountriesbasedonPM2.5concentrationglobally2023PM2.5concentrationinμg/m30102030405060708090BangladeshPakistan79.973.7India54.4TajikistanBurkinaFasoIraq4946.643.843UnitedArabEmiratesEgypt42.442.2NepalDRCongoKuwait40.839.939.237.6BahrainQatar4Description:BangladeshhadanaveragePM2.5concentrationofnearly80microgramspercubicmeterofair(μg/m3)in2023,becomingthemostpollutedcountryintheworld.Thiswasover25μg/m3morethantheaveragePM2.5concentrationinIndia.ThehighlevelsofpollutioninBangladeshcanbeexplainedbythecountry'spersistenttraffic,constructionactivities,andindustrialfumes–inparticularfrombrickkilns,whicharehighlyreliantoncoal.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2023Source(s):IQAirLargestoilspillsworldwidesince1967(inmilliongallons)Biggestoilspillsworldwidesince1967Amountofleakedoilinmilliongallons050100150200250300350400GulfWarOilSpill,1991*DeepwaterHorizon,2010380206Ixtoc1OilSpill,1979140AtlanticEmpressOilSpill,1979KomiPipelineOilSpill,1994**CastillodeBellverOilSpill,1983ABTSummerOilSpill,1991AmocoCadizOilSpill,1978M/THavenTankerOilSpill,1991OdysseyOilSpill,199890847979694440.7TheSeaStarOilSpill,1972NowruzOilFieldSpill,1983TheTorreyCanyonOilSpill,1967***ExxonValdezOilSpill,198935.33025115Description:Therehavebeennumerousdevastatingoilspillsaroundtheworldsince1967.Thelargestwasin1991,duringthePersianGulfWar,inwhichanestimated380to520milliongallonsofoilwasdeliberatelyspilledbyIraqiforcesintothePersianGulf.ThiswasdoneinabidtostopU.S.andcoalitionforceslanding,withoilslicksinsomeareasasthickasfiveinches.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;*Estimatesvaryfrom380-520milliongallons**Upto84milliongallons***Estimatesvaryfrom25-36milliongallonsReadmoreSource(s):TreehuggerDistributionoflittertypesfoundinoceansworldwideasof2021,byenvironmentMainlittertypesfoundinoceansworldwide2021,byenvironmentOtherPlasticbagsTakeawaylitterPlasticbottlesWrappersSyntheticropeFishinggear*PlasticcapsandlidsDrinkscans120%100%80%60%40%20%0%11.8%11.7%12.1%10.6%10.2%22.6%12.9%15.4%39%24.4%16.2%18.4%11.1%22.5%31.8%64.4%55.5%48.8%33.2%27.4%AttheshorelineNearshorewatersNearshoreseafloorOpenwatersDeepseafloor6Description:Astaggeringamountoflitternowpollutestheworld'soceans,fromshorelinestotheseafloor.Thelittertypesmostcommonlyfounddependgreatlyontheaquaticenvironment.Globally,plasticbagsaccountforroughly16percentoflitterfoundattheshoreline,andalmostofquarterofalllitterfoundinnearshorewaters.Syntheticropesarethemostfoundformoflitterinopenwaters,whileplasticbottlesaccountforsome23percentoflitterfoundonthedeepseafloor.

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2021;*excludesnetsReadmoreSource(s):Expert(s)(Morales-Caselles,C.,J.Viejo,E.Martí,E.,A.Cózar,etal.(2021));TheGuardianProportionofdegradedlandworldwidefrom2015to2019,byregionGloballanddegradation2015-2019,byregionProportionoflanddegradedReportingyear201910%Baselineyear201515%0%5%20%25%30%14.04%CentralAsia&SouthernAsiaEasternAsia&South-easternAsiaLatinAmerica&theCaribbeanNorthAmerican&EuropeOceania10.26%23.89%21.62%21.89%15.67%12.09%10.15%8.65%8.06%14.63%Sub-SaharanAfrica6.7%7.19%WesternAsia&NorthAfrica3.78%7Description:Between2015and2019,theestimatedproportionoflanddegradationinSub-SaharanAfricaincreasedfrom6.7percentto14.63percent.Thiswasthefastestrateofdegradationoverthisperiodwhencomparedtootherregions.TheregionwiththelargestproportionoflanddegradationisEasternAsiaandSouth-easternAsia,atalmost25percent.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2015to2019Source(s):UnitedNations(ConventiontoCombatDesertification(UNCCD))CHAPTER

