外語類試卷專業(yè)英語四級模擬試卷388

［外語類試卷］專業(yè)英語四級模擬試卷388

一、PARTIDICTATION(15MIN)

Directions:Listentothefollowingpassage.Altogetherthepassagewillbereadtoyou

fourtimes.Duringthefirstreading,whichwillbereadatnormalspeed,listenandtryto

understandthemeaning.Forthesecondandthirdreadings,thepassagewillberead

sentencebysentence,orphrasebyphrase,withintervalsof15seconds.Thelastreading

willbereadatnormalspeedagainandduringthistimeyoushouldcheckyourwork.You

willthenbegiven2minute

SECTIONACONVERSATIONS

Directions:Inthissectionyouwillhearseveralconversations.Listentothe

conversationscarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.

2Whatisthemandoing?

(A)Complainingtothemanager.

(B)Havingafightwiththemanager.

(C)Buyinganotherpairofjeans.

(D)Tryingtogethismoneyback.

3Whatmadethemansoangry?

(A)Thegirlrefusedtorefundthejeans.

(B)Hewasgiventhewrongsize.

(C)Thegirldeliberatelyputthejeansinabox.

(D)Thegirldidn'thandlehiscomplaintwell.

4Whichwordbestdescribestheman?

(A)Apologetic.

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(B)Reasonable.

(C)Pathetic.

(D)Fault-finding.

5Whichcompanyismentionedasasponsorofthemovie?

(A)Sprite.

(B)Cocacola.

(C)Pepsi.

(D)Colgate.

6Whichofthefollowingistrue?

(A)Themanwillgotopickupthewomananhourearlierbeforethemoviestarts.

(B)Theticketsontheblackmarkethavebeensoldout.

(C)Themanputwirestoget2tickets.

(D)Themangottheticketsforfree.

7Whichstatementistrueaboutthemovie?

(A)Itiscatchingon.

(B)Itisontonight.

(C)It'salovestory.

(D)Ifsout-dated.

8Whatarethespeakersmainlydiscussing?

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(A)Achemistryassignment.

(B)Astudythattheirchemistryprofessordid.

(C)Aclassthatthewomanistaking.

(D)Ajobpossibility.

9WhyisthewomaninterestedinworkingwithProfessorSmith?

(A)Shewantstoquitherjobinthechemistrylab.

(B)Shewantstogetpracticalexperience.

(C)She'sinterestedinbecomingapsychologymajor.

(D)Shewantstoearnextramoney.

1()Whatwillthecollegestudentsdoforthehighschoolstudents?

(A)Employthemaslabassistants.

(B)Teachclassesattheirhighschool.

(C)Helpthemwiththeirstudies.

(D)Paythemforparticipatinginthestudy.

11Whatwillthespeakersprobablydonext?

(A)Writetheirlabreports.

(B)FindoutProfessorSmith'sschedule.

(C)Interviewsomehighschoolstudents.

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(D)Finishtheirchemistryexperiment.

SECTIONBPASSAGES

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearseveralpassages.Listentothepassages

carefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.

12Howlongcantheelephantlive?

(A)Twentytothirtyyears.

(B)Thirtytofortyyears.

(C)Fortytofiftyyears.

(D)Fiftysixtyyears.

13Accordingtothepassage,whichstatementisCORRECT?

(A)TheelephantisthebiggestanimalIntheworld.

(B)Femaleandmaleelephantsiivetogetheralllifelong.

(C)Theelephanthasagoodmemory.

(D)Themaleelephantoftenhaslotsofmalefriends.

14Whathappenstothefemaleelephantwhenitdies?

(A)Theotherstakeabitofitsdeadbodyaway.

(B)Theotherseatitsdeadbody.

(C)Theothersburyitneartheirhome.

(D)Theothersleaveitsoon.

15Thespeakerfeltwhenhisfatheraskedhimtohelpcutgrass.

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(A)anxiousandworried

(B)proudandexcited

(C)nervousandconfused

(D)inspiredandconfident

16Whatdidhisfatherdowhenthespeakermissedcuttingsomeweeds?

(A)Hisfatherscoldedhimseverely.

(B)Hisfathertookbackthesixdollars.

(C)Hisfathermadehimdothecuttingagain.

(D)Hisfathercuttheweedshimself.

