新教材2024版高中英語Unit12InnovationPartBLesson1ScientificBreakthroughs學(xué)生用書北師大版選擇性必修第四冊

PartBLesson1ScientificBreakthroughs【學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)】課時(shí)詞匯scientific,committed,donate,correspond,instant,launch,orbit,split,subsequently,constant,perceive,outcome,efficiently,propose常用短語nottomention,rangefromAtoB,figureout,singleout典型句式1.so...that...引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句2．疑問詞＋動(dòng)詞不定式3．含蓄虛擬條件Ⅰ.核心單詞練習(xí)：依據(jù)所給詞性和漢意，寫出相應(yīng)的英語單詞1．____________num.百萬2．____________n.青霉素，盤尼西林3．____________n.結(jié)果，后果4．____________vt.察覺，留意到，發(fā)覺5．____________vi.&vt.分割，把……分開；分成(不同部分)6．____________adj.最好的；最重要的7．____________adj.虛心的，謙卑的8．____________vt.放射；發(fā)動(dòng)，發(fā)起，起先從事9．____________n.人造衛(wèi)星；衛(wèi)星10．____________n.軌道vi.&vt.沿軌道運(yùn)行Ⅱ.寫出下面所給單詞的拓展形式1．biologyn．生物學(xué)→____________n．生物學(xué)家2．constantadj.恒久不變的；持續(xù)不斷的，常常發(fā)生的；n.常量，恒量→____________adv.時(shí)常地；持續(xù)不斷地3．a(chǎn)ccuracyn．精確性；精準(zhǔn)度；正確，精確→__________adj.正確的，精密的→____________adv.精確地4．physicsn．物理學(xué)→____________n．物理學(xué)家5．joinvt.連接；加入→____________adj.聯(lián)合的，共同的，共有的6．partn．部分→____________n．粒子，質(zhì)點(diǎn)7．circlen．圓(形)→____________n．電路，線路；環(huán)形道路8．efficientadj.有效率的→____________adv.有效率地，高效能地→____________n．效率，效能9．proposevt.提出(某觀點(diǎn)、方法等)→____________n．提議10．navyn．海軍→____________adj.海軍的→____________vt.航行，駕駛(船、飛機(jī)等)[詞語積累][1]nottomention更不用說[2]microscope/'ma?kr?sk??p/n．顯微鏡[3]stagevt.組織；籌劃；實(shí)行[4]donate/d??'ne?t/vi.&vt.捐獻(xiàn)(器官)，獻(xiàn)(血)；捐贈(zèng)，捐獻(xiàn)[5]correspond/?k?r?'sp?nd/vi.通信[6]instant/'?nst?nt/adj.馬上的，馬上的[7]launch/l??nt?/vt.放射；發(fā)動(dòng)，發(fā)起，起先從事[8]satellite/'s?t?la?t/n．人造衛(wèi)星；衛(wèi)星[9]orbit/'??b?t/n．軌道vi.&vt.沿軌道運(yùn)行[10]split/spl?t/vi.&vt.分割，把……分開；分成(不同部分)[11]previouslyadv.以前；之前[12]particle/'pɑ?t?k?l/n．粒子，質(zhì)點(diǎn)[13]singleout單獨(dú)挑出；特別選出[14]premier/'premi?/adj.最好的；最重要的[15]outspoken/a?t'sp??k?n/adj.坦率的，直言不諱的[16]rockv．搖動(dòng)；使搖擺[17]subsequently/'s?bs?kw?ntli/adv.后來，隨后[18]massn．塊；團(tuán)[19]unbelievableadj.難以置信的[20]relativity/?rel?'t?v?ti/n．相對性[21]constant/'k?nst?nt/adj.恒久不變的；持續(xù)不斷的，常常發(fā)生的n.常量，恒量[22]finding/'fa?nd??/n．探討的結(jié)果；發(fā)覺[23]biologist/ba?'?l??st/n．生物學(xué)家[24]bacterian．細(xì)菌[25]double-checkv．細(xì)致檢查；復(fù)核[26]mould/m??ld/n．霉，霉菌[27]penicillin/?pen?'s?l?n/n．青霉素，盤尼西林[28]perceive/p?'si?v/vt.察覺，留意到，發(fā)覺[29]mass-producevt.大量生產(chǎn)[30]million/'m?lj?n/num.百萬[31]humble/'h?mb?l/adj.虛心的，謙卑的[32]outcome/'a?tk?m/n．結(jié)果，后果[33]curevt.治愈[34]navy/'ne?vi/n．海軍[35]accuracy/'?kj?r?si/n．精確性；精準(zhǔn)度；正確，精確[36]missile/'m?sa?l/n．導(dǎo)彈，飛彈[37]turnto求助于[38]physicist/'f?z?s?st/n．物理學(xué)家[39]joint/d???nt/adj.聯(lián)合的，共同的，共有的[40]nothinglike一點(diǎn)兒也不像[41]measurelinkingv.(尺寸、長短、數(shù)量等)量度為……[42]tube/tju?b/n．圓管，管子；電視顯像管，陰極射線管[43]circuit/'s??k?t/n．電路，線路；環(huán)形道路[44]switchn．開關(guān)[45]efficiently/?'f???ntli/adv.有效率地，高效能地[46]propose/pr?'p??z/vt.提出(某觀點(diǎn)、方法等)[47]enablevt.使能夠[48]mini-networkn．小型網(wǎng)絡(luò)[49]establishvt.建立[50]connectv.(使)連接；聯(lián)結(jié)[51]unimaginableadj.難以想像的[52]bededicatedto奉獻(xiàn)；從事于；獻(xiàn)身于[53]qualityn．質(zhì)量[54]transformvt.變更，使……變形；轉(zhuǎn)換[55]thechainofcommoninterests共同利益鏈[56]thereisnodoubt毫無疑問Ifyouhadtochoosethesinglemostimportantdiscoveryofthe20thcentury,youwouldhavearealproblemonyourhands.