02AirpollutionShareofnationalpopulationexposedtohazardousconcentrationsofairpollutionworldwideasof2022,bycountryShareofpopulationexposedtohazardouslevelsofPM2.5worldwide2022,bycountryShareofnationalpopulation0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%110%BangladeshNepal97.9%96.4%96.3%93.1%IndiaPakistanSingaporeTogo85.1%67.4%GhanaQatar62.3%58.9%NigeriaBenin56.9%56.3%9Description:In2022,Bangladeshwasthecountrywiththehighestshareofitsnationalpopulationexposedtohazardousconcentrationsofairpollution.NepalandIndiafollowed.HazardouslevelsofairpollutionaredefinedasPM2.5concentrationsover35microgramspercubicmeter(μg/m3).ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2022Source(s):Expert(s)(RentschlerandLeonova(2022));WorldBankAveragePM2.5concentrationinthemostpollutedcitiesworldwidein2023(inmicrogramspercubicmeterofair)MostpollutedcitiesbasedonPM2.5concentrationglobally2023PM2.5concentrationinμg/m3020406080100120140Begusarai,INGuwahati,INDelhi,INMullanpur,INLahore,PK118.9105.4102.1100.499.5NewDelhi,INSiwan,IN92.790.689.4Saharsa,INGoshaingaon,INKatihar,INGreaterNoida,INFaisalabad,PKHotan,CN89.388.888.688.287.310Description:ThecityofBegusaraiinnortheasternIndiahadthehighestairpollutionintheworldin2023,withanaveragePM2.5concentrationofnearly119microgramspercubicmeterofair(μg/m3).MostofthecitieswiththehighestPM2.5concentrationarelocatedinIndia,includingNewDelhi,whichwasthemostpollutedcapitalcityintheworldin2023.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2023Source(s):IQAirAveragePM2.5concentrationinthemostpollutedcapitalcitiesworldwidein2023(inmicrogramspercubicmeterofair)MostpollutedcapitalcitiesbasedonPM2.5concentrationglobally2023PM2.5concentrationinμg/m30102030405060708090100NewDelhi,INDhaka,BD92.780.2Ougadougou,BFDushanbe,TJBaghdad,IQAbuja,NG46.64645.845.4Jakarta,IDHanoi,VNCairo,EG43.843.742.442.44140.839.9Islamabad,PKKathmandu,NPKinshasa,CDKuwaitCity,KW11Description:NewDelhiwasthemostpollutedcapitalcityintheworldin2023,withanaveragePM2.5concentrationofnearly93microgramspercubicmeterofair(μg/m3).PM2.5particulatematterconcentrationsintheIndiancapitalwereoverninetimeshigherthantheWorldHealthOrganizationsPM2.5targetof10μg/m3.DespitehavingsuchhighPM2.5levels,NewDelhiisn'tthemostpollutedcityworldwide.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2023Source(s):IQAirContributionsoffossilfuelcombustiontoairpollutionworldwide,bymajorairpollutant(inpercent)Fossilfuelcontributionstoglobalairpollutantsworldwide,bytypeShareofemissionscausedbyfossilfuels10%

20%

30%

40%0%50%60%70%80%90%NitrogenoxidesSulfurdioxide85%78%Carbonmonoxide48%Nonmethanevolatileorganiccompounds(NMVOCs)Blackcarbon23%54%Organiccarbon19%Fineparticulatematter(PM2.5)*58%12Description:Fossilfuelsareamajorsourceofairpollution.Anestimated85percentofnitrogenoxidesoriginatefromfossilcombustioninpollutingsectorslikepower,industry,andtransportation.Fossilfuelcombustionisalsoasignificantsourceofblackcarbon,acomponentoffineparticulatematter(PM2.5)thatisalsoapowerfulclimatechangedriver.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;*Rangesfrom43%to58%.