17Whatdidthespeakwanttotellusinthispassage?

(A)Onecanbenefitalotfromworkingwithhisfather.

(B)Manuallaborersshouldn'tbelookeddownupon.

(C)Oneshouldalwaysdohisjobearnestly.

(D)Teenagerstendedtobecareless.

18WhatischaracteristicoflearnersofspecialEnglish?

(A)TheywanttochangethewayEnglishistaught.

(B)TheylearnEnglishtofindwellpaidjobs.

(C)Theywanttohaveanup-to-dateknowledgeofEnglish.

(D)Theyknowclearlywhattheywanttolearn.

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19WhoneedsESPcoursesmost?

(A)Workingpeople.

(B)Collegestudents.

(C)Beginners.

(D)Intermediatelearners.

20WhatarethemostpopularESPcoursesinBritain?

(A)Coursesfordoctors.

(B)Coursesfbrbusinessmen.

(C)Coursesforreporters.

(D)Coursesfbrlawyers.

21WhatistheSpeakermainlytalkingabout?

(A)Threegroupsoflearners.

(B)TheimportanceofbusinessEnglish.

(C)EnglishforSpecificPurposes.

(D)FeaturesofEnglishfbrdifferentpurposes.

SECTIONCNEWSBROADCAST

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearseveralnewsitems.Listentothemcarefully

andthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.

22WhendidtheheadchefRajivPathakwasannouncedasoneofthefinalists?

(A)Itwasthreehoursago.

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(B)Itwasinthelastweek.

(C)ItwasonSaturday.

(D)ItwasonFebruary25.

23WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

(A)Heavyrainsandstormscausedriverstooverflow.

(B)Floodingforcedevacuationinsevencounties.

(C)Floodingdamagedhomesandcutoffelectricity.

(D)Heavyrainsandfloodingkeptbanksclosed.

24HowmanypeoplespeakCantoneseinChina?

(A)70million.

(B)7million.

(C)17million.

(D)700million.

25WhendidresidentsinGuangdongbegintoprotecttheircultureanddialect?

(A)Sincelastyear.

(B)Sincethisweek.

(C)Sincethisyear.

(D)Sincethismonth.

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26ThefollowingcountrieshavereachedanagreementonclimatechangeEXCEPT

(A)TheUS.

(B)TheUK.

(C)China.

(D)India.

27PresidentObama'sattitudetotheagreementwas

(A)optimistic.

(B)pessimistic.

(C)neutral.

(D)negative.

28HowwillUNICEFhelptheAfricanchildren?

(A)BuildmoreschoolsinAfrica.

(B)ReduceschoolfeesinAfrica.

(C)Returnthemtoschool.

(D)Providethemwithfoodandhousing.

29Extramoneyisneededtohelp.

(A)Africanchildren

(B)Sudanesechildren

(C)Africanrefugees

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(D)Sudaneserefugees

30WhydoesPresidentBushrenewsanctionsontheTalebanforces?

(A)TalebanforceskilledsomeAmericans.

(B)Talebanforcesattackedothercountries.

(C)Talebanforcesareaterroristorganization.

(D)TalebanforcescontinuetoprovidesafehavenandabaseofoperationsforOsama

binLaden.

31WhoisOsmanbinLaden?

(A)TheleaderofTalebanforces

(B)PresidentofAfghanistan.

(C)Suspectedterroristleader

(D)AcriminalwhofledfromAmericayearsago.

二、PARTIIICLOZE(15MIN)

Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.Decidewhichofthechoices

givenbelowwouldbestcompletethepassageifinsertedinthecorrespondingblanks.

31AftertheviolentearthquakethatshookLosAngelesin1994,earthquakescientists

hadgoodnewstoreport:thedamageanddeath[Cl]couldhavebeenmuch

worse.Morethan60peoplediedinthisearthquake.[C2]anearthquakeof

similar[C3]thatshookAmericain1988claimed25,000victims.Injuriesand

deathswererelatively[C4]inLosAngelesbecausethequake[C5]at

4:31a.m.onaholiday,whentrafficwaslightonthecity'shighways.[C6]

changesmadetotheconstruction[C7]inLosAngelesduringthelast20

yearshave[C8]thecity'sbuildingsandhighways,makingthemmoreresistant

[C9]quakes.

