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HowtoWriteEnglishPaper怎樣撰寫英文論文TenStepstoWritinganEffectiveAbstractFocusingonyourCentralMessageTwelveStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveFirstDraftofyourManuscriptEightStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveOutlineOutlinesAnabstractisacondensedversionofthemanuscript,whichhighlightsthemajorpointscovered,conciselydescribesitscontentandscope,andreviewsitsmaterialinabbreviatedform.Itisusuallythefirstsectionreadandsetsthetoneofthepaperforthereviewer.Itmustbeconciseandeasytoreadandmustcovertheimportantpointsofthepaper.TenStepstoWritinganEffectiveAbstractManypublicationshavearequiredstyleforabstracts;the"GuidelinesforAuthors"providedbythepublisherwillprovidespecificinstructions.Staywithinthepublisher’sguidelines,oryourmanuscriptmightberejected.Writinganabstractinvolvessummarizingawholemanuscriptandprovidingasmuchnewinformationaspossible.Thebestwaytowriteaneffectiveabstractistostartwithadraftofthecompletemanuscriptandfollowthese10steps:1.Identifythemajorobjectivesandconclusions.2.Identifyphraseswithkeywordsinthemethodssection.3.Identifythemajorresultsfromthediscussionorresultssection.4.Assembletheaboveinformationintoasingleparagraph.5.Stateyourhypothesisormethodusedinthefirstsentence.6.Omitbackgroundinformation,literaturereview,anddetaileddescriptionofmethods.7.Removeextrawordsandphrases.8.Revisetheparagraphsothattheabstractconveysonlytheessentialinformation.9.Checktoseeifitmeetstheguidelinesofthetargetedjournal.10.Givetheabstracttoacolleague(preferablyonewhoisnotfamiliarwithyourwork)andaskhim/herwhetheritmakessense.Writinganeffectiveabstractwillimprovethechancesofyourmanuscriptbeingaccepted,encouragepeopletoreadit,andincreaseitsimpact.AnumberofstudieshaveindicatedthatabadlywrittenmanuscriptwithpooruseofEnglish,evenwithgoodscience,haslesschanceofbeingacceptedandpublished.FocusingonyourCentralMessageThisisoneofthemostimportantpartsofwritingyourpaper,andonethatisoftenoverlooked.Thinkcarefullyaboutwhatitisthatyouwantyourreaderstounderstandaboutyourwork.Remember,weareallbusyandweneedtoabsorbyourmessagequicklyandclearly.Trytheseexercises:1.Writedownthethreecentralpointsofyourpaper.2.Summarizeyourpaperinonesentence.3.Describeyourworktoacolleagueinoneminute.Thesemightsoundeasy,buttrythemandyou'llfindouttheyaren't!Don'trushthispartofyourplanning.Itisworthspendingtimegettingitright.Onceyouhavemasteredtheseexercisesyouwillfeelmoreconfidentaboutthewholewritingprocessthatfollows.Acommonproblemwithsummarizingyourworkisthatthereareusuallyseveralmajorfindings.Thisexerciseismeanttofocusyourthinkingonthecentralissues.Itisnotgoingtoformthepublishedabstract.So,ifyoureallycan'tsqueezeyourkeymessageintoonesentencedon'tworry.Trytodoitintwo.Ifyoucan'tdothatthenyouneedtotakeacarefullookatthereasons.Remember,thisisaveryimportantpartoftheprocessforwritingpaperssoworkatit.Talktoyourcolleaguesandseeifbetweenyouitispossibletohighlightthecentralmessageofyourwork.AnumberofstudieshaveindicatedthatabadlywrittenmanuscriptwithpooruseofEnglish,evenwithgoodscience,haslesschanceofbeingacceptedandpublishedTwelveStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveFirstDraftofyourManuscriptYoushouldnowhavedetailednotesyoucanusetowriteyourdraftpaper.Ifyoudon’thaveonealready,itmayhelptoprepareanoutlineforeachsectionwhichincludesanumberofmajorheadings,sub-headingsandparagraphscoveringdifferentpoints.IfyouneedhelpinpreparinganoutlineseethearticleEightStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveManuscriptOutline.Atthispointyouwillneedtoconvertyournotesandoutlineintonarrativeform.SomepeoplerecommendthatyoubeginwiththeIntroductionandcontinueinorderthrougheachsectionofthepapertohelpensureflow.Otherssuggestthatyoubeginwiththeeasiestsections,whichareusuallytheMethodsandResults,followedbytheDiscussion,Conclusion,Introduction,ReferencesandTitle,leavingtheAbstractuntiltheend.Themainthingistobeginwritingandbeginfillinguptheblankscreenorpieceofpaper.1.Consolidatealltheinformation.Ensureyouhaveeverythingyouneedtowriteefficiently,i.e.,alldata,references,draftsoftablesandfigures,etc.2.Targetajournal.Determinethejournaltowhichyouplantosubmityour
manuscriptandwriteyourmanuscriptaccordingtothefocusofthetargetedjournal.Thefocusmaybeclearlystatedwithinthejournalormaybedeterminedbyexaminingseveralrecentissuesofthetargetedjournal.3.Startwriting.