【1】Injust100years,theworldhaschangedcompletely.Amazingdiscoveriesweremadeinmedicine,communicationsandtransport,nottomention[1]ourknowledgeoftheworldandspace.Medicaladvancesrangedfromdiscoveringthecausesofdiseasesundermicroscopes[2]tostaging[3]operationstoreplacediseasedorganswithdonated[4]ones.Communicationschangedwiththeintroductionofmobilephones,andthewaywecorrespond[5]wentfromwritingletterstoemailingandsendinginstant[6]messages.【2】Westartedflyingaroundtheworld,launching[7]satellites[8]intoorbit[9]and,atthesametime,scientistsfiguredouthowtosplit[10]theatom,previously[11]thoughttobethesmallestparticle[12]ofmatterintheuniverse.【3】【1】虛擬條件句，與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。主句謂語用“would＋動(dòng)詞原形”，從句謂語用did或were?！?】and連接兩個(gè)并列分句，在其次個(gè)分句中，wecorrespond是定語從句，修飾先行詞theway，引導(dǎo)詞that/inwhich習(xí)慣省略?！?】and連接兩個(gè)并列分句。launching...是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語；howtosplittheatom是“疑問詞＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，作figuredout的賓語；previouslythoughttobe...作后置定語。Althoughitisimpossibletochoosethemostimportantdiscovery,itispossibletosingleout[13]afewpioneersofthe20thcentury.【4】Herearesomeofthem.【4】本句包含著Although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。主從句結(jié)構(gòu)一樣，it作形式主語，真正的主語是后面的不定式短語。Oneofthe20thcentury'spremier[14]scientistswasAlbertEinstein.Inthesummerof1905,thisoutspoken[15]youngmanwasrocking[16]hisone-year-oldbabywhenhewassuddenlyinspired.【5】Subsequently[17]，“E＝mc2”wasborn.Itshowedhowasmallpieceofmass[18]couldproduceanunbelievable[19]amountofenergy.Einsteinthenshowedinhis“theoryofrelativity[20]”thatnoteventime,massorlengthareconstant[21]—theychangeaccordingtoourexperienceofthem.【5】本句中含有bedoing...when...結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“正在……，這時(shí)……”。In1928,anotherimportantfinding[22]wasmadebybiologist[23]AlexanderFleming.Beforehewentonholiday,Flemingleftadishofbacteria[24]inhislaboratory.Whenhecameback,henoticedsomethingstrange.Hedouble-checked[25]andsawabluemould[26]inthedisharoundwhichthebacteriahadbeendestroyed.【6】Thisbluemouldwasinfactthenaturalformofpenicillin[27]，whichFlemingperceived[28]couldbeusedtokillbacteria.【7】Afewyearslater,penicillinwasbeingmass-produced[29]andhelpingtosavethelivesofmillions[30].Flemingremainedhumble[31]abouttheamazingoutcome[32]ofhisdiscovery.“Naturemadepenicillin，”hesaid,“Ijustfoundit.”【6】本句的主句是Hedouble-checkedandsawabluemouldinthedish;aroundwhichthebacteriahadbeendestroyed是“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞abluemould?！?】which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，F(xiàn)lemingperceived為插入語，關(guān)系詞which在從句中作主語。DuringWorldWarⅡ，whenFleming'sdiscoverywasfirsthelpingtocure[33]people,theUSNavy[34]waslookingforwaysofimprovingtheaccuracy[35]oftheirmissiles[36].Thenavyturnedto[37]Eckert,anengineer,andMauchly,aphysicist[38]，todealwiththeproblemandproduceamachinetodothejobinajoint[39]effort.Althoughtheyonlyfinishedafterthewarin1946,itdidnotmatter.Thishugemachinewastheworld'sfirstcomputer,butitwasnothinglike[40]ourcomputerstoday.Itmeasured[41]100feetlongbyover10feethighandweighedover30，000kilograms.With18，000tubes[42]，thousandsofcircuits[43]and6，000switches[44]，itusedsomuchenergythatwhenitwasturnedon,thelightsinthelocaltownwentout！【8】【8】本句中包含著so...that...結(jié)構(gòu)，that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，在這個(gè)從句中，whenitwasturnedon是時(shí)間狀語從句。Withthedevelopmentofcomputers,peopleexpectedtogetmorethingsdoneefficiently[45].【9】DuringtheColdWar,a“hugenetwork”ofcomputerswasproposed[46]bytwoAmericanscientists.Withcomputerstalkingtooneanother,itwouldenable[47]governmentleaderstocommunicatewitheachother.