粒子物理規(guī)劃及未來的中微子實驗教學

粒子物理規(guī)劃及

未來的中微子實驗Particlephysics:problemsandmethodsStandardModel:HiggsHighenergyacceleratorsBeyondStandardModel?SUSY,Extra-dimensions.Compositeness,…Neutrinoproperties:mass,oscillation,magneticmoment?Majorana?Cosmologyrelatedproblems:antimatter(CP)?Darkmatter?Relic-neutrinos,Monopoles?Axions?…DetailsofSM(EW&QCD):precisiontest,Confinement,Glueballs?spectroscopyofparticles…HighintensityacceleratorsUndergroundexperimentsSurfaceexperimentsSpaceexperimentsHighenergyacceleratorsHighintensityacceleratorsUndergroundexperimentsSurfaceexperimentsSpaceexperimentsTevetran:D0CDFLHCATLASCMSILCFlavorphys.:BELLE(II)-bDAFNE–sLHCbPANDA…

Highden.phys:ALICEJ-PARC…nosc..:T2KMinosProject-Xnosc.:SuperKKamLAND…bbdecay:

EXOCuoreGerda…Darkmatter:

XmassXenonCOUPP…AstronomyMonopoleProtondecay…Cosmic-raysHESSMAGICAUGERCTAmass

Katrinnmag.Mom.

TEXONOGrav.WaveRelicnAxions,…Anti-matter/darkmatter:PAMELAFERMIAMS…ATICAsrtophysics:IntegralHubbleWMAPPlanck…Participate:ATLAS,CMSFlavorphys.:BESIII-cnosc.:DayaBayCosmic-raysYang-Ba-JinAsrtophysics:HXMTExperimentsintheworldandathome高能物理未來發(fā)展的基本思路Highenergyaccelerators積極參加國際合作Highintensityaccelerators充分利用BESIII，取得國際一流的成果尋機建造下一代加速器Undergroundexperiments充分利用大亞灣，取得國際一流的成果準備建造下一代中微子實驗尋機建造新的實驗：暗物質(zhì)、bbdecay、質(zhì)子衰變、。。。Surfaceexperiments充分利用ASg&ARGO，取得國際一流的成果積極準備建設LHAASOSpace

experiments盡快完成HXMT，取得國際一流的成果尋機建造新的實驗：宇宙線、天體物理、暗物質(zhì)、。。。時間安排十二五前期建設的豐收期

取得重大國際影響的成果基礎(chǔ)能力建設

達到國際先進水平未來項目的準備與預研

具有國際競爭力十三五：重要的建設項目下一代中微子實驗：大亞灣二期地下實驗：暗物質(zhì)、bbdecay、質(zhì)子衰變、。。。空間實驗：宇宙線、天體物理、暗物質(zhì)、。。。十四五：重大建設項目下一代加速器5每個新項目必須回答以下問題：1）為什么（與其它可能的項目比較：科學目標、經(jīng)費。。。）2）怎么做（概念設計、國際競爭力、科學意義、經(jīng)費、技術(shù)、進度、風

險。。。）3）R&D（問題、技術(shù)、方案、計劃。。。）Neutrinooscillations:

Whatweknowandwhatwedon’tknowAmixingmatrix:AtmosphericSolar

Majoranaphase

CPphase&q13Unknownsinneutrinooscillation:

q13,masshierarchy,CPphased

+Majoranaphase下一代中微子實驗：大亞灣二期中微子振蕩：中微子研究的中心中微子振蕩三個未解決的問題：尋找第三種振蕩，用q13表示

大亞灣中微子實驗質(zhì)量順序問題

大亞灣中微子實驗二期CP對稱破缺角

未來的加速器實驗

n1n2n3q12太陽中微子振蕩q23大氣中微子振蕩q13?mi?為什么反應堆中微子：1）加速器中微子實驗：造價昂貴（探測器+加速器）2）雙β實驗：造價昂貴，技術(shù)困難，風險巨大3）中微子絕對質(zhì)量測量：造價昂貴，技術(shù)困難4）反應堆中微子實驗：意義重大、風險小、條件優(yōu)越、造價低、技術(shù)可行測量磁矩：可能的未來，科學風險大精確測量混合參數(shù)：大亞灣、大亞灣二期Bestneutrinosource:reactorApowerfulman-madesourceIfnottoofar,morepowerfulthansolar,atmospheric,andacceleratorneutrinosAwellunderstoodsource（~2%

