Unit-One-跨文化交際-課件

UnitOne

languageandcultureincommunication學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)

教學(xué)內(nèi)容

案例分析資源導(dǎo)航歷年試題試題答案

culture

cross-culturalcommunication

Typesofcommunicationhumancommunication

ClassificationsofLanguage

Modelsofcommunication

Meaningsincommunication

Essentialcomponentsofasocialsituation

學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)1Ourlifedependsoncommunication.

Thereareallsortsofcommunication:humancommunication,animalcommunication,human-animalcommunication,human-machinecommunication,andmachine-to-machinecommunication.Communicationcanalsobedividedintodirectcommunicationvs.indirectcommunication,face-to-facecommunicationanddistancecommunicationsuchasourdistancelearningwhichiscarriedoutthroughdistancecommunication.2Fourmodelsofcommunicationareconstructed:informationmodel,mono-culturalmodel,unilateralmodelandbilateralmodel.

學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)3Incommunicationtherearethreekindsofmeaning:utterancemeaning,speaker'smeaningandhearer'smeaning.4Allhumancommunicationtakesplaceinsocialsituations.5Beingpoliteisoftenconsideredaveryimportantstrategyincross-culturalcommunication.However,politeexpressioninChinesedoesnotmeanthatitisalsopoliteinEnglish.SimilarlyapoliteexpressioninEnglishdoesnotmeanthatitisequallypoliteinChinese.

教學(xué)內(nèi)容:文化可以定義為：“歷史上創(chuàng)造的所有的生活形式，包括顯型的和隱型的，包括合理的、不合理的以及談不上合理或不合理的一切，它們?cè)谀骋粫r(shí)期作為人們行為的潛在指南而存在。”文化是人類所獨(dú)有的，它們是社會(huì)的遺產(chǎn)，而不時(shí)生理遺傳。文化有船承的一面，也有變化的一面。在跨文化交際研究中文化是核心。影響跨文化交際的文化因素包括一個(gè)民族的歷史、傳統(tǒng)、宗教、價(jià)值觀念、社會(huì)組織、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、社會(huì)所處于的開(kāi)展階段和社會(huì)制度等。

教學(xué)內(nèi)容:2跨文化交際(cross-culturalcommunication)指具有不同文化背景的人們之間的交際。在跨文化交際研究中應(yīng)該首先把眼光集中于國(guó)別研究，集中于一個(gè)國(guó)家中的主流文化的研究。

Definitionsofcommunication〔傳播的定義〕：Definition1：theactivityorprocessofgivinginformationtootherpeopleortootherlivingthings,usingsignalssuchasspeech,bodymovements,orradiosignals，e.g.:Insectssuchasantshaveahighlyeffectivesystemofcommunication.

定義1：傳播是個(gè)人或團(tuán)體通過(guò)符號(hào)向個(gè)人或團(tuán)體傳遞信息、觀念、態(tài)度或情感。Definitionsofcommunication〔傳播的定義〕Definition2：thesystemsofprocessesthatareusedtocommunicateortobroadcastinformation,especiallythosethatuseelectricityorradiowave,e.g.:thecurrentrevolutionincommunications定義2：從最一般的意義上而言，傳播是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)——信源〔信息來(lái)源〕通過(guò)可選擇的符號(hào)去影響另一個(gè)系統(tǒng)——信宿〔信息到達(dá)目的地〕的過(guò)程，這些符號(hào)能夠通過(guò)連接這兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)的信息渠道得到傳遞。Definitionsofcommunication〔傳播的定義〕Definition3：aletter,telephonecallorsomeothermessage;aformaluse,e.g.:asecretcommunicationfromtheForeignMinister

定義3：傳播也可以定義為通過(guò)迅息進(jìn)行的社會(huì)互動(dòng)Typesofcommunication:

humancommunication(人類傳播〕

animalcommunication

human-animalcommunication

human-machinecommunication

machine-to-machinecommunication

humancommunication(人類傳播)：

1．SocialCommunication〔社會(huì)傳播〕

1〕．InterpersonalCommunication〔人際傳播〕:兩個(gè)人或兩個(gè)人以上的信息傳受過(guò)程。包括兩人之間的交談、書信往來(lái)、小組討論、大會(huì)演講、街談巷議等等。

2〕．OrganizationCommunication〔組織傳播〕:在學(xué)校、公司、工廠、軍隊(duì)、黨派、群眾團(tuán)體等的內(nèi)部的傳播。

3〕．MassCommunication〔群眾傳播〕:職業(yè)化的傳播機(jī)構(gòu)利用機(jī)械化、電子化的技術(shù)手段向多數(shù)人傳送信息的行為和過(guò)程。包括報(bào)刊雜志、播送電視、因特網(wǎng)上的各種信息。

humancommunication2．IntrapersonalCommunication〔內(nèi)向傳播、自我傳播〕:指一個(gè)人自己腦子里在自我交流活動(dòng)或是自言自語(yǔ)。 ClassificationsofLanguage:HumanLanguage〔人類語(yǔ)言〕:verbal:English,Chinese;nonverbal:non-wordsoundssoundsutteredtocontrolanimals;bodylanguagegestures,headmovementsArtificialLanguage〔人造語(yǔ)言〕:specialpurposeBraille;symboliclogic;machinecomputerModelsofcommunication傳播的模式):Communicationexpertshavedesignedvariousmodelsforcommunication.Theyhavedifferentwaysofprovidingmodels.Onthewhole,theearlierexpertshavesimpleroneswhilethepresentexpertshavetakenmuchmorethingsintoconsiderationbeforedesigningmodels.