【10】Bytheendofthe1960s,somemini-networks[48]wereestablished[49]，butonlyafewcomputerscouldconnect[50]tothem.In1990.TimBerners-LeeinventedtheWorldWideWeb,whichenabledcomputersallovertheworldtocommunicatewitheachother.【11】Nowadays,lifewithouttheInternetformostpeopleisunimaginable[51].【9】本句中g(shù)etmorethingsdone是get的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)?！?0】Withcomputerstalkingtooneanother是with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，現(xiàn)在分詞短語talkingtooneanother作賓補(bǔ)?！?1】which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞theWorldWideWeb。Thesepioneersofthe20thcenturywerealldedicatedto[52]improvingthequality[53]ofhumanlifeonEarth.Humanlifeonthisplanethasbeentransformed[54]intoa“globalvillage”，withallthedifferentcountrieslinkedinthechainofcommoninterests[55].【12】Thereisnodoubt[56]aboutit.Withoutthebreakthroughsofthesepioneersinscienceandtechnology,whetherluckyorplanned,theworldasweknowittodaywouldbeacompletelydifferentplace.【13】【12】本句中withallthedifferentcountrieslinkedinthechainofcommoninterests是with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)?！?3】本句用without短語表示含蓄虛擬條件句。假如你必需在20世紀(jì)的重大發(fā)覺中選出最重要的一項(xiàng)，這可不是件簡潔的事。在僅僅100年中，世界就完全變樣了。醫(yī)學(xué)、通信和交通方面都有驚人的發(fā)覺，更別提我們對世界和太空的相識(shí)了。醫(yī)學(xué)上的進(jìn)步范圍很廣，從利用顯微鏡(microscope)揭示病因、施行手術(shù)，到用捐贈(zèng)(donate)的器官置換病變的器官。移動(dòng)電話的運(yùn)用給通信業(yè)帶來了變更，我們的通信(correspond)方式從寫信到發(fā)電子郵件和發(fā)送即時(shí)(instant)信息。我們起先坐飛機(jī)周游世界，把人造衛(wèi)星(satellite)放射(launch)至軌道(orbit)。同時(shí)，科學(xué)家們發(fā)覺了如何分裂(split)原子，在此之前，原子被認(rèn)為是宇宙中最小的物質(zhì)微粒(particle)。盡管不太可能選出哪項(xiàng)發(fā)覺是最重要的，但是選擇出20世紀(jì)的幾位先驅(qū)還是可能的。例如以下幾位。20世紀(jì)最杰出的(premier)一位科學(xué)家是愛因斯坦。1905年夏天，這個(gè)坦率的(outspoken)年輕人給他一歲的孩子晃動(dòng)搖籃時(shí)，突然受到啟發(fā)。隨后(subsequently)，“E＝mc2”誕生了。它證明白一小塊物質(zhì)可以產(chǎn)生巨大的能量。愛因斯坦隨后在他的“相對(relativity)論”中指出，即使是時(shí)間、質(zhì)量或長度也不是恒定不變的(constant)，它們依據(jù)我們對它們的感知而變更。1928年，另一項(xiàng)重要的發(fā)覺(finding)由生物學(xué)家(biologist)亞歷山大·弗萊明發(fā)覺了。在去度假之前，弗萊明在試驗(yàn)室里放了一個(gè)培育細(xì)菌的器皿?；貋頃r(shí)，他留意到器皿里有點(diǎn)兒驚異。經(jīng)過細(xì)致檢查，他發(fā)覺器皿里有一種藍(lán)色的霉菌(mould)，而霉菌四周的細(xì)菌已經(jīng)被殺死了。這種藍(lán)色的霉菌事實(shí)上是自然狀態(tài)的青霉素(penicillin)，弗萊明認(rèn)為(perceive)它可以用來殺死細(xì)菌。數(shù)年后，青霉素起先大量生產(chǎn)，幫助挽救了數(shù)百萬(million)人的生命。弗萊明對他這一發(fā)覺的驚人結(jié)果(outcome)保持虛心的(humble)看法，他說：“是大自然制造了青霉素，我只是發(fā)覺了它。”其次次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，正值弗萊明的發(fā)覺首次用來幫助治愈病人時(shí)，美國海軍(navy)正在找尋提高導(dǎo)彈(missile)精準(zhǔn)度(accuracy)的方法。海軍求助于工程師埃克特和物理學(xué)家(physicist)莫克利來解決這一問題，兩人共同(joint)努力制造一臺(tái)機(jī)器來完成這項(xiàng)工作。盡管機(jī)器在1946年斗爭結(jié)束后才制造出來，但仍產(chǎn)生了巨大影響。這臺(tái)巨大的機(jī)器是世界上第一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)，但是與今日的計(jì)算機(jī)完全不同。它長100英尺，高10多英尺，重30000多千克。它有18000個(gè)陰極射線管(tube)，數(shù)千條電路(circuit)和6000個(gè)開關(guān)，耗電量異樣巨大，以至于當(dāng)它啟動(dòng)的時(shí)候，當(dāng)?shù)厝康臒舳枷缌耍‰S著計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)展，人們期望能有效地(efficiently)完成更多的事情。冷戰(zhàn)期間，兩位美國科學(xué)家提出(propose)建立一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)的“浩大網(wǎng)絡(luò)”。計(jì)算機(jī)能互換信息，可使政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人相互溝通。到20世紀(jì)60年頭末，一些小型網(wǎng)絡(luò)已經(jīng)建立起來，但只有少數(shù)計(jì)算機(jī)可以接入。1990年，蒂姆·伯納斯·李獨(dú)創(chuàng)了萬維網(wǎng)，使世界各地的計(jì)算機(jī)能夠相互通信。如今，對大多數(shù)人來說，沒有互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的生活是不行思議的。這些20世紀(jì)的先驅(qū)都致力于改善地球上人類的生活質(zhì)量。不同國家因共同利益而連接起來，使得這個(gè)星球上人類的生活已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤暗厍虼濉?。這是毫無疑問的。