NonmethanevolatileorganiccompoundsReadmoreSource(s):Expert(s)(McDuffieetal.2020&2021);WorldBankAnnualattributabledeathsasaresultoflongtermexposuretofineparticulatematter(PM2.5)andozoneairpollutionworldwide(inmillions)GlobalannualdeathsduetoPM2.5andozoneairpollutionLowestimate11.19MedianestimateHighestimate121088.346.325.6365.133.63420AllcauseexcessdeathsAttributabletoambientairpollutionfromfossilfueluse13Description:Theglobalnumberofallcauseexcessdeathsduetooutdoorfineparticulateandozoneairpollutionisestimatedat8.34millionperyear.Approximately62percentofthesedeathsareattributabletoambientairpollutionfromfossilfueluse.TherearenumerouscausesofdeathlinkedtoPM2.5exposure,suchasstroke,ischemicheartdisease,andlungcancer.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2019;Figuresarebasedontheobservedandmodelledexposurelevelsfor2019Source(s):BMJOpen;Expert(s)(JosLelieveldetal)Damageduetoparticulateemissions(PM2.5)asapercentofgrossnationalincome(GNI)worldwidein1990and2021,byselectcountryGlobalparticulateemissionsdamageasashareofGNI1990-2021,byselectcountryPercentofgrossnationalincome20213%19900%1%2%4%5%6%7%3.21%ChadPakistanNigeriaIndia5.74%2.32%5.46%5.66%2.09%1.18%4.05%0.55%0.48%0.36%0.33%0.24%0.24%IndonesiaChina1.37%1.41%Iran1.68%VietnamTurkeyWorldMexicoMalaysia0.86%1.23%0.37%0.19%0.18%0.77%0.3%14Description:Particulateemissiondamageasashareofgrossnationalincome(GNI)isnoticeablyhigherindevelopingcountriesthanindevelopedcountries.Forinstance,PM2.5emissiondamageasashareofChad'sGNIwasreportedat3.21percentin2021.Thiswaswellabovetheworldaverageof0.24percent.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1990to2021Source(s):WorldBankCHAPTER

03LandpollutionGlobalannualtreecoverlossin2022,bydominantdriver(inmillionhectares)Globaltreecoverloss2022,bydominantdriver8765432106.75.875.224.770.14ForestryShiftingagricultureWildfireCommoditydrivendeforestationUrbanization16Description:In2022,forestrywastheleadingdriveroftreecoverlossworldwide,amountingtoapproximately6.7millionhectaresoftreecoverloss.Shiftingagriculture-wheresmalltomedium-scaleforestandshrublandconversionforagriculturearelaterabandonedandfollowedbysubsequentforestregrowth-rankedsecond,contributingtoroughly5.9millionhectaresoflossthatyear.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2022;valuesbasedonoriginaltreecoverdensitygreaterthan30percentin2000.Source(s):GFWAreaharvestedforselectedfoodcropsworldwidefrom1961to2022(inmillionhectares)Areaharvestedforselectedfoodcropsworldwide1961-2022Cocoa,beansCoffee,greenOilpalmfruitSoybeansSugarcane160140120100806040200196119631965196719691971197319751977197919811983198519871989199119931995199719992001200320052007200920112013201520172019202117Description:Theharvestedareaforsoybeansworldwidehasincreasedsubstantiallysincethe1960s.In1961theareafromwhichsoybeanswasgatheredwas23.82millionhectaresbutby2022theareahadincreasedtoover133.7millionhectares.Thishascoincidedwiththeriseinsoybeanproductionforlivestockfeed.Theareaharvestedforothercropssuchasoilpalmfruit,sugarcane,andcoffeehavealsoincreasedconsiderablytomeetgrowingdemand.Thishashadanadverseimpactonthe[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1960to2022Source(s):FAOProjectedgenerationofmunicipalsolidwasteworldwidefrom2016to2050(inbillionmetrictons)Globalmunicipalsolidwastegenerationprojection2016-20504.03.53.02.53.42.592.022.01.51.00.50.020162030*2050*18Description:Thisstatisticrepresentstheamountofmunicipalsolidwastegeneratedworldwidein2016withprojectionsfor2030and2050.Itisprojectedthatin2050,some3.4billionmetrictonsofmunicipalsolidwastewillbegeneratedaroundtheworld.