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Despitethegoodnews,civilengineersaren't[CIO]theirsuccess.[Cl1]

totheirdrawingboardsareblueprintsforimprovedquake-resistantbuildings.The

newdesignsshouldoffer[C12]greater[C13]tocitieswhere

earthquakesoftentakeplace.

Inthepast,makingstructuresquakeproofmeantfirmyetflexiblematerials,suchas

steelandwood,[C14]bendwithoutbreaking.[C15]peopletriedto

liftabuildingoffitsfoundation,and[C16]rubberandsteelbetweenthe

buildinganditsfoundationtoreducetheimpactofground[C17]Calledsmart

buildings,thestructuresrespondlikelivingorganismstoanearthquake'svibration.When

thegroundshakesandthebuildingtipsforward,thecomputerwouldforcethebuildingto

shiftinthe[C18]direction.

Thenewsmartstructures[C19]veryexpensivetobuild.However,they

wouldsavemanylivesandwouldbeless[C20]tobedamagedduring

earthquakes.

32[Cl]

(A)price

(B)toll

(C)loss

(D)cost

33[C2]

(A)Bycomparison

(B)Onthecontrary

(C)Asaresult

(D)Likewise

34[C3]

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(A)degree

(B)influence

(C)affection

(D)intensity

35[C4]

(A)less

(B)more

(C)light

(D)heavy

36[C5]

(A)wasoccurred

(B)wasoccured

(C)occurred

(D)occured

37[C6]

(A)Nevertheless

(B)Inaddition

(C)Undoubtedly

(D)Incontrast

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38[C7]

(A)sites

(B)codes

(C)beliefs

(D)workers

39[C8]

(A)strengthened

(B)increased

(C)accumulated

(D)powered

40[C9]

(A)against

(B)by

(C)to

(D)with

41[CIO]

(A)conformingwith

(B)hopingfor

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(C)objectingto

(D)restingon

42[CH]

(A)Pinning

(B)Pinned

(C)Topin

(D)Pin

43[C12]

(A)even

(B)never

(C)many

(D)lot

44[C13]

(A)insurance

(B)safe

(C)safety

(D)security

45[C14]

(A)which

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(B)that

(C)what

(D)where

46[C15]

(A)Again

(B)Later

(C)Frequently

(D)Now

47[C16]

(A)insert

(B)infuse

(C)exert

(D)execute

48[C17]

(A)variations

(B)vacancies

(C)ibrations

(D)ventilations

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49[C18]

(A)backward

(B)opposite

(C)other

(D)round

50[C19]

(A)couldbe

(B)mustbe

(C)shouldbe

(D)wouldbe

51[C20]

(A)able

(B)seem

(C)managed

(D)likely

三、PARTIVGRAMMAR&VOCABULARY(15MIN)

Directions:Therearethirtysentencesinthissection.Beneatheachsentencetherearefour

wordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Chooseonewordorphrasethatbestcompletes

thesentence.

52It'stooearlyforthereanybodyshowinguptodomorningexercisesinthepark.

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(A)being

(B)wouldbe

(C)be

(D)tobe

53Hesaiditwouldnotbeallthatdifficulttoreachapeacefulconclusiontothe

(A)conflict

(B)paradox

(C)dilemma

(D)prejudice

54ThepressurecausesAmericanstobeenergetic,butitalsoputsthemundera

constantemotionalstrain.

(A)tocompete

(B)competing

(C)tobecompeted

(D)havingcompeted

55Thesceneofthewaterfallisaperfectdelighttotheeye.

(A)significant

(B)dominant

(C)magnificent

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(D)prominent

56isaspellofwarmsunshine.

(A)Whatdoweallneed

(B)Whatallweneed

(C)Whatweneed

(D)Whatweallneed

57一Doyouthinkthatshe'llmeetthedeadline?一Sure.Solongasshetodoitin

herownway.

(A)isleaving

(B)leaves

(C)isleft

(D)hasleft

58WhentheCulturalRevolutionwaslaunchedinChina,hissisterprimary

school.

(A)attended

(B)wasattending

(C)hadbeenattending

(D)hasbeenattending

59Ibegyourniece*sbirthdayparty.

(A)tobeexcused

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(B)tobeexcusedto

(C)toexcusefrom

(D)tobeexcusedfrom

60Pardonme,butSarahmightnotturnagainuntil,say,tonight.