假如沒有這些先驅(qū)取得的科技突破，無論這些突破是偶然發(fā)覺的還是支配之中的，我們今日所熟知的世界將是一個(gè)完全不同的地方。Ⅰ.課文結(jié)構(gòu)圖示Ⅱ.課文預(yù)習(xí)自測1．Whatisthepurposeofthefirstparagraph?A．Totellusatomisnotthesmallestparticle.B．Towarnusscientificbreakthroughscomewithproblems.C．Tochoosethemostimportantdiscoveryofthe20thcentury.D．Toshowsomeofthemostimportantscientificbreakthroughsofthe20thcentury.2．Inwhatorderarethepioneersarranged?A．Time. B．Logic.C．Space. D．Importance.3．Thepioneersmentionedhaveallthefollowingincommonexceptthat________．A．theymadetheirdiscoveriesbyaccidentB．a(chǎn)llofthemhavemadeadifferencetotheworldC．theirbreakthroughswereinscienceandtechnologyD.theywerealldevotedtoimprovingthequalityofhumanlife4．Whichofthefollowinginvolvesjointworkofmorethanonepioneer?A．E＝mc2.B．Penicillin.C．Theworld'sfirstcomputer.D．TheWorldWideWeb.5．Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage??第一版塊：核心單詞1.scientificadj.科學(xué)(上)的(教材P52)Scientificbreakthroughs科學(xué)突破ascientificworker一名科學(xué)工作者ascientificdiscovery科學(xué)發(fā)覺ascientificexperiment科學(xué)試驗(yàn)scientificresearch/studies科學(xué)探討scientificknowledge科學(xué)學(xué)問thescientificmethod科學(xué)方法scientificprogress科學(xué)進(jìn)步?Thescientificinnovationisbeneficialtothewholefactory.科學(xué)創(chuàng)新對全廠都有益。?Thescientistshavemadegreatscientificbreakthroughsinthefieldofscience.科學(xué)家們在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域取得了重大的科學(xué)突破。詞語積累：scientistn．科學(xué)家sciencen．科學(xué)scientificallyadv.科學(xué)(上)地構(gòu)詞學(xué)問：-fic形容詞后綴，表示“致……的”、“令……的”，“產(chǎn)生……的”，或表示具有某種性質(zhì)的(變作-ific)。如：colorificadj.產(chǎn)生顏色的terrificadj.令人膽怯 的horrificadj.可怕的acidificadj.化為酸性的calorificadj.生熱的specificadj.特別的somnificadj.催眠的honorificadj.敬重的scientificadj.科學(xué)的pacificadj.和平的即學(xué)即練單句語法填空①The________(science)isgiftedininnovationandhasmadegreatcontributionstoourcountry.②Wehavefoundfurther________(science)evidenceforthistheory.③However,thisentireconceptionis________(science)inaccurate.④Ingeneral,________(science)don'thavemuchfreetimeas________(science)researchtakesalmostalltheirtime.2mittedadj.不遺余力的，堅(jiān)決的commitvt.犯(錯(cuò)誤、罪行)，干(壞事)；承諾，保證；投入(錢、時(shí)間、人力等)vi.忠于commitmentn．投入，奉獻(xiàn)；承諾(1)becommittedto(doing)sth.盡力做某事；承諾做某事(2)commitanerror犯錯(cuò)commitmurder犯兇殺罪commitacrime犯罪commitsuicide自殺(3)commitsb./oneselfto(doing)sth.承諾做某事commitsb.todosth.承諾做某事commitsth.tosth.把某物投入到某事上?Themostawkwardemailmistakeisusuallycommittedinanger.最尷尬的郵件錯(cuò)誤通常是在生氣中犯的。?Nevertheless,wemustnotcommitthemistakeofanalysingprogressonlyfromonepointofview.然而，我們確定不能犯只從一個(gè)角度分析進(jìn)步的錯(cuò)誤。常見搭配：committosb./sth.忠于……commitanhourtoreadingEnglish抽出一小時(shí)讀英語即學(xué)即練單句語法填空①AndtensofmillionsinAfricaandAsiacanseebecauseofthe________(commit)Wilsonmadetopreventingthepreventable.②Hewenttojail________committingacrime.③Welostthecontestfor________(commit)amistake.④Thecompanycommittedmillionsofdollars________theproject.⑤Shecommitstwohoursadayto________(practise)thepiano.⑥Hecommitted________(pay)theworkershighwages.⑦Icommittedmyself________(help)him.3.donatevi.&vt.捐獻(xiàn)(器官)，獻(xiàn)(血)；捐贈(zèng)；捐獻(xiàn)donationn．捐贈(zèng)，捐贈(zèng)物donate...to...向……捐贈(zèng)……donatemoneytoaworthycause為有價(jià)值的事業(yè)捐款donatesomemoneytohelpthepeopleinneed捐一些錢來幫助有須要的人donateblood獻(xiàn)血donateorgans捐獻(xiàn)器官?Hefrequentlydonateslargesumstocharity.他常常向慈善機(jī)構(gòu)捐贈(zèng)大筆錢款。?Lastyearhedonated$1，000tocancerresearch.去年他捐了1000美元支持癌癥探討。?Theworkofthecharityisfundedbyvoluntarydonations.這家慈善機(jī)構(gòu)工作所需資金是人們自愿捐贈(zèng)的。詞語積累：donationn．