2023年全國(guó)翻譯資格考試三級(jí)筆譯綜合能力講義

全國(guó)翻譯資格考試三級(jí)筆譯綜合能力講義目錄2023年3月21日下午15：00-17：30重要內(nèi)容：1．對(duì)于考試的了解和復(fù)習(xí)的基本策略2．重要語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)（一）定語(yǔ)從句，練習(xí)及其譯法2023年3月21日晚上18：30-21：00重要內(nèi)容：1．重要語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)（二）定語(yǔ)從句，長(zhǎng)難句分析及翻譯2023年3月28日下午15：00-17：30重要內(nèi)容：1．重要語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)（三）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，練習(xí)及其譯法2．閱讀理解講解2023年3月28日晚上18：30-21：00重要內(nèi)容：1．重要語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)（四）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，長(zhǎng)難句分析及翻譯2．閱讀理解兩篇2023年3月29日下午15：00-17：30重要內(nèi)容：1．重要語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)（五）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，練習(xí)及其譯法2．閱讀理解講解第六節(jié)2023年3月29日晚上18：30-21：00重要內(nèi)容：1．重要語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)（六）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，長(zhǎng)難句分析及翻譯2．閱讀理解兩篇第七節(jié)2023年4月4日下午15：00-17：30重要內(nèi)容：1．重要語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)（七）代詞及虛擬語(yǔ)氣，練習(xí)及其譯法2．閱讀理解講解3．完型填空基本思緒講解第八節(jié)2023年4月4日晚上18：30-21：00重要內(nèi)容：1．重要語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)（八）代詞及虛擬語(yǔ)氣，長(zhǎng)難句分析及翻譯2．詞匯一般練習(xí)3．閱讀理解兩篇第九節(jié)2023年4月11日下午15：00-17：30重要內(nèi)容：1．詞匯一般練習(xí)，形容詞和副詞的一般譯法，長(zhǎng)難句分析及翻譯2．閱讀理解講解第十節(jié)2023年4月11日晚上18：30-21：00重要內(nèi)容：1．詞匯一般練習(xí)2．閱讀理解兩篇、完型填空基本思緒講解3．最后復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)性建議推薦教材：1．《英語(yǔ)筆譯綜合能力3級(jí)》，外文出版社，黃源深總主編，2023年版。（黃皮書(shū)）2．《英語(yǔ)三級(jí)筆譯考試真題精選》，外文出版社，盧敏編，2023年版。（藍(lán)皮書(shū)）課外閱讀材料：張培基、喻云根等，《英漢翻譯教程》。上海：上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，1980年版。陳宏薇，《新實(shí)用漢譯英教程》。武漢：湖北教育出版社，1996年版?？缕剑队h與漢英翻譯教程》。北京：北京大學(xué)出版社，1993年版。呂瑞昌、喻云根，《漢英翻譯教程》。西安：陜西人民出版社，1983年版。陸殿揚(yáng)，《英漢翻譯理論與技巧》（上、下冊(cè)）。北京：時(shí)代出版社，1958年版。楊莉藜，《英漢互譯教程》。開(kāi)封：河南大學(xué)出版社，1993年版。范仲英，《實(shí)用翻譯教程》。北京：外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社，1994年版。馮慶華，《實(shí)用翻譯教程》。上海：上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，1997年版。郭著章，《英漢互譯實(shí)用教程》。武昌：武漢大學(xué)出版社，1996年版。10．申雨平，《實(shí)用英漢翻譯教程》。北京：外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社，2023年版。11．古今明，《英漢翻譯基礎(chǔ)》。上海：上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，2023年版。12．王恩冕、李正中，《大學(xué)英漢翻譯教程》。北京：對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)出版社，1998年版。13．李長(zhǎng)拴，《非文學(xué)翻譯理論與實(shí)踐》。北京：中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司。14．姜桂華，《中式英語(yǔ)之鑒》。北京：清華大學(xué)出版社。15．莊繹傳，《英漢翻譯簡(jiǎn)明教程》。北京：外研社。16．許淵沖：《翻譯的藝術(shù)》，五洲傳播出版社出版。17．包惠南著：《文化語(yǔ)境與語(yǔ)言翻譯》，中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司。18．何善芬等著：《英漢語(yǔ)言對(duì)比研究》，上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社。19．曾蕙蘭：《進(jìn)出口實(shí)用英語(yǔ)》，外文出版社?！