(A)on

⑻in

(C)out

(D)up

61Advertisingcanbeaservicetothecustomer.Thisistruewhenadvertisementsgive

liableinformationaboutthegoods.

(A)advertised

(B)beingadvertised

(C)tobeadvertised

(D)havingbeenadvertised

62Nooneappreciatedhisworkduringhislifetime,butitisclearthathewasa

greatartist.

(A)inperson

(B)intheaftermath

(C)inretrospect

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(D)inthefuture

63ThoughMr.Ian'sconditionlooksveryserious,Ibelievewithcarefulnursing,hewill

(A)pullback

(B)pullup

(C)pullthrough

(D)pulloff

64Itistoosoontosayhowmuch.Ihavefromthesecourses.

(A)benefited

(B)obtained

(C)improved

(D)recovered

65Weareconvincedtherighteousnessofourcause.

(A)of

(B)on

(C)over

(D)at

66Thepapercompanywishestoitsnewfactorybesidetheriver.

(A)place

(B)position

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(c)lay

(D)locate

67Readingthemindonlywithmaterialsofknowledge;itisthinkingthatmakes

whatwereadours.

(A)rectifies

(B)prolongs

(C)minimizes

(D)furnishes

68Fdratheryouthoseimportantdocumentswithyou.

(A)don't

(B)didnfttake

(C)won'ttake

(D)nottake

69Thetextilemillhasover8,000workers,arewomen.

(A)eightypercentofthose

(B)eightypercentofwhich

(C)eightypercentofwhom

(D)eightypercentofthat

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70Extensivereportingontelevisionhashelpedtointerestinawidevarietyof

sportsandactivities.

(A)gather

(B)generate

(C)assemble

(D)yield

71IwasstudyFrenchyesterday,butIchangedmymind.

(A)tobestarting

(B)tostart

(C)tohavestarted

(D)tohavebeenstarting

72Theresidents,hadbeendamagedbytheflood,weregivenhelpbytheRed

Cross.

(A)alltheirhomes

(B)allwhosehomes

(C)allofwhosehomes

(D)alloftheirhomes

73AlthoughOrientalideasofwoman'stomanprevailedinthosedays,shedid

daretomeetwithmanonequalbasis.

(A)contribution

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(B)sacrifice

(C)subordination

(D)obedience

74Whenhetriedtomakea,hefoundthatthehotelthathewantedwas

completelyfilledbecauseofaconvention.

(A)complaint

(B)claim

(C)reservation

(D)decision

75NosoonerhadItoldhimthetruththatIshouldhaveremainedsilent.

(A)thanIhadrealized

(B)thandidIrealize

(C)whenIrealized

(D)thanIrealized

76Thisisanidealsiteforauniversityitisfarfromthedowntownarea.

(A)providedthat

(B)nowthat

(C)sothat

(D)inthat

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77withthegreathitonthestockmarket,thesufferingsoftheinvestorsare

worthy.

(A)Compare

(B)Whencompared

(C)Whilecomparing

(D)Comparing

78Thepolicewomanwavedherhandandbrokethecrowds.

(A)up

(B)down

(C)in

(D)through

79Whereareyou?Iforyouhereforages!

(A)waited

(B)waswaiting

(C)hadwaited

(D)havebeenwaiting

80Let'sgoandgetsomewater,?

(A)can*twe

(B)won'twe

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(C)shallwe

(D)shan'twe

81Lauraisgoodatsports.Sheisthanhersister.

(A)moreofasportsman

(B)moreasportsman

(C)moreofsportsman

(D)muchmoresportsman

81Naturallytheaudiencesthatsupportvariouskindsofmusicarenotidentical.

