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引言建筑參數該購物中心地處于長沙市,具體建筑參數的詳細信息見表1.1。表STYLEREF1\s1.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s11建筑參數分類層高(m)功能建筑面積(m2)空調面積(m2)商鋪個數步行街負一層3.6設備間、停車場3115.34000一樓5.5商場3115.342106.04161二樓4.2商場3115.341625.71170三樓4.2商場3115.341625.71170總計17.5-12461.365357.46--室內外設計參數1.2.1室外設計參數根據文獻《民用建筑供暖通風與空氣調節(jié)設計規(guī)范》[2]得出室外參數詳細信息見表1.2。表STYLEREF1\s1.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s12室外設計參數參數數值夏季通風室外計算相對濕度(%)61空氣調節(jié)室外計算干球溫度(℃)35.8空氣調節(jié)室外計算濕球溫度(℃)27.7冬季通風室外計算溫度4.6室外平均風速(m/s)2.6室外大氣壓力(Pa)99920冬季供暖室外計算溫度(℃)0.3空氣調節(jié)室外計算溫度(℃)-1.9空氣調節(jié)室外計算相對濕度(%)83室外大氣壓力(Pa)1019601.2.2室內設計參數根據文獻《民用建筑供暖通風與空氣調節(jié)設計規(guī)范》[2]得出室內設計參數詳細信息見表1.3。表STYLEREF1\s1.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s13室內設計參數分類夏季冬季室內溫度(℃)2620相對濕度(%)5545空氣流速(m/s)0.30.2參照文獻《民用建筑供暖通風與空氣調節(jié)設計規(guī)范》PAGEREF_Ref8831\h42[2]可得每人所需最小新風量見表1.4。表STYLEREF1\s1.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s14每人所需最小新風量建筑類型商場、超市人員密度PF(人/m2)PF≤0.4190.4<PF≤1.016PF>1.015因為該商場人員密度均大于0.4,所以根據上表1.4得出每人所需要的最小新風量為19m3/h。照明散熱所形成的冷負荷參考文獻《公共建筑節(jié)能設計標準》[4]中的照明密度選擇計算。設備顯熱冷負荷根據商鋪的建筑面積來確定相應的設備數量,選擇合適的設備,然后即可得出商鋪的設備冷負荷。人體顯熱冷負荷參考文獻《公共建筑節(jié)能設計標準》[4]中的人體散熱量、散濕量和群集系數選擇計算。2負荷計算2.1夏季負荷計算2.1.1圍護結構冷負荷計算(SEQ公式\*ARABIC\s11)外墻冷負荷按下式(2.1)計算: CL1=KF(t1?tn) (STYLEREF1\s2.式中:CLK?外墻傳熱系數[W/F?外墻傳熱面積(mt1(STYLEREF1\s2)屋面冷負荷按下式(2.2)計算: CL2=KFt2?tn (STYLEREF1\s2.SEQ公式\*ARABIC\s1式中:CLK?屋面F?屋面t2(3)外窗冷負荷按下式(2.3)計算: CL3=KF(t3?tn) (STYLEREF1\s2.式中:CLK?外窗F?外窗t32.1.2人體散熱冷負荷計算人體散熱冷負荷按式(2.6)計算: CLrt=CclrtφQrt (STYLEREF1\s2.式中:CLCclφ?群集系數;Qrt2.1.3照明散熱冷負荷計算照明冷負荷按式(2.7)計算CLzm=C式中:CLCcCzQzm2.1.4設備散熱冷負荷計算設備冷負荷按式(2.8)計算CLsb式中:CLCcCsb2.1.5滲透風冷負荷滲透風冷負荷按式(2.9)計算: Q=Gsρ(?式中:Q?滲透風負荷(W);Gsρ?空氣密度(kg/hW?2.2建筑冷負荷匯總該建筑的總冷負荷和各項冷負荷詳見下表2.1。表STYLEREF1\s2.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s11冷負荷匯總一層商鋪空調面積m2室內冷負荷kW新風冷負荷kW室內濕負荷kg/h新風冷指標W/m2新風濕負荷kg/h總的冷負荷kW總的冷指標W/m2總濕負荷指標kg/(h·m2)1114.814.96.38.154.96.219.91730.122121.716.86.68.654.26.522.11820.123121.716.86.68.654.26.522.11820.12429.6522.267.61.75.71930.13558.78.43.44.254.53.210.51790.126121.716.86.68.652.66.522.11820.127121.716.86.68.652.66.522.11820.12898.813.95.4752.65.3181820.12913118.379.151.97241830.1210128.717.36.8951.36.822.81770.1211128.717.36.8951.36.822.81770.1212128.717.36.8951.36.822.81770.1213128.717.36.8951.36.822.81770.1214121.716.56.58.651.86.521.71780.121558.48.43.44.354.83.210.51800.1216117166.37.352.16.3211800.11門廳及電梯室158.47.82.73.746.22.810.51800.11門廳及電梯室225.73.81.21.746.71.351950.11步行街290.438.516.120.551.815.652.51800.12共計2106287.8113.7146.854112.6401.51950.12二層商鋪空調面積m2室內冷負荷kW新風冷負荷kW室內濕負荷kg/h新風冷指標W/m2新風濕負荷kg/h總的冷負荷kW總的冷指標W/m2總濕負荷指標kg/(h·m2)1119.311.44.55.437.74.615.91330.08298.3103.74.437.63.813.71400.08398.3103.74.437.63.813.71400.08447.97.81.82.137.61.99.62000.08535.33.61.41.739.71.551400.08698.3103.74.437.63.813.71400.08798.3103.74.437.63.813.71400.088105.410.53.94.737414.41370.08913113.34.85.836.6518.11380.0810105.310.73.94.737414.61390.0811105.310.73.94.737414.61390.0812105.310.73.94.737414