-如何進(jìn)行大學(xué)階段的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)

如何進(jìn)行

大學(xué)階段的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)徐錦芬教授華中科技大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院引言1)以學(xué)生為中心的教育理念使培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力(autonomouslearning)成為近20年來(lái)高等教育中一個(gè)很重要的目標(biāo)和內(nèi)容。2)開(kāi)展學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力是教學(xué)模式改革成功的一個(gè)重要標(biāo)志。3)學(xué)習(xí)者的個(gè)體差異使我們意識(shí)到只有通過(guò)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力才能使學(xué)習(xí)者的學(xué)習(xí)效果到達(dá)最正確。英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中的常見(jiàn)誤區(qū):1〕把五種技能學(xué)習(xí)變成單一的看懂〔“懂得了”不等于“掌握了”〕。2〕把知識(shí)當(dāng)成技能3〕速成心理4〕對(duì)教師的依賴5〕缺乏系統(tǒng)性6〕大學(xué)階段感覺(jué)不到進(jìn)步，甚至感覺(jué)退步了成功英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者必須具備的要素：1〕興趣interest2〕方法method3〕自信心self-confidence4〕決心determination5〕毅力〔持之以恒〕perseverence6〕求知欲curiosity提綱１.制訂明確的學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)和方案２.合理安排外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間３.注重教材學(xué)習(xí)與課外學(xué)習(xí)相結(jié)合4.不斷進(jìn)行階段性反思與總結(jié)5.側(cè)重提高英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力

１.制訂明確的學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)和方案

(1)Long-termplansandshort-termplans(2)Don’tbetooambitious２.合理安排外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間

(1)SettingasidesufficienttimeforEnglishlearningeveryday

(2)Makingfulluseoftheafter-dinnertime

聚沙成塔

Manygrainsofsandpiledupwillmakeapagoda.

水滴石穿

Drippingwaterwearsthroughrock

(3)

LearningEnglishforrelaxation３.注重教材學(xué)習(xí)與課外學(xué)習(xí)相結(jié)合防止兩個(gè)極端:(1)beingconfinedtotextbook(2)overemphasizingout-of-classreadings1)Howtolearntextbook

Before-classPreview→In-classdiscussion→After-classReview課前預(yù)習(xí)培養(yǎng)自己的閱讀理解能力→課堂討論培養(yǎng)自己的英語(yǔ)交際能力→課后復(fù)習(xí)穩(wěn)固延伸所學(xué)的各種語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、文化知識(shí)。2〕WhattolearnafterclassbesidestextbookPrinciplesforchoosingmaterials〔1〕Interest興趣〔2〕Linguisticallyappropriate語(yǔ)言難度適中〔3〕Booksnottoothick,articlesnottoolong書(shū)不要太厚，文章不要太長(zhǎng)〔4〕Largeamountofreading閱讀量要大(量多/內(nèi)容廣)Typesofreading/listeningmaterials(1)Othertextbooks(2)EnglishmagazinesandnewspapersChinaDaily很全面,有些難度21stCentury貼近學(xué)生生活Star上海出版,主要是文化內(nèi)容(如音樂(lè)會(huì)/時(shí)尚/廣告等)BeijingReviews周報(bào),適合中等水平者ChinaToday月刊,廣州出版,介紹中國(guó)Times詞匯量大(3)Materialsfromwebsites普特英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力://360abc世博英語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)點(diǎn)津(4)BritishandAmericanliteratureworks

例如：“Asthesunsetburns〔太陽(yáng)下山時(shí)的壯觀景色〕overthehillsinalmostunbearablebeauty,astheseaturnssilver,andthefirststarshangabove〔更增加了小島晚景的迷人之處〕thedarkslopesofGroaghaun,yousigh…thenyousighagain〔既表達(dá)了對(duì)景色的贊嘆之心，又表達(dá)了依依惜別之情〕.Itisoneofthoseplaceswhichamanlocksupinhisheart,promisinghimselfthatsomedayhewillgobackthere---someday.”3〕Howtodealwithnewwordsinthereadingmaterials(1)看生詞--是否影響對(duì)上下文的理解。如果不,說(shuō)明不重要,至少在當(dāng)時(shí)的語(yǔ)境中。--是否屢次出現(xiàn)(highrepetition)。出現(xiàn)頻率越高越重要。--是否“似曾相識(shí)”。對(duì)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者來(lái)說(shuō),英語(yǔ)詞匯有三類:很熟悉、似曾相識(shí)、根本不認(rèn)識(shí)。(2)趣味性原那么(3)以動(dòng)詞、名詞、修飾詞為先后順序的原那么(inorderofv./n./modifiersuchasadj.&adv.)(4〕猜測(cè)詞義：利用上下文、同義反義詞等Finallytheenemysurrendered.Theythrewouttheirweaponsandwalkedoutofthehousewiththeirhandsabovetheirhead.InoticedthereweremanystudentswhospokemuchbetterthanIdid.Ibegantofeelintimidated.SoonceagainIwasafraidtospeak.4.不斷進(jìn)行階段性反思與總結(jié)