Thereareseparateaudiences,ofwidelydifferingtastesandmusicalreceptivity,foropera,

symphonyandchambermusic.Theoratorioaudienceisaveryspecialgroupmadeupof

themostconservativetastesandopinions.Onesuspectsthatitisrecruitedlargelyfrom

friendsandfamiliesofthesingers.Nowastagefullofhappyandearnestoratoriosingers

mustrepresentconsiderablepotentialticketsales,and,ifthisistrue,itdoesnotmalt

muchdifferencewhatworkthesingersselecttoperform.Anyonewhohaseversungina

chorusknowswhatfunitistosingHandel.Themusiciseasytograsp,fitsthevoicewell,

andfineeffectsareachievedwithaminimumofprofessionalskill.Theplanofthe

Handeloratorioisidealfortheordinaryamateursinginggroup.Allthehardpartsare

takenbyprofessionalsoloists,whocanbeimportedfbrtheoccasion.Thereforethe

choruscanmakeapublicappearanceafterlong,leisurelypreparationandaddonatthe

lastmomentthefinalprofessionaltouches.Thusthenever-endingvogueoftheoratorio

anditsunchangingaspectmustbeattributed,atleastpartially,totheamateurchoral

societiesthataretobefoundinalmosteverycommunity.

82Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Oratorioperformersandtheiraudience.

(B)Differencesinmusicaudiences.

(C)Theriseofamateurchoralsocieties.

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(D)Communityreceptivitytomusic.

83Theauthorindicatesthattheoratorioaudienceisprobablycomposedof.

(A)musiccomposers

(B)travelingmusicians

(C)amateurtheatergroups

(D)performersrelativesandfriends

84Theauthorimpliesthattheprofessionalsoloistsmentionedinthepassagedowhich

ofthefollowing?

(A)MemorizeallofHandel'ssolooratorios.

(B)Practicewithamateurchorusesateveryrehearsal.

(C)Engagesingersforchoralsocieties.

(D)Giveprofessionalsupporttoamateurgroups.

85Whatcanbeconcludedformthepassageaboutthecharacteristicsoforatorios?

(A)Theyareprimarilyperformedbyprofessionals.

(B)Theyvarylittlefromoneperformancetoanother.

(C)Theyarecomposedentirelyofsolos.

(D)Theyarecarelesslyscheduled.

85Therenewableenergyindustryhasdismissedas"trumped-upnonsense"anattack

byDonaldTrumponScottishwindenergyprojects.ButtheScottishgovernmenthas

declinedtoresponddirectlytothebillionaire^stingingcriticismofAlexSalmond'splans

forrenewableenergy.

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WhenaskedinaninterviewonThursdaynightaboutTrump'scomments,Salmond

repliedonlywithapredictionthatoncerenewableenergycreatedalargenumberofjobs

inScotland,"justabouteverybodywillgetonboard,evenDonaldTrump".

Trumpisopposedtoplansforanoffshorewindfarmnearthesiteofhisluxurygolf

resortinAberdeenshire.Inalettersenttothefirstminister,AlexSalmond,Trump

accusedhimofbeing"hell-bentondestroyingScotland'scoastline",andsaidhewould

haltworkonhisprojectuntiladecisiononthewindfarmwasmadebyministers.

"Withtherecklessinstallationofthesemonsters,youwillsingle-handedlyhavedone

moredamagetoScotlandthanvirtuallyanyeventinScottishhistory,"Trumpwrote.He

saidhewouldbelaunchinganinternationalcampaignagainstScotland*swindenergy

plans.

NiallStuart,chiefexecutiveofScottishRenewables,whichrepresentstherenewable

energyindustryinScotland,criticisedTrump'sintervention,andsaidtherewasnoreason

whythetwodevelopmentscouldnotexistsidebyside.

"WhoisDonaldTrumptotellScotlandwhatisgoodforoureconomyandour

environment?"hesaid."Offshorewindisalreadyattractingbillionsofpoundsof

investmentandsupportinghundredsofjobsacrossScotland,includinginhismother's

hometownofStornoway."

"Hecompletelyoverblowstheimpactoftheproposedwindfarmandtobehonest

therearesomanymistakesinthe'trumped-up'nonsensethatit'sdifficulttoknowwhere

tobegin."

InaninterviewwithSTV,SalmondsaidhebelievedeventheAmericanbusinessman

couldbepersuadedofthebenefitsofwindenergy.

"Peoplewillbeopposedforawholevarietyofreasonsbutaswemobilisethisindustry,

asweareestablishedasworldleaders,tensofthousandsofjobscometothiscountryand

aswere-industrialisethisnationthen,eventually,justabouteverybodywillgetonboard,

evenDonaldTrump."

TheScottishgovernmentdeclinedtoresponddirectlytoTrump*scriticism,sayingit

wascurrentlyconsideringtheviewsofinterestedpartiesintheprojectfor11turbinesin

AberdeenBay,whichhasbecomethefocusofTrump'sire.