.61390.0813105.310.73.94.737414.61390.081498.310.13.74.437.63.813.81400.081558.15.82.22.737.92.381380.081637.43.81.51.840.11.55.31420.081794.59.43.64.338.13.7131380.08門廳及電梯室158.46.81.82.230.81.98.61470.07門廳及電梯室225.72.80.91350.93.71440.07共計1625.716860.372.637.262.6231.31430.08三層商鋪空調面積m2室內冷負荷kW新風冷負荷kW室內濕負荷kg/h新風冷指標W/m2新風濕負荷kg/h總的冷負荷kW總的冷指標W/m2總濕負荷指標kg/(h·m2)1119.312.64.55.437.74.617.11430.08298.3113.74.437.63.814.71500.08398.3113.74.437.63.814.71500.08447.98.21.82.137.61.9102090.08535.341.41.739.71.55.41530.08698.3113.74.437.63.814.71500.08798.3113.74.437.63.814.71500.088105.411.73.94.737415.61480.08913114.64.85.836.6519.41480.0810105.311.844.837.14.115.71490.0811105.311.844.837.14.115.71490.0812105.311.844.837.14.115.71490.0813105.311.844.837.14.115.71490.081498.311.13.74.437.63.814.81500.081558.16.42.22.737.92.38.61480.081637.43.81.51.840.11.55.31420.081794.510.33.64.338.13.713.91470.08門廳及電梯室158.47.31.82.230.81.99.11560.07門廳及電梯室225.63.20.81.135.11.14.11560.07共計1625.7183.960.372.637.262.6244.21520.08三層總計5357.5621.1232.229243.3237.78771630.1該購物中心夏季的最大冷負荷出現在下午17:00??偫湄摵蔀?77kW,平均冷負荷指標163W/m2,新風負荷為230.2kW,平均新風冷指標為43.3W/m2。2.3冬季熱負荷計算2.3.1圍護結構耗熱量圍護結構熱負荷可按式(2.10)計算: Q=KF(tn式中:Q?圍護結構耗熱量(W);F?圍護結構面積(mK?圍護結構傳熱系數[W/(mtwtnα?修正系數。 2.3.2新風耗熱量新風耗熱量可按式(2.11)計算:Qx=Gx式中:QxGxρ?空氣密度(kg/hW,d2.3.3滲透風熱負荷計算滲透風冷負荷按式(2.12)計算: Q=Gsρ(?式中:Q?滲透風負荷(W);Gsρ?空氣密度(kg/hW2.3.4照明散熱冷負荷計算照明冷負荷按式(2.13)計算CLzm=C式中:CLCcCzQzm2.3.5設備散熱冷負荷計算設備冷負荷按式(2.14)計算CLsb式中:CLCcCsbQ2.4冬季熱負荷匯總計算得出各個房間的總耗熱量,見表2.2。表STYLEREF1\s2.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s12冬季耗熱量匯總一層商鋪空調面積m2圍護結構耗熱量kW新風耗熱量kW滲透風耗熱量kW照明和設備散熱量kW總耗熱量kW總熱指標W/m21114.824.71.62.911.297.62121.72.44.91.73.112.199.43121.72.44.91.73.112.199.4429.60.50.70.50.92.687.8558.70.91.40.81.54.678.46121.72.44.91.73.112.199.47121.72.44.91.73.112.199.4898.82.13.81.42.59.899.291313.25.41.83.413.8105.310128.72.55.11.83.212.697.911128.72.55.11.83.212.697.912128.72.55.11.83.212.697.913128.72.55.11.83.212.697.914121.72.44.91.73.112.199.41558.40.91.40.81.54.678.8161172.14.81.6311.598.3門廳及電梯室158.40.91.40.81.54.678.8門廳及電梯室225.70.50.80.40.72.493.4步行街290.38.117.83.97.837.6129.5共計210633.287.124.344200.595.7二層商鋪空調面積m2圍護結構耗熱量kW新風耗熱量kW滲透風耗熱量kW照明和設備散熱量kW總耗熱量kW總熱指標W/m21119.32.14.80.92.310.184.7298.31.73.80.728.283.4398.31.73.80.728.283.4447.90.61.30.41.13.471.0535.30.51.10.30.92.879.3698.31.73.80.728.283.4798.31.73.80.728.283.48105.41.94.50.82.19.388.291312.65.41.12.611.789.310105.31.84.50.829.186.411105.31.84.50.829.186.412105.31.84.50.829.186.413105.31.84.50.829.186.41498.31.73.80.728.283.41558.10.81.40.51.23.967.11637.40.51.20.30.92.977.51794.51.73.60.71.97.983.6門廳及電梯室158.40.81.40.51.23.966.8門廳及電梯室225.70.71.10.41.13.3128.4共計1625.722.962.810.128.3125.377.8三層商鋪空調面積m2圍護結構耗熱量kW新風耗熱量kW滲透風耗熱量kW照明和設備散熱量kW總耗熱量kW總熱指標W/m21119.32.14.80.92.310.184.7298.31.73.80.728.283.4398.31.73.80.728.283.4447.90.61.30.41.13.471.0535.30.51.10.30.92.879.3698.31.73.80.728.283.4798.31.73.80.728.283.48105.41.94.50.82.19.388.291312.65.41.12.611.789.310105.31.84.50.829.186.411105.31.84.50.829.186.412105.31.84.50.829.186.413105.31.84.50.829.186.41498.31.73.80.728.283.41558.10.81.40.51.23.967.11637.40.51.20.30.92.977.51794.51.73.60.71.97.983.6門廳及電梯室158.40.81.40.51.23.966.8門廳及電梯室225.70.71.10.41.13.3128.4共計1625.722.962.810.128.3125.377.8三層總計5357.584212.749.2105.2451.184.8由表2.2可知,冬季空調最大熱負荷為451.1kW,總的熱指標是84.8W/m2。