(1)writingjournals

(2)peerdiscussionorteacher-studentdiscussion5.側(cè)重提高英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力1)我國(guó)學(xué)生在用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)時(shí)普遍存在的問(wèn)題(1)想表達(dá)的東西用英文表達(dá)不出來(lái)〔詞不達(dá)意〕,或總用一個(gè)詞表示.(2)句型、時(shí)態(tài)混亂.(3)前言不搭后語(yǔ),或上下文不連貫.(4)講出或?qū)懗龅挠⒄Z(yǔ)中式味道很濃.(5)所用的英語(yǔ)缺乏色彩，沒(méi)有生命力.2)導(dǎo)致英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力差的原因(1)沒(méi)有養(yǎng)成說(shuō)英語(yǔ)寫英語(yǔ)想英語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣(2)語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)調(diào)、重音、停頓不正確Icorrectmystudents’papers.Icollectmystudents’papers.Womanwithouthermanisnothing(3)平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)時(shí)對(duì)精彩生動(dòng)的語(yǔ)言描述不夠敏感，例如：這教訓(xùn)使我難以忘懷。Thislessonmademerememberforever/neverforget.Thislessonisdeeplyrootedinmymind.她臉紅了，讓我看穿了她的心思。Herredfacemademeseethroughhermind.Herredfacetoldmewhatshewasthinking.(4)受傳統(tǒng)應(yīng)試教學(xué)的影響，擅長(zhǎng)做題、考試，但不會(huì)運(yùn)用〔如：背單詞〕

3〕具體措施〔1〕語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)根本功訓(xùn)練學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)首先要重視語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)，不求完美，但要根本正確。否那么，將不僅影響聽(tīng)力及口語(yǔ)，還會(huì)影響整個(gè)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)，更談不上語(yǔ)感的培養(yǎng)。〔2〕掌握詞匯學(xué)習(xí)方法〔3〕加強(qiáng)口語(yǔ)訓(xùn)練〔4〕加強(qiáng)寫作和漢譯英訓(xùn)練〔5〕做有心人〔6〕學(xué)會(huì)用英英或英漢雙解詞典

〔2〕掌握詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的方法(a)注意不同詞性及其搭配例１：affect,effectHowdoyouthinkthechangeswillaffectyou?(不是affectonyou)Whateffectdoyouthinkthechangeswillhaveonyou?例2：solve,solutionsolveaproblem,但是findasolutiontoaproblem(b)注意詞類之間的聯(lián)想和搭配例:參加考試:takeanexam參加俱樂(lè)部:joinaclub報(bào)名參加網(wǎng)球比賽:enterforatennismatch你不想?yún)⒓游覀兊木W(wǎng)球比賽嗎？Won’tyoujoinusinatennismatch?你愿意參加我們星期五的晚會(huì)嗎？WouldyouliketocometoourpartyonFridaynight?詞類之間的聯(lián)想分為一般聯(lián)想和特殊聯(lián)想兩種。一般聯(lián)想：例:acquireknowledge,seekadvice,developone’stalents特殊聯(lián)想：blacktea是“紅茶”，而不是“黑茶”。smallpotato是“小人物”，而不是一種“小土豆”。fatchance是“微小的時(shí)機(jī)”，而不是“很大的時(shí)機(jī)”friendlycamera是“傻瓜照相機(jī)”，而不是什么“友好照相機(jī)”。(c)注意專題聯(lián)想和詞語(yǔ)的搭配如：與人物外貌的描寫有關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)stronglybuiltamanofstrongbuildsixfeetinheightamanofmediumheightShehasaslimfigure.(d)同義聯(lián)想和詞語(yǔ)的搭配〔略〕(e)反義聯(lián)想和詞語(yǔ)的搭配〔略)〔f〕防止使用“大”詞、生僻詞，要用好“小”詞、常用詞〔尤其那些一詞多義的詞〕heavysea波濤洶涌的海面/大海aheavystorm/rain狂風(fēng)暴雨heavytraffic擁擠的交通heavyfood不易消化的食物heavyroads泥滑難走的路I’maheavysleeper.He’saheavysmoker〔3〕加強(qiáng)口語(yǔ)訓(xùn)練〔幾個(gè)步驟〕出聲朗讀口語(yǔ)課文、精讀課文或其他容易上口的讀物。每天抽一點(diǎn)時(shí)間放聲朗讀，使自己聽(tīng)得見(jiàn)自己的聲音，漸漸做到流利、順暢。在朗讀的根底上選擇容易上口而且有較強(qiáng)實(shí)用性的課文或段落進(jìn)行背誦，也要求出聲背。在背誦的根底上對(duì)一篇課文、一個(gè)故事或一段對(duì)話的內(nèi)容用自己的話復(fù)述出來(lái)，用自己掌握的詞匯和語(yǔ)法把一段事講清楚，這時(shí)已背熟的東西往往會(huì)自動(dòng)跳出來(lái)幫你講故事。提倡自言自語(yǔ)，自問(wèn)自答〔靈活，可靠，有效〕〔4〕加強(qiáng)寫作和漢譯英訓(xùn)練寫作時(shí)學(xué)會(huì)使用具體的詞匯來(lái)代替籠統(tǒng)的詞匯如，下文通過(guò)一系列對(duì)bodylanguage的具體描寫來(lái)說(shuō)明人們的緊張狀態(tài)：Imagineafewpeoplesittinginawaitingroom:oneistappinghisfingersonhisbriefcase,anotherkeepsrubbinghishandstogether,anotherisbitinghisfingernails,stillanothergrabsthearmsofhischairtightlyandonekeepsrunninghisfingersthroughhishair.而不是籠統(tǒng)的描寫：Allthepeopleinthewaitingroomareverynervous.