1．HaroldLasswell:2ClaudeShannon&WarrenWeaver(1949)3CharlesOsgood&WilburSchramm(1950s):4

Meaningsincommunication

Inanyformsofcommunication,mono--cultural,unilateralandbilateralcross-culturalalike,meaningexchangeistheessence.Inthispart,weshallexaminevarioustypesofmeaningsincommunication.

InPage23,thereisaconversationbetweenwife,aFinnish,andhusband,aTaiwanChinese.Theyaretalkingaboutthehusband'smother.Unfortunatelythisconversationisoverheardbythemother:

Meaningsincommunication

Theauthorofthecoursebookdividesanutteranceofwordsintothreekindsofmeanings:

1.UtteranceMeaningiswhatanutterancenormallymeans.

2.Speaker'smeaningiswhatthespeakerhasintendedtoconveybywayofutterancemeaning.

3.Hearer'smeaningiswhatthehearerhasunderstoodonthebasisoftheutterancemeaning.Essentialcomponentsofasocialsituation1.twoormoreparticipants:2.asocialsituation:Asocialsituationmayreceivetwodefinitions.Oneisgivenbythecommunityandtheotherbytheparticipants.Thecommunitydefinitionofasocialsituationisasortofofficialdefinition,orofficialinterpretationofthesituation,suchasasocialsituationofmeeting,asocialsituationofclassroomteaching,etc.Theparticipants'definitionreferstotheinterpretationsofthesituationgivenbyparticipantsthemselves.Thetwotypesofdefinitionmaycoincideordiffer.

3.goal:apurposeyouwanttoachievebydoingsomething

4.setting:spatialsetting(空間場(chǎng)合)&temporalsetting(時(shí)間場(chǎng)合)

5.schema/schemata:rulesandprocedures

6.verbalcommunication:

7.non-verbalcommunication:一切不使用語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行的交際活動(dòng)，包括：眼神、手勢(shì)、身勢(shì)、微笑、面部表情、服裝打扮、沉默、身體的接觸、講話人的距離、講話的音量、時(shí)間觀念、對(duì)空間的使用等。

8.timeandspace:案例分析Case1:Direction:UsethetheoryraisedbyClaudeShannon&WarrenWeaver(1949)toanalyzethefollowingcase.:JohnmeetsMaryatthebusstationandsaystoher:"Morning,Mary!"

1.Thesourceofinformationis:John.

2.Theencodeis:John.

3.Thecodeis:English.

4.Themessageis:"Morning,Mary!"

5.Thechannelis:facetoface.

6.Themediumis:air.

7.Thenoiseis:thedisturbanceofthepassingcar.

8.Thedecoderis:Mary.

9.Theretrievalofinformationis:Mary.

案例分析Case2:Direction:Supposingthatthe"I"ismale,andthetwoparticipantsarestrangetoeachother,theantidotetakesplaceintheYuehuLakePark,Ningbo.Pleaseanalyzethefollowingaspectsofessentialcomponentsinasocialcommunication.

Ifeltexhaustedaftermuchsightseeing.Ilookedforaseattorestmylegs.Itsohappenedthatonthenearbyroadsidetherewasatwo-personstonechairwithoneplacealreadyoccupiedbyacharmingyounggirl.Ihesitated,butstillwentover."Isitoccupied?"Iasked."No"wastheanswer.ThemomentIsatdown,thewomanstoodupandleft.Iwasabithurtbyherinstantdeparture案例分析Case3:Direction:Inaformalacademicconference,Mr.YaoisbeingintroducedtoProfessorLeachbyProfessorGuo.WhatiswrongwithMr.Yao'sanswer?

Prof.Guo:Mr.Yao,letmeintoduceyoutoProfessorLeach.

Prof.Leach:Howdoyou?

Mr.Yao:Howdoyou,MrLeach?

案例分析Case4:Direction:Prof.LianghaswrittenabookinChinese.HewantstohavehisbookpublishedbyThompsonPublishers.HeistalkingtoMr.Allright,aThompsonrepresentative,throughLiYan,whoisactingashisinterpreter.Whatistheprobleminthiscross-culturalcommunication?

Prof.Liang:奧萊特先生，這是鄙人的拙作。

LiTan:Mr.Allright,thisaclumsybookwrittenbyyourhumbleservant.

MrAllright:No,no,no,you'renotmyhumbleservant...

案例分析．MorecontrastbetweentheChineseandtheAmericancultures:IfyouarebeinginvitedtohaveadinnerChinese:“不”("Pleaseoffermeagain.")American:"No."("Idon'tacceptyourinvitation.")Ifsomeo