捐贈(zèng)物；捐贈(zèng)makeadonationto向……捐贈(zèng)donorn．捐贈(zèng)者近義詞：contribute(只能表示捐獻(xiàn)財(cái)物，不表示獻(xiàn)血或捐獻(xiàn)器官)即學(xué)即練單句語法填空①Theschoolmasterurgedthatweshoulddonatesomebooks________thechildreninthepoorarea.②Hemadeagenerous________(donate)tothecharity.③Allthe________(donate)moneywillbeusedtohelpthehomelesschildren.完成句子④Theretiredman________________________________(把他的大部分積蓄捐給了)theschoolsdamagedbytheearthquake.⑤Thechildreninthestormstrickenareashowedtheirappreciationforthemoneyandgoodswe________________(向他們捐獻(xiàn))intheirletters.4．correspondvi.通信；符合，一樣，相對應(yīng)；相當(dāng)于(教材P52)．..thewaywecorrespondwentfromwritingletterstoemailingandsendinginstantmessages.……我們的通信方式從寫信到發(fā)電子郵件和發(fā)送即時(shí)信息。correspondwithsb.與某人通信correspondto/with與……相符correspondto相當(dāng)于correspondregularly常常通信?Althoughhestaysabroadalone,hefrequentlycorrespondswithhisfriends.盡管他獨(dú)自一人待在國外，但是他常和他的摯友們通信。?Hisactionsdonotcorrespondto/withhiswords.他言行不一樣。詞語積累：correspondingadj.符合的；相應(yīng)的；相關(guān)的correspondencen．通信；一樣；符合keepupacorrespondence(withsb.)(與某人)保持通信incorrespondencewith與……一樣；與……有通信聯(lián)系經(jīng)典例句：Thefunctionofthismachinecorrespondstothatofthehumanbrain.這種機(jī)器的作用就相當(dāng)于人腦的作用。Youraccountoftheincidentisincorrespondencewithhers.對這件事你的說法和她的說法是一樣的。即學(xué)即練單句語法填空①We'vecorresponded________eachotherbyemailforyears.②Profitshaverisenby15percentcomparedwiththe________(correspond)periodlastyear.③I'vebeencorresponding________severalexpertsinthefield.完成句子④Shestill________________(和……通信)friendsshemetinMajorcanineyearsago.⑤TheAmericanCongress________________(相當(dāng)于)theBritishParliament.⑥Theresultofthescientificexperimentdoesn't________________(與……相符)whatwepredicted.⑦我們已相互通信多年了，可是我從未見過他。We________________________________________eachotherforyearsbutI'veneveractuallymethim.5．instantadj.馬上的，馬上的；速食的，速溶的，便利的n.[C]瞬間，片刻；某一時(shí)刻instantcoffee速溶咖啡instantnoodles便利面atthatinstant在那一瞬間theinstant(that)一……就……(相當(dāng)于assoonas)foraninstant一瞬間(指動(dòng)作持續(xù)的時(shí)間)inaninstant馬上，馬上(指動(dòng)作不久將發(fā)生)instantlyadv.馬上；馬上；即刻?Ifeltinstantreliefaftertakingacoupleoftablets.服用了幾片藥以后我馬上感到輕松了。?Irecognisedhertheinstant(that)Isawher.我一眼就認(rèn)出她來了。?Hefrozewithshockforaninstant.剎那間他驚呆了。?Sheisgiftedinpickingupatuneinstantlyonthepiano.她很有天賦，聽到曲子就能馬上用鋼琴彈出來。表示“一……就……”，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的單詞和短語常見的有：①assoonas②immediately,directly，instantly③themoment,theminute,thesecond,theinstant④hardly(scarcely,rarely)...when,nosooner...than⑤on/upon＋名詞/動(dòng)名詞經(jīng)典例句：Theshowwasaninstantsuccess.演出一炮打響。Thepaindisappearedinaninstant．難受馬上就消逝了。Hegotintoapanicinstantlyhesawsmokerisingfromhisroom.他看到他的房間里冒出了煙，突然驚惶起來。即學(xué)即練單句語法填空①Thebirdsflewawayinalldirections________instanttheycaughtsightofamancomingnear.②Theseboysandgirlsjumpedwithjoy________(instant)thechairmanannouncedtheresultofthegame.③Therepresentativesoftheinternationalcompanywillarrive________aninstantandweshouldgetpreparedtogreetthem.④Hestoodthere________aninstantandthenmadeuphismindtodonatebloodtothepoorboy.完成句子⑤Theshowwas________________________(馬上勝利了)。6．launchv.&n．放射；發(fā)動(dòng)，發(fā)起，起先從事；使(船，尤指新船)下水v.&n．(首次)上市，發(fā)行(教材P52)Westartedflyingaroundtheworld,launchingsatellitesintoorbit...我們起先坐飛機(jī)周游世界，把人造衛(wèi)星放射至軌道……launchacommunicationssatellite放射通信衛(wèi)星launchaninvestigation起先調(diào)查launchanattack發(fā)起攻擊launchanationalcampaignagainstsmoking發(fā)起一場全國性的禁煙運(yùn)動(dòng)?AnotherChinesedesignedandbuiltshipwasrecentlylaunched.