~0.1%）Betterthansolar(~5-10%),atmospheric(~10%),andaccelerator(~5-10%2-3%??)neutrinosAdjustablebaselineOfcourse,acceleratorcandoitalsoAfreeneutrinofactoryNeutrinoMasshierarchyMassHierarchy:FundamentaltotheStandardModelFundamentaltomodelsbeyondSMMostGUTspredictanormalmasshierarchyadiscriminatorofdifferentGUTsand/orneutrinomassmodelsFundamentaltomanyissues:Matter-antimatterasymmetryvialeptogenesisinspecificseesawmodels:hierarchyrelatedSupernovaneutrinos:collectiveflavortransitionsduetoinvertedmasshierarchyRadiativecorrectionstomnandqijaremoresensitivetotheinvertedhierarchyButevenmoreimportant…DiracorMajorana?Neutrinooscillation:beyondSMinawayofDiracorMajoranamode?

bbexp.maynevergivepositiveresultsIfmasshierarchyisknown,togetherwithnextgenerationbbexp.,theneutrinoDiracorMajorananaturecanbedetermined.nextgen.bbexp.MeasuringmasshierarchyLongbaselineacceleratorneutrinosThroughMattereffectsExpensive,project-X/LBNEinFermilab/BNLAtmosphericneutrinosVeryweaksignalHugedetector,ExpensiveReactorneutrinosMethod:distortionofenergyspectrumEnhancesignature:TransformreactorneutrinoL/EspectrumtofrequencyregimeusingFourierformalismneedSin2(2q13)>0.02NeedtoknowDM223S.T.Petcovetal.,PLB533(2002)94S.Choubeyetal.,PRD68(2003)113006J.Learned,PRD78(2008)07130212FouriertransformationofL/EspectrumFrequencyregimeisinfacttheDM2regimeenhancethevisiblefeaturesinDM2regimeTakeDM2

32asreferenceNH:DM2

31>DM2

32,DM2

31peakattherightofDM2

32

IH:DM2

31<DM2

32,DM2

31peakattheleftofDM2

32

L/EspectrumOureffortsCleardistinctivefeatures:FCT:NH:peakbeforevalleyIH:valleybeforepeakFST:NH:prominentpeakIH:prominentvalleyBetterthanpowerspectrumNopre-conditionofDm22313L.Zhanetal.,PRD78:111103,2008QuantifyFeaturesofFCTandFSTToquantifythesymmetrybreaking,wedefine:RV/LV:amplitudeoftheright/leftvalleyinFCTP/V:amplitudeofthepeak/valleyinFSTForasymmetricPeeNH:RL>0andPV>0IH:RL<0andPV<02008-07-1714L.Zhanetal.,PRD78:111103,2008Baseline:46-72kmSin2(2q13):0.005-0.05OthersfromglobalfitTwoclustersofRLandPVvaluesshowthesensitivityofmasshierarchydeterminationInrealityL.Zhan,et.al.,Phys.Rev.D79:073007,2009Unfortunately,DM221/DM223~3%RequirementTo

determinemasshierarchyat>90%CL:Baseline:~58km,determinedbyq12Reactorpower>24GWthFluxanddetectorsize:~(250-700)ktyearIdeally,sin22q13>0.02&energyresolution<2%IFsin22q13=0.01,energyresolution<2%&700ktyearForsin22q13=0.02,energyresolution<3%&700ktyearOverburden>1000MWE~60kmfromDayaBayAhugenedetectorwithmass>20ktcurrentlythelargestonis1kt(KamLAND&LVD)