再如，(1)TheMarinewrappedhisstrongfingersaroundtheoldman’slimpones,squeezingamessageofloveandencouragement.而不是：

TheMarineheldtheoldman’shands,tellinghimhowmuchhelovedhim.

(2)Hestruggledwiththebigrocklyinginthemiddleoftheroad,lifteditwithallhisstrengthandgotitoutofthewayjustbeforethetrainflashedbywithafullloadoffreight..而不是：

Hetriedhisbesttomove

thebigrocklyinginthemiddleoftheroad,andfinallygotitoutofthewayjustbeforethetrainwentbywithafullloadoffreight.

再如，

Ayoungwomanwascomingtowardme,herfigurelongandslim.Hergoldenhairlaybackincurlsfromherdelicateears;hereyeswereblueasflowers.Herlipsandchinhadagentlefirmness. Awomanwellpast40,shehadgrayinghairpinnedupunderawornhat. Shewasmorethanalittleoverweight,herthick-ankledfeetthrustintolow-heeledshoes.漢譯英時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題1〕翻譯時(shí)一定要考慮語(yǔ)境〔context〕一次性用品singlesexproduct(disposablesupplies)人山人海peoplemountainpeoplesea(crowded)“你接/抓得真準(zhǔn)”Youcaughttheballverywell/accurately.我們完成了將傷員送往醫(yī)院的任務(wù)。Wehavecompletedthetaskofsendingthewoundedtothehospital.2〕注意漢英兩種語(yǔ)言的區(qū)別如：(1)漢語(yǔ)：多用動(dòng)詞表達(dá)動(dòng)意英語(yǔ)：用動(dòng)詞或非動(dòng)詞表達(dá)動(dòng)意例如：我投票支持了班長(zhǎng)的提議。Ivotedforthemonitor'sproposal.〔介詞表示動(dòng)意〕我支持他參加俱樂(lè)部。Isupportedhiminhisjoiningaclub.〔介詞表示動(dòng)意〕他一向很支持我們的工作。He'sbeenverysupportiveofourwork.〔形容詞表示動(dòng)意〕(2)漢語(yǔ)：少用結(jié)構(gòu)詞，并列結(jié)構(gòu)多英語(yǔ)：多用結(jié)構(gòu)詞，語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)性強(qiáng)例如：WhenIwentintotheroom,Isawhimreading.〔When結(jié)構(gòu)詞，但中文一般不說(shuō)“當(dāng)我......時(shí)”)學(xué)校決定精簡(jiǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)，減少學(xué)科。Theschooldecidedtostreamlinetheorganizationbyreducingthesubjects〔5〕做有心人注重日常話題或生活中常見(jiàn)行為的英文表達(dá)〔略〕注意收集與自己生活愛(ài)好有關(guān)的表達(dá)法熱水瓶被子(鋪~)床墊床單(涼~)雙層床牙膏節(jié)約用水停電干杯食堂排隊(duì)排長(zhǎng)隊(duì)插隊(duì)thermosquilt(spreadone’s~)mattresssheet(airthe~)double-deckbedtoothpasteusewaterwiselyhaveapowerfailurecheers/bottomsupcanteenline/queueupstandinalongqueuejumpthequeue我喜歡拉上被單把頭蒙住.Ilikedrawingthesheetupovermyhead.