新風熱負荷為212.7kW。3空調機組的確定3.1冷水機組方案確定根據參考文獻《民用建筑供暖通風與空氣調節(jié)設計規(guī)范》[2],選取冷量消耗系數為1.05。根據計算可知,該建筑的總的冷負荷為877kW,則該設計采用的螺桿式冷水機組承擔的空調冷負荷應該大于877×1.05=920.85kW,這樣才能滿足設計需要。3.2冷水機組類型的選擇參考文獻《民用建筑供暖通風與空氣調節(jié)設計規(guī)范》[2],水冷機組類型如下表3.1所示。表STYLEREF1\s3.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s11水冷式冷水機組選型范圍類型制冷量(kW)渦旋式冷水機組≤116螺桿式冷水機組116~1054螺桿式冷水機組1054~1785離心式冷水機組離心式冷水機組≥1785由計算所得空調冷負荷920.85kW及上表得知,該系統(tǒng)應該選用螺桿式冷水機組,具體選型見表3.2。表STYLEREF1\s3.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s12螺桿機組選型表型號30XW1002(開利)制冷量kW987輸入功率kW197最小冷量%8外形尺寸長mm4008寬mm1050高mm1846冷凝器水壓降kPa72流量m3/h263進、出水溫度℃32/37進出口徑Dn200蒸發(fā)器水壓降kPa80流量m3/h221進、出水溫度℃12/7進出口徑Dn200COP5.013.3熱源的確定該購物中心位于長沙市濱江新城片區(qū),由濱江新城智慧能源中心進行供暖。該智慧能源中心供水熱水管網溫度為80/70℃,利用換熱器換熱后供回水溫度為60/50℃。該購物中心的熱負荷Q=451.1kW,根據參考文獻《民用建筑供暖通風與空氣調節(jié)設計規(guī)范》[2],選取1.1的安全系數,得出冬季的供熱負荷為:451.11.1=496.21kW,根據供熱負荷即可選擇合適的換熱器。換熱面積按照式(3.1)計算:A=Q/K?tm(3.1)式中:A--換熱面積,㎡;-傳熱系數,取1150Kcal/(㎡·℃);?tm-對數平均溫差,℃。根據參考文獻《GB50189-2015.公共建筑節(jié)能設計標準》[4],本設計選擇的是板式換熱器。利用式(3.1)計算得出換熱面積為22.23m2。換熱器具體參數見表3.3。表STYLEREF1\s3.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s13換熱器參數型號最大流量(m3/h)單片換熱面積(m2)縱向孔距(mm)橫向孔距(mm)接口管徑(mm)高度(mm)寬度(mm)MBRO.4-40450.18640140DN509303204空氣處理4.1空調系統(tǒng)方案的確定空調系統(tǒng)分類見下表4.1表4.1空調系統(tǒng)分類由不同介質負擔負荷分類種類系統(tǒng)特征系統(tǒng)應用全空氣系統(tǒng)房間負荷由空氣消除一次和二次回風冷劑系統(tǒng)制冷劑抵消冷熱負荷分體式空調空氣-水系統(tǒng)房間負荷是水和空氣消除風機盤管(加新風)帶盤管誘導器全水系統(tǒng)室內的熱濕負荷由冷水消除風機盤管系統(tǒng)該工程屬于舒適性空調。本次設計采用一次回風式全空氣系統(tǒng)。4.2空氣處理過程冬夏季空氣處理流程圖見圖4.1。在焓濕圖上的表示見圖4.2。(1)夏季空氣處理過程(2)冬季空氣處理過程圖STYLEREF1\s4.SEQ圖\*ARABIC\s11冬夏季空氣處理過程冬季先加熱后加濕,這樣可以增強保濕效果,且不易凝結。圖STYLEREF1\s4.SEQ圖\*ARABIC\s12一次回風系統(tǒng)夏、冬季空氣處理過程4.3空調區(qū)的氣流組織該購物中心所有的冷、熱負荷均通過處理后的空氣由散流器平送至送風口,然后送入空調區(qū)進行混合來消除。在營業(yè)時間里,該購物中心中每個商鋪的門都是打開的,所以只需要在每一層樓流動人口少的位置設置一個回風口,通過回風口抽走空調區(qū)內的空氣,絕大部分排至室外,少部分返回空調機組。5空氣處理機組5.1風量的確定根據送風量和新風量,得出回風量。風量匯總見表5.1。表STYLEREF1\s5.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s11風量匯總一層商鋪余熱kW余濕g/s熱濕比送風量m3/h新風量m3/h回風量m3/h新風比%113.82.36159.53598.9770.42830.521.4%215.72.56657.64223.6809.63416.019.1%315.72.56657.64223.6809.63416.019.1%43.90.76402.5984.5208.9777.621.1%57.31.26342.41887.7393.51496.320.8%615.72.56657.64223.6809.63416.019.1%715.72.56657.64223.6809.63416.019.1%812.826636.83395.3660.22737.119.4%917.22.66834.14683.3862.93842.318.3%1016.22.66539.74321.5849.63473.919.6%1116.22.66539.74321.5849.63473.919.6%1216.22.66539.74321.5849.63473.919.6%1316.22.66539.74321.5849.63473.919.6%1415.42.56537.24126.3809.63318.819.6%157.31.26341.51915.0392.11524.920.4%1614.92.17390.03993.6782.93212.719.5%門廳及電梯室17.91.27696.22217.1336.11889.015.1%門廳及電梯室23.90.68497.51121.5148.9973.813.2%步行街37.55.86637.310088.21943.48157.818.4%共計269.242.26831.772211.613944.458327.219.3%二層商鋪余熱kW余濕g/s熱濕比送風量m3/h新風量m3/h回風量m3/h