又一艘中國設(shè)計(jì)制造的船最近下水了。?Hetookadvantageofhissportingbackgroundtolaunchanewbrandofsportswear.他利用他的體育背景推出了一種新品牌的運(yùn)動(dòng)服。經(jīng)典例句：Thecompanylaunchedaninvestigationintothemarketdemandanddecidedtolaunchtheirnewproduct.這家公司調(diào)查了市場需求，確定推出他們的新產(chǎn)品。即學(xué)即練單句語法填空①Thenewmodelwill________(launch)inJuly.②Withaninstantcampaign________(launch)atmidnightlastnight,thosepeopleinthehotelwerearrested.完成句子③Theorganisationhas________________(發(fā)起一場活動(dòng))toraisemoney.④Thepoliceareplanningto________________(起先調(diào)查)intothemurder.⑤He________________(創(chuàng)辦了一個(gè)企業(yè))whenhewas30yearsold.⑥We________________(放射了另一顆衛(wèi)星)lastmonth.7．orbitn．軌道vi.&vt.沿軌道運(yùn)行theMoon'sorbitaroundtheEarth月球環(huán)繞地球運(yùn)行的軌道inorbit在軌道上gointoorbit進(jìn)入軌道put/oorbit將……送入軌道orbittheEarth繞地球運(yùn)行?ChinafirsthadtoputasatelliteintoorbitabovethemooninaspotwhereitcouldsendsignalstothespacecraftandtoEarth.中國首先必需把一顆人造衛(wèi)星送入月球軌道上的一個(gè)點(diǎn)，人造衛(wèi)星可以在這個(gè)點(diǎn)向航天器和地球放射信號。?Whileastronautscannotgotowatchabaseballgameoramovieinorbit,therearemanyfamiliaractivitiesthattheycanstillenjoy.(while“雖然，盡管”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句)雖然宇航員不能在軌道上看棒球競賽或看電影，但他們照舊可以享受很多熟識(shí)的活動(dòng)。經(jīng)典例句：MarsandEarthhaveorbitswhichchangewithtime.火星與地球的運(yùn)行軌道隨著時(shí)間而變更。Theplanetisprobablyinorbitaroundasmallstar.這顆行星可能正環(huán)圍著一顆小恒星運(yùn)行。即學(xué)即練單句語法填空①Theysucceededinputtingaman－madesatellite________orbit.②Thesatellitewillremain________orbit________severalyears.③Themoon'sorbit________theearthisanellipse.8.splitvi.&vt.分割，把……分開；分成(不同部分)vt.共享，分?jǐn)?，分?dān)splitup把……分小組；分解；使斷絕關(guān)系，拆散split(up)...into...把……分成……splitsth.between在……之間支配，分?jǐn)係hesplittheclassintogroupsoffour.她按四人一組把全班分成若干小組。經(jīng)典例句：Inaseveregaletheshipsplitintwo.在一次強(qiáng)勁的大風(fēng)中那艘船斷成了兩半。即學(xué)即練單句語法填空①Justsplitthecake________threeandleaveonepieceforMary.②Theoldfarmhasbeensplit________intohouselots.③Profitswillbesplit________threemajorcharities.9.subsequentlyadv.后來，隨后(近義詞later;afterwards)(教材P52)Subsequently,“E＝mc2”wasborn.隨后，“E＝mc2”誕生了。?Theoriginalinterviewnotesweresubsequentlylost.采訪記錄原稿后來丟失了。?Subsequently,newguidelineswerereleasedtoallsurgeons.隨后，新的準(zhǔn)則發(fā)放給了全部外科醫(yī)生。?Thebookwassubsequentlytranslatedinto15languages.這本書后來被翻譯成了15種語言。詞語積累：subsequentadj.隨后的；隨后發(fā)生的Developmentsonthisissuewillbedealtwithinasubsequentreport.這個(gè)問題的發(fā)展將在以后的報(bào)道中予以說明。即學(xué)即練單句語法填空①Althoughhe________(subsequent)becameasuccessfulbusinessman,heneverforgotthebitterdayswhenhehadpickedupsomethingtoeatinthegarbage.②Hesaidhewasadoctor,butit________(subsequent)turnedoutthathewasacheat.完成句子③________________(他們后來聽說)hehadmadeagreatscientificbreakthrough.10.constantadj.恒久不變的；持續(xù)不斷的，常常發(fā)生的n．常量，恒量，常數(shù)(教材P52)Einsteinthenshowedinhis“theoryofrelativity”thatnoteventime,massorlengthareconstant...愛因斯坦隨后在他的“相對論”中指出，即使是時(shí)間、質(zhì)量或長度也不是恒定不變的……aconstantstreamofvisitors川流不息的游客keepinconstantcontactwithsb.始終與某人保持聯(lián)系travelataconstantspeed以恒定速度行駛?Theconstantfrictionbetweentheyoungcouplefinallycauseddivorce.這對年輕夫妻之間常常的沖突最終導(dǎo)致了離婚。?Thespeedoflightisanimportantconstant.光速是一個(gè)重要的常數(shù)。詞語積累：constantlyadv.始終；始終；重復(fù)不斷地constancyn．堅(jiān)決不移；恒久不變Itisannoyingthatthedirectionofthewindisconstantlychanging.風(fēng)向始終變更，真煩人。即學(xué)即練單句語法填空①Weare________(constant)workingtoimproveaccesstothegalleryanditscollectionsdisplayed.②Scientistsare________(constant)developingnewtechnologyandtheymakescientificbreakthroughsfromtimetotime.完成句子③Iamfedupwithhis________________(沒完沒了的埋怨).