活學(xué)活用Hisgreatness/layin

hisoutstandingabilities/tocombinethequalitiesofanoriginalscientist/withthoseofaforward-lookingindustrialist.Hisexcellencelayinhisoutstandingabilitiesto

combinethequalitiesofasciencestudentwiththoseofanartsstudent.HispopularitylayinhisabilitytospeakEnglishwellandhiswarm-heartednessinhelpinghisclassmateswiththeirspokenEnglish.〔6〕學(xué)會(huì)用英英或英漢雙解詞典詞典給讀者提供了多方面的信息:詞義﹑發(fā)音、詞類、詞的搭配、例句、文體(正式還是非正式)、貶褒義、同反義等。英英詞典例如，英語(yǔ)中insist,persist翻譯成漢語(yǔ)都可能是“堅(jiān)持”，這樣的翻譯并不能準(zhǔn)確說(shuō)明它們的根本含義，英英詞典那么不然，它告訴你insist的意思是“tosayfirmlyandrepeatedlythatsomethingistrue,esp.whenotherpeoplethinkitmaynotbetrue”，persist的含義那么是“tocontinuetodosomething,althoughthisisdifficultorotherpeoplewarnyounottodoit”。

例1：LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,3rdEdition(1995)〔1〕Symbols〔2〕Charts〔3〕UsageNote〔4〕Coloredpictures〔1〕symbols：〔2〕ChartsLongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglishLongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish(3)Usagenote:toshowWORDCHOICEtoshowCOLLOCATIONSToshowWORDFOCUSWORDCHOICE:big,large,great

bigandlarge

havethesamemeaning,butlargeisslightlymoreformalandmorelikelytobeusedinwrittenthanspokenEnglish:abiglunch

alargehouse

largeisusedwithquantitywordssuchas'number'and'amount':largeamountsofmoney

alargeproportionofthestudents

greatisnotusuallyusedtotalkaboutsizebutitcanbeusedinliterarywritingtodescribeverylargeandimpressivethings:Beforethemstoodagreatpalace.

greatisusedwithlength,height,andage,andintheexpressionagreatdeal(=alot):Thegrasshadreachedagreatheight.

agreatdealofmoney

LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish

WORDCHOICE:

big,tall,high

bigisnotusedjusttodescribeaperson'sheight.Itisusedtodescribeachildwhoisgrowing,orapersonwhoisheavy,withalotoffatormuscleontheirbody.

tall

isusedtodescribeaperson'sheight.Itcanalsobeusedtodescribetrees,buildings,orotherthingsthatarenarrowandmeasurealongdistancefrombottomtotop:Sheistallandthin.

thetallestbuildinginLondon

highisusedtodescribethingsorplacesthatarealongwayfromtheground:ahighshelf

thehighestmountainintheworldLongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglishCollocations:sb’sattentionisonsb/sthpayattention(tosb/sth)turnyourattentiontosb/sth(=startlisteningto,lookingat,orthinkingaboutsomething)give(your)attentiontosb/sth(=listento,lookat,orthinkaboutsomething,sothat

youcandealwithaproblem)sb’sfull/complete/undividedattentionkeepsb’sattentionclose/carefulattentionsb’sattentionwandersmay/couldIhaveyourattention?(=usedwhenaskingagroupofpeopletolistencarefullytoyou)Collocations:My

attentionwasn'treallyonthegame.

Shetriedtopayattentiontowhathewassaying.

Ifyoupaidmoreattention

inclass,youmightactuallylearnsomething!

Scottsatdownathisdeskandturnedhisattentiontothefilehehadinfrontofhim.

Asasocietyweneedtogivemoreattentiontotheneedsofolderpeople.

Nowhe'sgone,Ican

giveyoumyundividedattention.

Thisgameisfunandissuretokeeptheattentionof

anyyoungstudent.

Theylistenedtothespeechwithcloseattention.

Attentiontodetail

isessentialinthisjob.

DuringthelectureSarah's

attentionbegantowander.WORDFOCUS:AIRPORT

whatyoudoattheairport:Whenyouarriveattheairport,yougointotheterminalbuilding.Youcheckinforyourflightatthecheck-indesk.Youshowyourpassportatpassportcontrolandthengothroughsecurity,wheretheycheckthatyouarenotcarryinganyweapons.Ifyouhavetimeyoucanwaitforyourflightinthedeparturelounge.Whenyourflightiscalled,yougothroughthedeparturegateinordertogetontotheplane.Theplanethentakesofffromtherunway.Afteryourplanehaslanded,yougotothebaggagereclaimtocollectyourbags,thengothroughcustomsandimmigration,wheretheycheckyourpassportandyourbags.Youthengooutintothearrivalsareaoftheairport.LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglishDefinitions:Givenincompletesentencesinsteadofwordsandphrases.play(p.1258-59)例2：CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary

(1995)

PlayWhenchildren,animal,orperhapsadultsplay,theyspendtimedoingenjoyablethings,suchasusingtoysandtakingpartingames.Whenyouplayasport,game,or