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2016;*Projection.ReadmoreSource(s):WorldBankDistributionofmunicipalsolidwastetreatmentanddisposalworldwidein2016,bymethodGlobalshareofwastedisposalandtreatmentbymethod2016Shareofwastedisposed10%

15%0%5%20%25%30%35%33%OpendumpLandfill(unspecified)25.2%Recycling13.5%IncinerationSanitarylandfill(withlandfillgascollection)Composting11.1%7.7%5.5%Controlledlandfill3.7%Other0.3%19Description:Thisstatisticrepresentsthebreakdownofmunicipalsolidwastedisposedworldwidein2016,brokendownbydisposalmethod.Inthisyear,thesome13.5percentofglobalwastewasrecycled.Disposalpracticesvarysignificantlybyregionandincomelevel.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2016Source(s):WorldBankPercapitawastesenttolandfillsworldwideasof2022,byselectcountry(inkilograms)Globallandfillwastegeneratedpercapita2022,byselectcountryWastesenttolandfillsinkilogramspercapita0100200300400500600700800NewZealandCanadaIsrael727643481IcelandChile418417GreeceUnitedStatesTurkey407402347AustraliaLatviaPortugalSpain288253243236231Czechia20Description:In2022,approximately727kilogramsofwastepercapitawassenttolandfillsinNewZealand,thehighestfigureamongOECDcountries.Canadarankedsecond,withmorethan600kilogramspercapita.Incontrast,lessthan10kilogramsofwastepercapitawassenttolandfillsincountriessuchasDenmark,Germany,Japan,andSweden.ReadmoreNote(s):OECD;2022Source(s):Eurostat;OECD;Sensoneo;WorldBankGlobalconsumptionofagriculturalfertilizerfrom1965to2021,bynutrient(inmillionmetrictons)Globalfertilizerconsumption1965-2021,bynutrientNitrogen(N)Phosphoruspentoxide(P?O?)Potassiumoxide(K?O)2502001501005040.538.437.4146.4334.8145.3636.3144.8437.6246.4437.3145.4728.226.148.9847.8124.3222.0732.8120.6430.9741.8525.1533.5236.5823.8331.9135.9220.6725.6915.7620.88112.362020106.33

107.03

105.11

104.85

108.93109.17202199.56201090.64200511.6316.0218.6678.22199582.06200076.78199070.05198560.49198042.82197531.421970019652015201620172018201921Description:In1965,theconsumptionofnitrogenfertilizersstoodatsome46.3millionmetrictons.By2021,thisamounthadincreasedto195.38milliontons.Inthatlatteryear,nitrogenfertilizersaccountedforaround56percentofthetotalglobalconsumption,whereasphosphateandpotashfertilizersheldsharesof24and20percent,respectively.Mineralfertilizersarewidelyusedinagriculturetoimprovesoilfertilityandachievehighercropyields.Theytypicallycontainoneormoreof[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1965and2021Source(s):InternationalFertilizerIndustryAssociationCHAPTER