④Inourworldnothing________________(好像是永恒不變的).⑤TheForbiddenCityappealsto________________(川流不息的游客)everyday,especiallyduringnationalholidays.11.perceivevt.察覺，留意到，發(fā)覺；認(rèn)為(教材P53)Thisbluemouldwasinfactthenaturalformofpenicillin,whichFlemingperceivedcouldbeusedtokillbacteria.這種藍(lán)色的霉菌事實(shí)上是自然狀態(tài)的青霉素，弗萊明認(rèn)為它可以用來殺死細(xì)菌。perceive...as/tobe...認(rèn)為……是……perceivethat...留意到……?Wecanperceivehissorrowandannoyancebythelooksonhisface.我們從他臉上的表情可以察覺出他的哀痛和生氣。?Indeed,thisproblemisgreaterthanyoumayperceive.的確，這個(gè)問題遠(yuǎn)大于你所能感知到的。誤區(qū)警示：perceive不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。經(jīng)典例句：Theyperceivetelevisionasentertainment.他們將電視視為消遣。Adultslearnwhattheyperceivetobebeneficialintheirlifesituations.成年人學(xué)習(xí)他們認(rèn)為對其生活境況有幫助的東西。即學(xué)即練單句語法填空①Oftenwhat________(perceive)tobeaggressiveissimplyfear.完成句子②Childrenwhodobadlyinschooltestsoften________________(認(rèn)為自己是失敗者).③Nobodyseemedto________________(留意到)theboyshouldanswerviolencewithviolence.④Thatmorning,he________________(留意到變更)inFranca'smood.12．outcomen．結(jié)果，后果(教材P53)Flemingremainedhumbleabouttheamazingoutcomeofhisdiscovery.弗萊明對他這一發(fā)覺的驚人結(jié)果保持虛心的看法。v．＋adv.→n.(由動(dòng)詞短語轉(zhuǎn)化而來的合成名詞)breakdown出故障→breakdownn．故障breakout爆發(fā)→outbreakn．爆發(fā)putout生產(chǎn)，輸出→outputn．產(chǎn)量，輸出量comein進(jìn)來→incomen．收入breakthrough突破→breakthroughn．突破?Alwayscarryyourtoolboxincaseyourcarhasabreakdownonthemotorway.總是帶著工具箱，以防汽車在高速馬路上拋錨。?Theresearchprojectwasputoffbecauseoftheoutbreakofthewar.由于斗爭的爆發(fā)，這個(gè)探討項(xiàng)目被延期了。經(jīng)典例句：Noonecouldhavepredictedthefinaloutcome．誰也沒有預(yù)想到最終結(jié)果會(huì)是這樣。Theoutcomeisstillfarfromclear.結(jié)果還很不明朗。即學(xué)即練完成句子①Itwasimpossibleto________________(預(yù)料結(jié)果)oftheelection.②Subsequently，thebiologistsareconfidentof________________(一個(gè)勝利的結(jié)果).選詞填空(breakdown/outbreak/income/outcome)③Hesaidpeoplewillbethewinner,whateverthe________．④The________fromvisitorsmakesthemuseumself－supporting.⑤Heisoptimisticthatthegovernmentwillbeabletomanagethe________oftheviruseffectively.⑥The________intalksrepresentsatemporarysetbackinthepeaceprocess.13.efficientlyadv.有效率地，高效能地(教材P53)Withthedevelopmentofcomputers,peopleexpectedtogetmorethingsdoneefficiently.隨著計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)展，人們期望能有效地完成更多的事情。efficientadj.效率高的theefficientuseofenergy能源的有效利用fuel－efficientcars節(jié)能汽車efficiencyn.效率withefficiency高效地?Wecanarrangetimeefficientlyandknowhowlongasingletaskwilltake.我們可以有效地支配時(shí)間，并知道每項(xiàng)任務(wù)要花費(fèi)多長時(shí)間。?Toworkmoreefficiently,therepresentativehasadoptedadifferentapproach.為了工作更有效率，那個(gè)代表接受了一種不同的方法。經(jīng)典例句：Learningbydoingmaynotbeefficient,butitiseffective.邊做邊學(xué)可能效率不高，但卻很有效。Itdidn'tsaymuchfortheirefficiencythattheorderarrivedaweeklate.訂貨晚到了一個(gè)星期，可見他們的效率難以恭維。即學(xué)即練單句語法填空①Shewasvery________(efficiency)inreducingwaste.②Hisscientificinnovationhasgreatlyincreasedthework________(efficient).③Youshouldexercisemoresoastokeepenergeticandyoucanwork________(efficient).④Iwasimpressedbytheefficiency________whichshehandledthecrisis.⑤Peoplehavefiguredouthowtousewatermore________(efficient)inordernottowastewater.完成句子⑥________________(能源效率)canplayavitalroleinreducingposevt.提出(某觀點(diǎn)、方法等)(教材P53)DuringtheColdWar,a“hugenetwork”ofcomputerswasproposedbytwoAmericanscientists.冷戰(zhàn)期間，兩位美國科學(xué)家提出建立一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)的“浩大網(wǎng)絡(luò)”。proposeeq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(sth.,doingsth.,that從句（謂語動(dòng)詞用“should＋動(dòng)詞原形”，should可省略）))Heresolutelyproposesinvestinginthepropertymarket.