Scientificgoal:al0-50ktundergroundLSdetector60kmfromreactorNeutrinoMasshierarchyPrecisionmixingpara.measurement:q12,DM212,DM231

UnitarityofthemixingmatrixSupernovaneutrinos

==〉better

than

SuperKGeo-neutrinos

==〉10better

than

KamLANDAtmosphericneutrinos

==〉

SuperKSolarneutrinos?HighenergyneutrinosPointsource:GRB,AGN,BH,…DiffusedneutrinosHighenergycosmic-muonsPointsource:GRB,AGN,BH,…DarkmatterExoticsSterileneutrinosMonopoles,Fractional

charged

particles,

….LVD+MACRO+KamLAND+SuperKPrecisionmeasurementofmixingparameter

FundamentaltotheStandardModelandbeyondSimilaritiespointtoaGrandunificationofleptonsandquarksConstrainallPMNSmatrixelementsto<1%!ProbingUnitarityofUPMNSto<1%level!Ifwecanspend(0.1-0.5)B$foreachB/C/superBfactoriestounderstandUCKM(~1-2elementsforeachfactory),whynotasuper-reactorneutrinoexperiment(~3elements)tounderstandUPMNS?CurrentBESIII

Vub25%5%Vcd7%1%Vcs16%1%Vcb5%3%Vtd36%5%Vts39%5%CurrentDayaBayII

Dm2125%<1%

Dm22312%<1%sin2q1210%<1%Sin2q2320%-sin2q13

-SupernovaneutrinosLessthan20eventsobservedsofar(2001Nobleprize)Assumptions:Distance:10kpc(ourGalaxycenter)Energy:31053ergLnthesameforalltypesTem.&energyManytypesofevents:ne+pn+e+,~3000correlatedeventsne

+12C

13B*+e+,~10-100correlatedeventsne+12C

11N*+e-,~10-100correlatedeventsnx

+12C

nｘ+12C*,

~600correlatedeventsnx+p

nｘ+p,singleeventsne+e-

ne+e-,singleeventsnx+e-

nｘ+e-,singleeventsT(ne)=3.5MeV,<E(ne)>=11MeVT(ne)=5MeV,<E(ne)>=16MeVT(nx)=8MeV,<E(nx)>=25MeVSuperKcannotseethesecorrelatedeventsWhattodowithSupernovaneutrinosEnergyspectra&fluxesofalltypesofneutrinostem.andaverageenergyofneutrinosUnderstandSupernovaeneutrinoproperties:mass,mixing,…EarthtomographyNeutrinomodels…ArrivaltimeofalltypesofneutrinosabsoluteneutrinomassGeo-neutrinos238U,232Thand40Kdecaysaccountfor40%ofearth’spower,whichisrelatedtoearthquakes,volcanoes,geomagnetism,platetectonics,…Theyaremainlyfrommantleandcrust,butnotthecoreSouth-chinaandJapanaredifferentGeo-neutrinoscantell238U:232Th

goodforgeo-modelsOnlywaylookinginsidetheearth?AlreadyseenbyKamLANDGeo-neutrinosatDayaBayIIAfactorof>10largerthanKamLAND3yearsKamLAND探測器的概念設計Neutrinotarget:~20ktLS,LABbased30m(D)30m(H)Oilbuffer:6ktWaterbuffer:10ktPMT:1500020”Cost:~1.5BRMB可能的地點：惠州或海上據(jù)大亞灣/海豐60公里熱功率>40

GWTechnicalchallengesRequirements:Largedetector:>10ktLSEnergyresolution:2%/E2500p.e./MeVOngoingR&D:Lowcost,highQE“PMT”An