04WaterpollutionLowestscoresofcleanestuarine,coastal,andopenoceanwatersworldwideasof2022,bycountryLowestcleanoceansscoresworldwide2022,bycountryCleanwatersscore200510152530354045BeninTogo15.2419.41BangladeshCameroonNigeria27.4928.3130.56IndiaGhana32.4632.62Haiti34.87DRCongoSierraLeoneGambia37.1338.5939.2939.9740.7941.6441.79IvoryCoastGuineaGuatemalaTanzania23Description:Thecountrywiththelowestcleanwaterscoreworldwidein2022wasBenin,withascoreofjust15.2outof100.Thiswasaround73pointslowerthanthecleanwaterscoreinCanada,whichhadthehighestcleanwatersscoreworldwidein2022.Othercountriesthathadhighlevelsofpollutantsinestuarine,coastal,andopenoceanwatersthatyearwereTogo,Bangladesh,andCameroon.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2022Source(s):OceanHealthIndexDistributionofanthropogenicsourcesofnitratecontaminationingroundwaterworldwidein2018Groundwaternitratecontaminationsourcesworldwide2018Industrialwaste13%Domesticwastewater&septictanks20%Cropland60%Deforestation7%24Description:Croplandsaccountedfor60percentofanthropogenicnitratecontaminationingroundwaterin2018.Thiswasmainlycausedbytheoveruseandimpropertimingoffertilizerapplications.Thesecondmainsourceofnitratecontaminationingroundwaterwasdomesticwastewaterandseptictanks.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2018Source(s):Expert(s)(SaurabhShukla,AbhishekSaxena);Heinrich-B?ll-StiftungEstimatedaccumulationofplasticsstockworldwidefrom1970to2019,byendlocation(inmillionmetrictons)Globalaccumulatedplasticsstock1970-2019,bylocation3,5003,1203,0002,5002,0001,5001,000500109300IntheeconomyInriversandlakesIntheocean25Description:Itisestimatedthatsome3.1billionmetrictonsofplasticsaccumulatedintheglobaleconomybetween1970and2019.Plasticsthatarenolongerinuse(plasticwaste)aredisposedofatlandfills,incinerated,orcollectedforrecycling.However,ashareofplasticwasteisalsomismanagedandlittered.Thismismanagedwasteoftenleaksintowaterwayscausingmarinepollution.Between1970and2019,anestimated109millionmetrictonsofplasticsaccumulatedinriversandlakes,while[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1970to2019;EstimationforaccumulatedstockacrosstheindicatedtimeperiodSource(s):OECDDistributionofglobalplasticswasteemittedtotheoceanin2019,byregionRegionalsharesofoceanplasticwasteinputsworldwide2019Shareofoceanplasticsinput40%

50%0%10%20%30%60%70%80%90%AsiaAfrica81%8%SouthAmericaNorthAmericaEurope5.5%4.5%0.6%Oceania0.4%26Description:Anestimated81percentofglobaloceanplasticwastewasemittedfromAsiain2019.ThesecondlargestplasticwasteemittingregionwasAfrica,whichaccountedforeightpercentofoceaninputs.Hugequantitiesofplasticwasteendsupintheoceanfromrivers,especiallythosewithnearbycities.In2019,morethansixpercentofoceanplasticpollutionwasemittedfromthePasigriverinthePhilippines,whichrunsthroughManila.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2019Source(s):Experte(n)(Meijeretal.(2021));OWIDMostcommonitemsfoundduringtheInternationalCoastalOceanCleanupin2022Numberwasteitemsfoundinoceansworldwide2022,bytypeNumberofitems800,000

1,000,0000200,000400,000600,0001,200,0001,400,0001,600,0001,800,0002,000,000CigarettebuttsPlasticbeveragebottlesFoodwrappers1,860,6511,175,045998,661Plasticbottlecaps844,375PlasticgrocerybagsOtherplasticbags622,780567,763FoamfoodcontainersPlasticfoodcontainersPapercupsandplatesPlasticstrawsandstirrers463,269425,637423,551406,55727Description:Cigarettebuttswerethemostcommonwasteitemfoundduringthe2022InternationalCoastalCleanup,withnearly1.9millioncollectedglobally.Plasticbeveragebottleswerethesecondmostcollectedwasteitem,followedbyfoodwrappers.Intotal,morethan15millionwasteitemswerecollectedfrombeachesandtheocean.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;September2022;Basedon469,482totalvolunteersSource(s):OceanConservancyLargestoiltankerdisastersworldwidefrom1967to2023,byquantityofspilledoil(in1,000metrictons)Globaloiltankeraccidentsbyquantityofspilledoil1967-2023Spillsizeinthousandmetrictons050100150200250300350AtlanticEmpress(1979)ABTSummer(1991)CastillodeBellver(1983)AmocoCadiz(1978)Haven(1991