＝Heresolutelyproposesinvestmentinthepropertymarket.＝Heresolutelyproposesthattheyshouldinvestinthepropertymarket.他堅(jiān)決提議投資房地產(chǎn)市場。詞語積累：proposaln．提議；建議make/submit/accept/rejectaproposal提出/提交/接受/拒絕一項(xiàng)提議學(xué)法點(diǎn)撥：(1)proposal后的同位語從句或者表語從句用虛擬語氣，謂語用shoulddo，其中should可以省略。Atlast,heturneddownmyproposalthatweshouldinvestmoremoneyinthefactoryinthecountryside.最終，他拒絕了我提出的增加農(nóng)村工廠投資的建議。(2)v.＋－al構(gòu)成抽象名詞survivev．→survivaln．幸存removev．→removaln．移動(dòng)arrivev．→arrivaln．到達(dá)refusev．→refusaln．拒絕proposev．→proposaln．建議approvev．→approvaln．贊成即學(xué)即練單句語法填空①Theengineerproposed________(inquire)abouttraintimesbeforesettingoff.②The________(propose)madebyMikeisquitereasonable.③Various________(propose)wereputforwardbytheemployeesforincreasingsales.④Themonitorproposedlastnightthatwe________(launch)anactivityaimedatstudyingmoreefficiently.一句多譯⑤他們提議建立一個(gè)新的機(jī)場。a．________________________________________________________________________b．________________________________________________________________________c．________________________________________________________________________同義句轉(zhuǎn)換⑥Intermsofthebadweather,weproposestartingearlytomorrow.→Intermsofthebadweather,wepropose__________________tomorrow.?其次版塊：重點(diǎn)短語1.nottomention更不用說(教材P52)Amazingdiscoveriesweremadeinmedicine,communicationsandtransport,nottomentionourknowledgeoftheworldandspace.醫(yī)學(xué)、通信和交通方面都有驚人的發(fā)覺，更別提我們對世界和太空的相識(shí)了。?HeknowsFrenchandGerman,nottomentionEnglish.他熟識(shí)法語和德語，更不用說英語了。?Heknowslittleaboutthetechnique,nottomentionmakinginnovationinit.他對這項(xiàng)技術(shù)知之甚少，更不用說對它創(chuàng)新了。?Wecan'taffordacar,nottomentionthefactthatwehavenogarage.我們買不起汽車，更不用說我們沒有車庫的事實(shí)了。詞語積累：近義詞組：letaloneThebabycan'tevensitupyet,letalonewalk.這個(gè)嬰兒甚至都不會(huì)坐，更不用說走了。Hecan'twalk,letalonerun.他連走都不會(huì)，更不用說跑了。即學(xué)即練完成句子①Hehastwobighousesinthiscountry,________________(更不用說)hisapartmentinFrance.②It'stoofartowalk,________________(更不用說)thefactthatit'llprobablybeclosedbynowanyway.翻譯句子③Pollutionhasanegativeeffectonthehealthofeveryonelivinginthecity,nottomentionthedamagetotheenvironment.________________________________________________________________________2.rangefromAtoB包括從A到B之間的各類事物(教材P52)Medicaladvancesrangedfromdiscoveringthecausesofdiseasesundermicroscopestostagingoperationstoreplacediseasedorganswithdonatedones.醫(yī)學(xué)上的進(jìn)步范圍很廣，從利用顯微鏡揭示病因、施行手術(shù)，到用捐贈(zèng)的器官置換病變的器官。rangebetweenAandB在A和B之間變更arangeof一系列within/inrange(ofsth.)在(……)可及的范圍內(nèi)outofrange(ofsth.)超出(……)范圍Shehashadanumberofdifferenttemporaryjobs,rangingfromcheftoswimminginstructor.她做過很多不同的臨時(shí)性工作，從廚師到游泳教練。經(jīng)典例句：Thepricesofthetrousershererangebetween30yuanand1，300yuan.這里褲子的價(jià)格從30元到1300元不等。Thecatstayedwelloutofrangeofthechildren.這只貓離孩子們遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)的。Theiragesrangefromsixtotwelve.他們的年齡從6歲到12歲。Herangedthebooksaccordingtosize.他依據(jù)大小依次排列這些書。即學(xué)即練單句語法填空①Thenationalparkhasalargecollectionofwildlife,________(range)frombutterfliestoelephants.②Itisstatedinthereportthattheageoftheapplicantsshouldrangefrom21________23.③Estimatesofthedamagerangebetween$1million________$5million.完成句子④Takeiteasy!Yourbloodpressureiswell__________________________(在正常范圍內(nèi)).⑤Thepricesofthebreadinthisbakery____________________________(在5元到20元之間).⑥Thecoatis________________(我買不起).3．figureout計(jì)算出；弄清晰，理解(教材P52)．..scientistsfiguredouthowtosp