新風比%111.41.67750.13098.9569.42531.618.3%2101.38229.12782.9470.52314.516.8%3101.38229.12782.9470.52314.516.8%47.80.713499.72456.2221.92236.28.9%53.60.57916.1974.6174.1802.517.8%6101.38229.12782.9470.52314.516.8%7101.38229.12782.9470.52314.516.8%810.51.48159.62912.0497.52416.517.0%913.31.78375.03735.1614.03123.116.4%1010.71.48343.63001.5497.12514.316.5%1110.71.48343.63001.5497.12514.316.5%1210.71.48343.63001.5497.12514.316.5%1310.71.48343.63001.5497.12514.316.5%1410.11.38331.52828.7470.52360.316.6%155.80.87951.31584.3279.71306.617.5%163.80.67945.91027.8182.3847.517.6%179.41.37969.02588.8456.12134.717.6%門廳及電梯室16.80.711483.62082.0224.11860.010.7%門廳及電梯室22.80.410698.8843.199.8745.311.8%共計16821.58846.847391.07661.739689.316.2%三層商鋪余熱kW余濕g/s熱濕比送風量m3/h新風量m3/h回風量m3/h新風比%112.61.49990.43576.1569.43008.715.9%2111.110512.23153.2470.52684.814.8%3111.110512.23153.2470.52684.814.8%48.20.616718.32635.6221.92415.68.4%540.510168.01125.8174.1943.715.6%6111.110512.23153.2470.52684.814.9%7111.110512.23153.2470.52684.814.9%811.71.210599.93370.0497.52874.517.0%914.61.510715.54227.5614.03615.514.7%1011.81.210667.63406.5497.12911.314.6%1111.81.210667.63406.5497.12911.314.6%1211.81.210667.63406.5497.12911.314.6%1311.81.210667.63406.5497.12911.34.6%1411.11.110631.53199.0470.52730.514.7%156.40.710222.41809.5279.71531.815.4%163.80.59240.71027.8182.3847.517.7%1710.31.110196.62943.8456.12489.715.5%門廳及電梯室17.30.614719.42292.0224.12069.99.7%門廳及電梯室23.10.313846.1938.599.8840.710.5%共計183.918.811900.353364.27661.745862.514.3%三層共計621.182.48039.5172826.829267.8143779.016.9%根據表5.1計算所得結果可知該購物中心的平均新風比為16.9%。5.2空氣處理機組的選擇根據上表的計算結果選擇的是麥克維爾組合式空氣處理機組,參數見表5.2。表STYLEREF1\s5.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s12空氣處理機組選型型號額定風量(m3/h)最大風機全壓(Pa)風機葉輪直徑(mm)MDM1722H308000020001000MDM1720H30600002000900MDM1720H306000020009006風系統(tǒng)的設計及水力計算6.1風管設計及計算6.1.1風管要求首先需要計算每層的新風管路的阻力,該計算利用天正暖通進行計算,然后找出最不利環(huán)路,為選取新風機組做準備,選擇合適的風管,使的每個房間都能達到要求的風速和風量。對于風管材料的選擇,也要考慮耐腐蝕性和經濟性。6.1.2設計風速查閱文獻《民用建筑供暖通風與空氣調節(jié)設計規(guī)范》[2]可知,風管內空氣流速見表6.2。表STYLEREF1\s6.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s12風管內空氣流速類型支管干管從支管上接出的風管通風機入口通風機出口公共建筑推薦流速(m/s)3.0~4.55.0~6.53.0~3.54.06.5~10最大流速(m/s)6.58.06.05.011.0住宅推薦流速(m/s)3.03.5~4.52.53.55.0~8.0最大流速(m/s)5.06.04.04.58.5本次購物中心空調設計采用假定流速法。根據文獻《民用建筑供暖通風與空氣調節(jié)設計規(guī)范》[2]選擇合適的風管材料、風管尺寸和流速。利用天正暖通進行計算。假定流速的計算步驟如下:(1)利用天正暖通軟件畫出風系統(tǒng)風管圖;(2)選擇合適的風管內空氣流速;(3)先按照規(guī)范假定一個合適的風速,之后在根據風速和風量計算出風管的尺寸。(3)得出風管尺寸和管內空氣流速。6.1.3風管設計風管的分類見表6.1。表STYLEREF1\s6.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s11風管的分類分類依據分類結果風管材料金屬風管非金屬風管風管形狀圓形風管矩形風管工作壓力低壓系統(tǒng)中壓系統(tǒng)高壓系統(tǒng)對比考慮后,該購物中心的送風管選用矩形鍍鋅鋼管。6.2風管的水力計算6.2.1沿程損失風管水力的沿程壓力損失公式:(6-1)單位長度的沿程阻力損失:(6-2)式中:ΔPm-單位管長動壓損失,Pa/m;v-空氣的管內平均流速,m/s;L-管的單位長度,m;λ-沿程阻力系數;ΔPY-沿程阻力,Pa;ρ-空氣密度,kg/m3。6.2.2局部損失局部阻力是風管內的空氣經過管路上的輔助部件產生的,局部損失:(6-3)式中:ρ-空氣密度,kg/m3;V-空氣流速,m/s。ε-阻力系數;ΔPj-局部阻力,Pa;6.2.3風系統(tǒng)的總阻力損失沿程損失與局部損失相加就是風系統(tǒng)的總阻力,公式如下:ΔP=ΔPy+Pj 6.2.4風管最不利環(huán)路計算該購物中心以第三層為計算實例,計算結果見表6.3和表6.4。表STYLEREF1\s6.