"ScottishwatersareestimatedtohaveasmuchasaquarterofEurope*spotential

offshorewindenergy,"aspokesmansaid.nArecentstudysuggeststhatharnessingjusta

thirdofthepracticalresourceoffourcoastby2050wouldenableustogenerateenough

electricitytopowerScotlandseventimesover.AnindependentScotlandwillbeableto

takefullresponsibilityforthisrenewablesrevolution,alongwiththeinvestmentand

thousandsofjobsitbrings."

RenewableUKsaidstudieshadshownthatwindfarmshadnoeffectontourism.

nWethinkhisconcernsareprobablynotmerited,Hitsaid."Unlesshe'sgoingtoputhis

golfcourseonthewater,whichseemsunlikely."

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Trump'sinterventionfollowstheScottishgovernment'sblueprinttohelpstreamlinethe

scope,planningandconsentingforoffshorerenewablesdevelopments.Theyplanto

createanationaldatabaseofsurveydataandwillprioritiseearlyworktoidentify

potentialsitesfornewtestfacilities,includingdeep-wateroffshorewindtechnologies.

WillieRennie,theScottishLiberalDemocratleader,saidScotlandwouldnotbe

bulliedovertheissue."FirstMrTrumpaccusesScotlandofbeingthelaughingstockof

theworld,"Renniesaid.HNowhethreatenstolaunchaninternationalcampaign.What

MrTrumpneedstounderstandisthatScotlandwillliveuptoourresponsibilitiesto

tackleclimatechange."

“Thisletterisaratherdesperateattemptbyarichmanwhoisusedtogettinghisown

way.Buthislatesttizzyisembarrassing.InsteadoftheworldlaughingatScotland,

ScotlandislaughingatMrTrump."

FromTheGuardian,February10,2012

86WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?

(A)TheScottishrenewableenergyindustryhasdismissedDonaldTrump'sattack.

(B)AlexSalmondpredictsthateverybodywillgetonboardincludingDonaldTrump.

(C)TheScottishgovernmenthasdeclinedtoresponddirectlytoSalmond'scriticism.

(D)DonaldTrumpclaimedthatwindenergyplanswilldestroyScotland'scoastline.

87Whichofthefollowinghastheclosestmeaningof"halt"inthethirdparagraph?

(A)start

(B)stop

(C)continue

(D)accelerate

88ThewindenergyplanswillhaveeffectonthefollowingpartiesEXCEPT.

(A)Scottisheconomy

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(B)Scottishpeople

(C)Scottishtourism

(D)renewableenergyindustry

89Accordingtothepassage,theScottishgovernmenthasgottheblueprinttohelpmake

thefollowingsmoreefficientEXCEPT.

(A)scopefbroffshorerenewablesdevelopments

(B)planningforoffshorerenewablesdevelopments

(C)consentingforoffshorerenewablesdevelopments

(D)surveyforoffshorerenewablesdevelopments

90WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECTaccordingtothepassage?

(A)Scottishwatersareestimatedtohaveaquarteroftheworld'soffshorewindenergy.

(B)TheScottishgovernmentwascurrentlyconsideringtheviewsofinterestedparties.

(C)DonaldTrumpistolaunchaninternationalcampaignagainstthewindenergy

plans.

(D)TheScottishgovernmentplannedtocreateanationaldatabaseofthesurveydata.

90Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonworkforce,skills,Americanfirms

haveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothe

competitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredasan

individualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—

rentedatthelowestpossiblecost-muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.

Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthe

corporationhierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalways

secondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallya

specializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.Theexecutivewhoholdsitis

neverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChief

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ExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resource

managementiscentral一usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,in

thefirm'shierarchy.

WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirwork

forces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseor

Germanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedon

professionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadein

trainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessaryto

dothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorb

newtechnologies.

Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmerican

workers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexible

manufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthose

stationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbefore

equipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggenerates

costsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbe

employed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskills

ofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalf

can'teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementand

professionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.

91WhichofthefollowingappliestothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmerican

companies?

(A)Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskills.

(B)Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployees*ownbusiness.

(C)Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthantoequipment.

(D)Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition.

92Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?

(A)Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinthefirm.

(B)Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologiesareintroduced.

(C)Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutive.

答案見麥多課文庫

(D)Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm.

93ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto

(A