Whenwritingthefirstdraft,thegoalistoputsomethingdown
onpaper,soitdoesnotmatterifsentencesareincompleteandthegrammarincorrect,providedthatthemainpointsandideashavebeenaptured.Writewhenyourenergyishigh,notwhenyouaretired.Trytofindatimeandplacewhereyoucanthinkandwritewithoutdistractions.4.Writequickly.
Don'tworryaboutwords,spellingorpunctuationatallatthisstage,justideas.Keepgoing.Leavegapsifnecessary.Trytowritequickly,tokeeptheflowgoing.Useabbreviationsandleavespaceforwordsthatdonotcometomindimmediately.5.Writeinyourownvoice.
Expressingourselfinyourownwaywillhelpyoutosaywhatyoumeanmoreprecisely.Itwillbeeasierforyourreaderiftheycan“hear”yourvoice.6.Writewithoutediting.
Don'ttrytogetitrightthefirsttime.Resistthetemptationtoeditasyougo.Otherwise,youwilltendtogetstuckandwastetime.Ifyoutrytowriteandeditatthesametime,youwilldoneitherwell.7.Keeptotheplanofyouroutline.
Usetheheadingsfromyouroutlinetofocuswhatyouwanttosay.Ifyoufindyourselfwanderingfromthepoint,stopandmoveontothenexttopicintheoutline.8.Writethepaperinparts.
Don'tattempttowritethewholemanuscriptatonce,instead,treateachsectionasaminiessay.Lookatyournotes,thinkaboutthegoalofthatparticularsectionandwhatyouwanttoaccomplishandsay.9.Putthefirstdraftaside.Putasideyourfirstdraftforatleastoneday.Theideaofwaitingadayormoreistoallowyouto"be"anotherperson.Itisdifficulttoproofreadandedityourownwork;adayormorebetweencreationandcritiquehelps.10.Reviseit.Reviseitandbepreparedtodothisseveraltimesuntilyoufeelitisnotpossibletoimproveitfurther.Theobjectiveistolookatyourworknotasitsauthor,butasarespectfulbutsterncritic.Doeseachsentencemakesense?Inyourlongersentences,canyoukeeptrackofthesubjectathand?Doyourlongerparagraphsfollowasingleidea,orcantheybebrokenintosmallerparagraphs?Thesearesomeofthequestionsyoushouldaskyourself.11.Reviseforclarityandbrevity.Revisesentencesandparagraphswithspecialattentiontoclearness.Formaximumreadability,mostsentencesshouldbeabout15-20words.Forascientificarticle,paragraphsofabout150wordsinlengthareonsideredoptimal.Avoidusingunnecessarywords.12.Beconsistent.
Oftenamanuscripthasmorethanoneauthorandthereforethewritingmaybeshared.However,thestyleneedstobeconsistentthroughout.Thefirstauthormustgothroughtheentiremanuscriptandmakeanynecessaryeditorialchangesbeforesubmittingthemanuscripttothejournal.Preparinganoutlineisthemostimportantstepintheprocessofproducingamanuscriptforpublicationinajournal.Theoutlinebearsroughlythesamerelationtothefinalmanuscriptasanarchitecturalblueprintdoestoafinishedhouse.Itspurposeofanoutlineistodividethewritingoftheentirepaperintoanumberofsmallertasks.Agoodoutlinewillorganizethevarioustopicsandargumentsinlogicalform.Byorderingthetopicsyouwillidentify,beforewritingthemanuscript,anygapsthatmightexist.EightStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveOutlineThereisnosinglebestwaytoprepareascientificmanuscript,exceptasdeterminedbytheindividualwriterandthecircumstances.Youshouldknowyourownstyleofwritingbest.Whateveryoudecidetodo,youshouldfollowatleastthesestepsbeforebeginningtowriteyourmanuscript.Remember,atthisstage,youareonlyconstructinganoutline.Youarenotwriting;youjustneedtoputdownsomenotestoguideyourthinking.1.DevelopacentralmessageofthemanuscriptPrepareacentralmessagesentence(20-25words).Ifyouwereaskedtosummarizeyourpaperinonesentence,whatwouldyousay?Everythinginthemanuscriptwillbewrittentosupportthiscentralmessage.2.DefinethematerialsandmethodsBrieflystatethepopulationinwhichyouworked,thesamplingmethodyouemployed,thematerialsyouused,andmostimportantly,themethodsyouusedtocarryoutthestudy.3.Summarizethequestion(s)andproblem(s)Whatwasknownbeforeyoustartedthestudy?Whatanswerswereneededtoaddresstheproblem(s)?Listthekeypointspertainingtothequestion(s)andproblem(s).Whatdidyoudotoanswerthequestion(s)?4.DefinetheprincipalfindingsandresultsYourcentralmessagesentenceprobablyencapsulatesthemostimportantfindings.Theremaybeothersthatyoufeeloughttobeincluded.Listtheseinnoteform.Don'tworryabouttheorderorabouthowmanyyouputdown.5.DescribetheconclusionsandimplicationsMakebriefnotesoneachoftheimplicationsthatarisefromyourstudy.Whataretheprincipalconclusionsofyourfindings?Whatisnewinyourworkandwhydoesitmatter?Whatarethelimitationsandtheimplicationsofyourresults?Arethereanychangesinpractice,approachesortechniquesthatyouwouldrecommend?6.OrganizeandgrouprelatedideastogetherListeachkeypointseparately.Keypointscanbearrangedchronologically,byorderofimportanceorbysomeotherpattern.Theorganizingschemeshouldbeclearandwellstructured.Youcanuseaclustermap,anissuetree,numbering,orsomeotherorganizationalstructure.Identifytheimportantdetails,describetheprincipalfindings,andprovideyouranalysisandconclusionsthatcontributetoeachkeypoint.7.Identifythereferencesthatpertaintoeachkeypoint8.DeveloptheintroductionBeforebeginningontheintroduction,readthroughthenotesyouhavemadesofarinyouroutline.Readthemthroughandseewhetherthereisacoherentandcohesivestoryandaunifyingthemethatrunsthroughtheoutline.Yourintroductionoutlineshouldstartwiththemainmessage,describewhatthepurposeorobjectiveofyourstudywas,howyouwentaboutdoingthestudy,whatyoufoundandwhataretheimplicationsofwhatyoufound.Inoneword,trytowritethepaperinEnglishaccordingtotheguidelines.Improvetheabilityinpracticeundertheguidelines英語論文寫作中的問題與注意事項一、表述要完整清楚,同一個量的表示術(shù)語要統(tǒng)一,其數(shù)學(xué)符號要統(tǒng)一,變量說明要全面、符合專業(yè)常規(guī)表示規(guī)則。同一個符號不能表示兩個及以上標(biāo)量,同一變量不能用兩個及以上符號表示;二、格式要符合英文雜志投稿稿件的要求,作者、單位、通訊地址、通訊作者等都要表示全面,致謝中要表明基金或項目資助以及基金或項目批準號,三、參考文獻文中表示要規(guī)范,例如Tangetal[1]gave…,最好的參考文獻格式要統(tǒng)一,符合所要投稿的雜志的要求,不同雜志有不同的要求;四、公式號碼要一一對應(yīng),不能張冠李戴;公式號碼不能編重;英語論文寫作中的問題與注意事項五、專業(yè)術(shù)語要符合國際規(guī)范,不能隨意杜撰和想當(dāng)然;六、圖號和表號要一一對應(yīng),防止標(biāo)錯;七、圖要表示其原理或意義要完備,并盡可能表達最多信息,并直觀,文字描述要一一對應(yīng)圖表,且表述透徹,反映道理深刻,有高度,有驚奇;八、圖中曲線要用不同的線條表示,因為最終論文印刷采用黑白印刷,盡管彩色線條能夠表示區(qū)別,但印刷時不適應(yīng),因此,在開始準備圖時,就應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮到,免得耽誤時間和精力。九、描述問題和表達意思時,一定要表述完備,千萬不要表達不到位,甚至出現(xiàn)歧義或表達不清;英語論文寫作中的問題與注意事項十、注意時態(tài)、語態(tài)、單復(fù)數(shù)、從句等的正確用法;六、圖注、表頭要規(guī)范,能夠正確反映圖所表達的內(nèi)容,圖中不同曲線要有正確的標(biāo)識和說明;圖的坐標(biāo)要正確表示,例如:標(biāo)量名+數(shù)學(xué)符號+(單位)Cross-sectionalareaA(mm3)十一、圖的坐標(biāo)標(biāo)尺要均勻漂亮,字體大小要適當(dāng),刻度間距要適當(dāng),既不要太稀,也不要太密。一定要培養(yǎng)審美觀,要考慮到圖形的大小勻稱。十二、數(shù)學(xué)公式推導(dǎo)過程要盡量完備,不要出現(xiàn)大的跳躍,如果需要跳躍,必須用文字描述進行良好過度。英語論文寫作中的問題與注意事項十三、大量結(jié)果怎么有效、重點地表示出來,需要仔細和認真琢磨圖形的表達形式,以及要表示什么??梢远嘧鰩讉€圖,從中選擇最能表示重新或具有新意的圖形表達或結(jié)果表達形式。十四、同樣一個內(nèi)容或結(jié)果,采用不同的形式表達,或采用不同的角度來描述和總結(jié),會使人感到不同的效果;我們寫文章是要讓讀者讀著舒服、感興趣和欣賞;如何采用文字、圖
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