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s13環(huán)路分支1水力計算編號G(m^3/h)管長L(m)D/W(mm)H(mm)V(m/s)ΔPy(Pa)ΔPj(Pa)ΔP(Pa)1498638.58150012507.662.8458.3761.162270602.44125010006.110.7335.1635.783243934.23125010005.490.9928.2229.214209832.12100010004.760.411.511.925210934.46100010007.382.2951.3953.686177936.298100010006.242.3136.5838.887139682.078008004.940.556.156.698139688.586308006.243.6243.8847.589108781.746308004.880.521.581.9910108783.326308006.131.6635.2936.871198075.846308005.532.2928.6430.931288741.295006304.990.481.652.121388441.575006306.210.9536.2337.171469454.495006304.891.561.593.151569451.535006306.190.7036.1136.721635966.985006303.241.192.213.22總計427.17表STYLEREF1\s6.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s14環(huán)路分支2水利計算編號G(m3/h)管長L(m)D/W(mm)H(mm)V(m/s)ΔPy(Pa)ΔPj(Pa)ΔP(Pa)1498538.58150012507.662.8458.9761.172288432.51125010006.500.8139.7440.443276728.72125012506.242.4636.5838.934244626.84125012505.511.5428.4329.865211615.74125012504.780.9721.3122.146175435.19100010003.990.674.975.657175434.54100010006.181.6535.9637.538152375.33100010005.351.4410.7812.229107894.648008003.890.793.694.4510107892.848008005.891.3541.1742.421171534.348008004.060.981.152.031271532.278008004.980.8723.8424.681335862.795006302.580.360.520.861435864.245006303.240.772.132.78總計325.6由上面計算所得結果可知,最不利管段是分支1,ΔP=427.17Pa,選用的是2000Pa的組合式空氣處理機組,2000Pa>427.17Pa,所以選用的組合式空氣處理機組符合設計要求,經計算一樓和二樓也符合條件。風管環(huán)路簡圖見下一頁圖6.1,圖STYLEREF1\s6.SEQ圖\*ARABIC\s11三樓風系統(tǒng)簡圖7空調水系統(tǒng)設計及水力計算7.1空調水系統(tǒng)方案確定參考文獻《民用建筑供暖通風與空氣調節(jié)設計規(guī)范》[2]中指出“當建筑物所有區(qū)域只要求按季節(jié)同時進行供冷和供暖轉換時,應采取兩管制的空調水系統(tǒng)?!彼性撓到y(tǒng)選用兩管制的閉式循環(huán)空調水系統(tǒng)。7.2冷凍水流量計算冷凍水流量按式(7.1)~(7.2)計算: qm=Q0Cp(t1?t2) qV=3600Q0ρCp(t1?t2) (式中:Q0ρ?水的密度(kgt1由上面公式計算出每層樓所需的冷凍水流量見下表7.1。表STYLEREF1\s7.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s11空氣處理機組冷凍水流量樓層一層二層三層總計樓層冷負荷(kW)401.5231.3244.2877回水溫度(℃)12121212供水溫度(℃)7777冷凍水體積流量(m3/h)72.5543.1146.18161.84冷凍水質量流量(kg/s)20.2511.9812.8344.937.3最不利環(huán)路計算(1)沿程阻力按式(7.3)計算: ΔPy=RL(STYLEREF1\s7.SEQ公式\*ARABIC\s13)(2)比摩阻的計算公式為: ΔPm=λρV22d(STYLEREF1\s7.SEQ公式\*ARABIC\s14式中:ΔPL?冷凍水管長度(m);λ?冷凍水管的摩擦阻力系數;d?冷凍水管管徑(m);V?冷凍水流速(m/s);阻力系數λ按式(7.5)計算: 1λ=?2.01g(k3.71d+2.5Reλ) (STYLEREF1\s7.式中:k?冷凍水管內表面的當量絕對粗糙度(m);(2)局部阻力按式(7.6)計算 ΔPj=ξρV22(STYLEREF1\s7.SEQ公式\*ARABIC\s16式中:ΔP(3)總阻力按式(7.7)計算: ΔP=ΔPm+ΔPj(STYLEREF1\s7.SEQ公式\*ARABIC\s17)(a)一層水系統(tǒng)不利環(huán)路(b)三層水系統(tǒng)不利環(huán)路圖STYLEREF1\s7.SEQ圖\*ARABIC\s11水系統(tǒng)不利環(huán)路圖表STYLEREF1\s7.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s13一層水系統(tǒng)不利環(huán)路計算管段編號1236910111415G(m3/h)162.7162.7162.7116.673.673.673.6162.7162.7l(m)18.22.22.24.44.439.239.27.377.2D(mm)220220220175150150150220220v(m/s)1.541.541.541.441.251.251.251.541.54R(Pa/m)124124124134134134116124124ΔPm(Pa)21436250250569.6569.65167.14470.5879.29452.8ΔPj(Pa)6151.22063.73085.62691.51970.12945.22620.15517.69983.1ΔP(Pa)8286.22287.73329.63250.12528.78092.37070.66383.819426管路總阻力(Pa)ΔPm(Pa)23791.8ΔPj(Pa)37028.1ΔP(Pa)60655組合式空氣處理機組壓降(kPa)35螺桿式冷水機組壓降(kPa)80總壓降(mH2O)17.76表STYLEREF1\s7.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s14三層水系統(tǒng)不利環(huán)路計算管段編號1234512131415G(m3/h)162.7162.7162.747.247.247.290.21627162.7l(m)18.22.22.239.239.24.44.47.377.2D(mm)220220220150150150175220220v(m/s)1.541.541.541.151.151.151.511.541.54R(Pa/m)12412412499201201187124124ΔPm(Pa)21552512513773.94625.3508.8789879.29462.8ΔPj(Pa)6151.12063.73085.62472.42200.01655.01983.65517.69983.1ΔP(Pa)8286.12287.73329.66226.36805.32154.82760.66383.819426管路總阻力(Pa)ΔPm(Pa)22708ΔPj(Pa)35112ΔP(Pa)57660組合式空氣處理機組壓降(kPa)35螺桿式冷水機組壓降(kPa)80總壓降(mH2O)17.49由上表可知,水系統(tǒng)的最不利環(huán)路為一樓:1-2-3-6-9-10-11-14-15,總阻力損失為60655Pa,總壓降為17.76mH2O。7.3冷凍水泵的選型因為該水系統(tǒng)是冷、熱水共用的兩管制系統(tǒng),所有選用變頻循環(huán)水泵。(1)冷凍水泵流量計算: G=M×1.1 (STYLEREF1\s7.SEQ公式\*ARABIC\s18)式中:G?冷凍水泵流量(mM?冷水機組蒸發(fā)器水流量(m1.1—冷凍水泵富裕量。由上式得出流量G=221×1.1=243.1m3/h。(2)冷凍水泵揚程計算: H=?0+?1+?2 (STYLEREF1\s7.SEQ公式\*ARABIC\s19式中:h0h1因為總壓降為17.76mH2O,水泵流量為243.1m3/h,揚程為19.54m,選用型號GWS-BS立式分體式全自動恒壓變頻水泵。水泵選型見表7.5。表STYLEREF1\s7.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s15冷凍水泵參數型號GWS-BS45-230流量(m3/h)259揚程(m)25轉速r/min1450軸功率(kW)45配用電機(型號/kW)225S-4/37效率(%)70必需氣蝕余量(m)5.47.4冷卻水系統(tǒng)方案的確定7.4.1冷卻塔的選型由前面的冷水機組選型的冷卻水量264m3/h,選擇冷卻塔型號為DBNL3-250的圓形逆流濕式冷卻塔1臺,冷卻塔的選型見表7.10。表STYLEREF1\s7.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s110冷卻塔規(guī)格型號DBNL3-250電機功率(kW)7.5冷卻塔水流量(m3/h)283進塔水壓(kPa)32.6最大直徑(mm)4342總高度(mm)4085風機直徑(mm)2800風量(m3/h)134300噪聲(dB)61塔體重量(kg)自重2344、運轉重63657.4.2冷卻水管管徑的確定冷卻水系統(tǒng)的水力計算見表7.11。冷卻水系統(tǒng)的環(huán)路簡圖見圖7.4。圖STYLEREF1\s7.SEQ圖\*ARABIC\s14冷卻水系統(tǒng)環(huán)路簡圖表STYLEREF1\s7.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s111冷卻水系統(tǒng)水力計算管段編號12345G(m3/h)231.8231.8231.8231.8231.8l(m)111919711D(mm)250250250250250v(m/s)1.351.351.351.351.35R(Pa/m)8080808080ΔPm(Pa)82014601460500820ΔPj(Pa)4285.62579.410257.54285.63432.5ΔP(Pa)5085.64019.4116984765.64232.5管路總阻力(Pa)ΔPm(Pa)5060ΔPj(Pa)24840.7ΔP(Pa)29801冷卻水系統(tǒng)的水力計算見表7.11。冷卻水系統(tǒng)的環(huán)路簡圖見圖7.4。由表7.11可知,冷卻水管路總阻力位29801Pa,即3.05mH2O。7.4.3冷卻水泵選型冷卻水泵的選取依據冷卻塔的水冷來進行選取,在進行選取時,選型原則時一臺正常使用,一臺備用,防止在機組運行時存在意外情況,導致系統(tǒng)停機,空調停止工作。冷卻塔位于樓頂,該建筑高17.5米,冷卻水管路總阻力損失為29801Pa,總壓降為17.76mH2O。乘上安全系數1.1得:揚程為19.54m,流量為243.1m3/h。查閱參數選擇冷卻水泵參數見下表7.9冷卻水泵的選擇IS150-125-400型號流量揚程轉速軸功率配帶電機效率汽蝕量m3/hmr/minPakw%m125-400B33020155025.330712.87.5膨脹水箱的選型該系統(tǒng)設計選用高位開式膨脹水箱定壓,同時能夠起到補水的作用。兩管制系統(tǒng)按冬天的工況來算。具體的計算參數見下表7.15.表STYLEREF1\s7.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s115膨脹水箱參數表建筑面積m25357.5系統(tǒng)的單位水容量L/m22系統(tǒng)水容量L10714.92膨脹水量L289.30水的膨脹系數1/℃0.0006膨脹水箱容積m30.44系統(tǒng)補水量m30.21水的平均溫差℃45經計算得出有效容積V=0.44m3,膨脹水箱的選型見下表7.16。表STYLEREF1\s7.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s116膨脹水箱規(guī)格形式有效容積(m3)公稱容積(m3)內徑(mm)長′寬′高(mm)溢流管徑(mm)排水管徑(mm)膨脹管徑(mm)循環(huán)管徑(mm)箱體重(kg)方形0.50.6900900′900′900503240252007.6冷凝水系統(tǒng)根據文獻《民用建筑供暖通風與空氣調節(jié)設計規(guī)范》[2]及上表數據和機組的冷負荷即可選定冷凝水管的公稱直徑[2]。冷凝水管管徑型號見下表7.13.表STYLEREF1\s7.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s113冷凝水管管徑選擇冷負荷(kW)公稱直徑Dn(mm)422542~23032230~40040401~1100501100~2000802001~35001003501~15000125>15000150根據上表即可選出每層樓的管徑見表7.14表STYLEREF1\s7.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s114冷凝水管管徑確定樓層一層二層三層冷負荷(kW)401.5231.3244.2管道公稱直徑(mm)DN50DN40DN40冷凝水管要有一定的坡度,坡至衛(wèi)生間。7.7補水泵選型系統(tǒng)水容量的計算公式為:Vs=0.86×Q÷5(7-2)Vr=Vs×2%(7-3)Vb=Vr×5(7-4)式中:A建筑面積:㎡;Vs系統(tǒng)水容量:m3/h;Vr系統(tǒng)補水量:m3/h;Vb補水泵應補充的量m3/h。經計算系統(tǒng)水流量為10.71m3,取2%的補水系統(tǒng)水容量,則系統(tǒng)補水容量為10.71×0.02=0.21m3/h。則補水泵流量為0.215=1.05m3/h。根據文獻《民用建筑供暖通風與空氣調節(jié)設計規(guī)范》[2]可知,補水泵的揚程要比系統(tǒng)靜壓大30~50kPa,該系統(tǒng)取30kPa,則補水泵揚程為21.16m。根據所算得的流量和揚程,選用型號為IS50-32-160的立式單級離心泵,同時設一臺備用水泵,參數見表7.17。表STYLEREF1\s7.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s117補水泵性能參數型號IS50-32-160流量(m3/h)10.1揚程(m)21轉速r/min2900軸功率(kW)1.16配用電機(型號/kW)90L-2/2.2效率(%)50必需氣蝕余量(m)27.8軟化水箱的選擇軟化水箱容量按下公式計算:Vt=λVb式中:λ?計算系數,取軟化水箱的容積按補水泵45min的水量來考慮,則容積為1.05m3/h×45min=0.79m3。8管道的保溫8.1保溫的目的對管道進行保溫是為了防止空調水管結冰凍裂水管和防止形成冷凝水造成冷量損失。總的來說就是為了阻絕管道內外溫度傳遞。8.1保溫層選擇保溫層的厚度見表8.1。表STYLEREF1\s8.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s11保溫層厚度管道蒸汽、凝結水蒸汽、凝結水冷凍水冷凝水管徑(mm)<DN50DN50~100<DN40DN50~100>DN100<DN40保溫層厚度(mm)507525325013根據上面的計算結果對照即可選擇相應的保溫層厚度。9空調系統(tǒng)的消聲與減振9.1消聲措施隨著人民生活水平的提高,人們對生活環(huán)境的要求越來越高,因為噪聲會影響人的身體健康,所以對于空調系統(tǒng)的設計需要采取相關的措施來降低噪聲。根據參考文獻《實用供熱空調設計手冊(第2版)》[3]得:(1)要合理的設計管道結構,盡量減少彎頭,有彎頭的地方需要裝消聲彎頭。(2)在墻的內表面貼吸聲材料。(3)動力部件選用震動小。效率高,噪聲低的。(4)選用附有消聲材料的風管。(5)進出風口處使用消聲器等。9.2減振措施根據參考文獻《實用供熱空調設計手冊(第2版)》[3]得:(1)使用減震墊包裹與建筑接觸的風管。(2)使用柔性短管與風機連接以減少震動。(3)機組下面使用隔振基座。(4)風機,水泵等設備采用合理的轉速及配套減震墊。總結本次設計的課題是長沙市某購物中心的中央空調系統(tǒng),下面對該次中央空調系統(tǒng)設計的結果進行總結:對于空調系統(tǒng)的設計,我們要明確建筑的位置條件以及當地各種氣象參數,之后查民用建筑確定屋面,窗戶以及墻體的構造,對于負荷計算,我們要利用冷負荷系數法逐時計算找出最大值。在設計空調系統(tǒng)時一定要考慮實際,盡量符合節(jié)能與環(huán)保的標準,且保證系統(tǒng)能正常運行。另外,輔助設備的選擇要符合設計規(guī)范,不能隨意選擇,每種設備都有相應的工作條件,只有每種設備都符合規(guī)范系統(tǒng)才能正常安全的運行。最重要的一點是論文的格式一定要規(guī)范,嚴格按照要求進行編寫。讓文章段落即規(guī)正又美觀。通過這次論文,我對于空調系統(tǒng)的設計流程有了詳細的理解,也養(yǎng)成了清晰的設計思路,完全串通了自己在書本上所學的知識,對知識的掌握更加牢固。
附表一表STYLEREF1\s2.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s11冷負荷匯總一層商鋪空調面積m2室內冷負荷kW新風冷負荷kW室內濕負荷kg/h新風冷指標W/m2新風濕負荷kg/h總的冷負荷kW總的冷指標W/m2總濕負荷指標kg/(h·m2)1114.814.96.38.154.96.219.91730.122121.716.86.68.654.26.522.11820.123121.716.86.68.654.26.522.11820.12429.6522.267.61.75.71930.13558.78.43.44.254.53.210.51790.126121.716.86.68.652.66.522.11820.127121.716.86.68.652.66.522.11820.12898.813.95.4752.65.3181820.12913118.379.151.97241830.1210128.717.36.8951.36.822.81770.1211128.717.36.8951.36.822.81770.1212128.717.36.8951.36.822.81770.1213128.717.36.8951.36.822.81770.1214121.716.56.58.651.86.521.71780.121558.48.43.44.354.83.210.51800.1216117166.37.352.16.3211800.11門廳及電梯室158.47.82.73.746.22.810.51800.11門廳及電梯室225.73.81.21.746.71.351950.11步行街290.438.516.120.551.815.652.51800.12共計2106287.8113.7146.854112.6401.51950.12二層商鋪空調面積m2室內冷負荷kW新風冷負荷kW室內濕負荷kg/h新風冷指標W/m2新風濕負荷kg/h總的冷負荷kW總的冷指標W/m2總濕負荷指標kg/(h·m2)1119.311.44.55.437.74.615.91330.08298.3103.74.437.63.813.71400.08398.3103.74.437.63.813.71400.08447.97.81.82.137.61.99.62000.08535.33.61.41.739.71.551400.08698.3103.74.437.63.813.71400.08798.3103.74.437.63.813.71400.088105.410.53.94.737414.41370.08913113.34.85.836.6518.11380.0810105.310.73.94.737414.61390.0811105.310.73.94.737414.61390.0812105.310.73.94.737414.61390.0813105.310.73.94.737414.61390.081498.310.13.74.437.63.813.81400.081558.15.82.22.737.92.381380.081637.43.81.51.840.11.55.31420.081794.59.43.64.338.13.7131380.08門廳及電梯室158.46.81.82.230.81.98.61470.07門廳及電梯室225.72.80.91350.93.71440.07共計1625.716860.372.637.262.6231.31430.08三層商鋪空調面積m2室內冷負荷kW新風冷負荷kW室內濕負荷kg/h新風冷指標W/m2新風濕負荷kg/h總的冷負荷kW總的冷指標W/m2總濕負荷指標kg/(h·m2)1119.312.64.55.437.74.617.11430.08298.3113.74.437.63.814.71500.08398.3113.74.437.63.814.71500.08447.98.21.82.137.61.9102090.08535.341.41.739.71.55.41530.08698.3113.74.437.63.814.71500.08798.3113.74.437.63.814.71500.088105.411.73.94.737415.61480.08913114.64.85.836.6519.41480.0810105.311.844.837.14.115.71490.0811105.311.844.837.14.115.71490.0812105.311.844.837.14.115.71490.0813105.311.844.837.14.115.71490.081498.311.13.74.437.63.814.81500.081558.16.42.22.737.92.38.61480.081637.43.81.51.840.11.55.31420.081794.510.33.64.338.13.713.91470.08門廳及電梯室158.47.31.82.230.81.99.11560.07門廳及電梯室225.63.20.81.135.11.14.11560.07共計1625.7183.960.372.637.262.6244.21520.08三層總計5357.5621.1232.229243.3237.78771630.1
附表二表STYLEREF1\s2.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s12冬季耗熱量匯總一層商鋪空調面積m2圍護結構耗熱量kW新風耗熱量kW滲透風耗熱量kW照明和設備散熱量kW總耗熱量kW總熱指標W/m21114.824.71.62.911.297.62121.72.44.91.73.112.199.43121.72.44.91.73.112.199.4429.60.50.70.50.92.687.8558.70.91.40.81.54.678.46121.72.44.91.73.112.199.47121.72.44.91.73.112.199.4898.82.13.81.42.59.899.291313.25.41.83.413.8105.310128.72.55.11.83.212.697.911128.72.55.11.83.212.697.912128.72.55.11.83.212.697.913128.72.55.11.83.212.697.914121.72.44.91.73.112.199.41558.40.91.40.81.54.678.8161172.14.81.6311.598.3門廳及電梯室158.40.91.40.81.54.678.8門廳及電梯室225.70.50.80.40.72.493.4步行街290.38.117.83.97.837.6129.5共計210633.287.124.344200.595.7二層商鋪空調面積m2圍護結構耗熱量kW新風耗熱量kW滲透風耗熱量kW照明和設備散熱量kW總耗熱量kW總熱指標W/m21119.32.14.80.92.310.184.7298.31.73.80.728.283.4398.31.73.80.728.283.4447.90.61.30.41.13.471.0535.30.51.10.30.92.879.3698.31.73.80.728.283.4798.31.73.80.728.283.48105.41.94.50.82.19.388.291312.65.41.12.611.789.310105.31.84.50.829.186.411105.31.84.50.829.186.412105.31.84.50.829.186.413105.31.84.50.829.186.41498.31.73.80.728.283.41558.10.81.40.51.23.967.11637.40.51.20.30.92.977.51794.51.73.60.71.97.983.6門廳及電梯室158.40.81.40.51.23.966.8門廳及電梯室225.70.71.10.41.13.3128.4共計1625.722.962.810.128.3125.377.8三層商鋪空調面積m2圍護結構耗熱量kW新風耗熱量kW滲透風耗熱量kW照明和設備散熱量kW總耗熱量kW總熱指標W/m21119.32.14.80.92.310.184.7298.31.73.80.728.283.4398.31.73.80.728.283.4447.90.61.30.41.13.471.0535.30.51.10.30.92.879.3698.31.73.80.728.283.4798.31.73.80.728.283.48105.41.94.50.82.19.388.291312.65.41.12.611.789.310105.31.84.50.829.186.411105.31.84.50.829.186.412105.31.84.50.829.186.413105.31.84.50.829.186.41498.31.73.80.728.283.41558.10.81.40.51.23.967.11637.40.51.20.30.92.977.51794.51.73.60.71.97.983.6門廳及電梯室158.40.81.40.51.23.966.8門廳及電梯室225.70.71.10.41.13.3128.4共計1625.722.962.810.128.3125.377.8三層總計5357.584212.749.2105.2451.184.8
附表三表STYLEREF1\s6.SEQ表\*ARABIC\s13環(huán)路分支1
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