稘h英中華文化詞典》，上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社。20．《翻譯研究論文集》(1894-1948、1949-1983)(《翻譯通訊》編輯部)21．《翻譯理論與翻譯技巧文集》，中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司。22．Language,Culture,andTranslation，byEugeneA.Nida,ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress詞法、句法流派代表作陸殿揚(yáng)：《英漢翻譯理論與技巧》，商務(wù)印書(shū)館。張培基等：《英漢翻譯教程》，上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社。馮樹(shù)鑒：《實(shí)用英漢翻譯技巧》，同濟(jì)大學(xué)出版社。功能流派的代表作郭頤頓、張穎，《商務(wù)英漢翻譯教程》，中山大學(xué)出版社，1995年版。張鸞鈴，《實(shí)用英漢翻譯技巧》，廣東教育出版社，1996年版。譚寶全，《現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)翻譯技巧》，上海交通大學(xué)出版社，1997年版。當(dāng)代譯論流派代表作柯平，《英漢與漢英翻譯教程》，北京大學(xué)出版社。楊莉藜，《英漢互譯教程》，河南大學(xué)出版社。范仲英，《實(shí)用翻譯教程》，外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社。陳宏薇，《新實(shí)用漢譯英教程》，湖北教育出版社。中文語(yǔ)法書(shū)目呂叔湘，朱德熙：《語(yǔ)法修辭發(fā)言》，遼寧教育出版社。王力：《中國(guó)現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)法》，商務(wù)印書(shū)館。王力：《中國(guó)古代語(yǔ)法》，商務(wù)印書(shū)館。高名凱：《漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法理論》，商務(wù)印書(shū)館。呂叔湘：《語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)》，復(fù)旦大學(xué)出版社。翻譯史 馬祖毅：《中國(guó)翻譯史》，中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司。方文華：《中國(guó)翻譯史》，西北大學(xué)出版社。譚載喜：《西方翻譯簡(jiǎn)史》，商務(wù)印書(shū)館。第一節(jié)考試內(nèi)容介紹、定語(yǔ)從句講解、練習(xí)及譯法第一部分考試介紹一、考試題型詞匯和語(yǔ)法部分50題25分25分鐘閱讀理解50題55分75分鐘完型填空20題20分20分鐘二、考試規(guī)定掌握本大綱要的英語(yǔ)詞匯；掌握并可以對(duì)的運(yùn)用雙語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法；具有對(duì)常用問(wèn)題英語(yǔ)文章的閱讀理解能力。三、筆譯綜合能力試題的基本類(lèi)型第一部分詞匯和語(yǔ)法部分可分為三大部分：詞匯選擇（VocabularyandGrammar）1-20難度大約在四級(jí)左右；詞語(yǔ)替代（VocabularySelection）21-40重要找出和劃?rùn)M線(xiàn)部分相批準(zhǔn)思的詞匯，難度在4級(jí)到6級(jí)之間；改錯(cuò)（ErrorCorrection）重要有詞匯和語(yǔ)法的兩種錯(cuò)誤。第一部分考察的內(nèi)容重要為近義詞的辨析、短語(yǔ)介詞和動(dòng)詞詞組的搭配；語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)重要涉及定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句、虛擬語(yǔ)氣、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等等。在其后會(huì)分專(zhuān)題來(lái)講解。第二部分閱讀理解共5篇，字?jǐn)?shù)在每篇150-450字之間，絕大多數(shù)在250字左右，每篇有5到10題，不定量。題材廣泛，選題多樣。類(lèi)似于四級(jí)以上難度和題型，但是和專(zhuān)業(yè)四級(jí)題型更加相似。第三部分為開(kāi)放性完型填空，20空，共20分。題材廣泛，選題多樣。難度和專(zhuān)業(yè)四級(jí)等同。四、基本復(fù)習(xí)策略綜合能力課程作為三級(jí)筆譯必修的課程，重要是考察學(xué)生對(duì)于英語(yǔ)基本知識(shí)的了解，特別是對(duì)雙語(yǔ)習(xí)慣的掌握，為了可以更好地為實(shí)務(wù)課程打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)，所以希望每一位同學(xué)都不要對(duì)這門(mén)課程產(chǎn)生掉以輕心的念頭。根據(jù)個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)，我個(gè)人推薦以下幾個(gè)復(fù)習(xí)的策略：第一、要對(duì)大綱的詞匯做到十分熟悉，這種熟悉不是簡(jiǎn)樸地結(jié)識(shí)，而是要學(xué)會(huì)使用，特別是在沒(méi)有字典的幫助之下可以迅速而準(zhǔn)確地判斷搭配。第二、對(duì)于語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的重視，但凡是學(xué)翻譯就必須要對(duì)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)有著進(jìn)一步的了解，這種了解不是簡(jiǎn)樸地會(huì)劃分句子成分，而是將每個(gè)句子如何組合，這將決定你實(shí)務(wù)中的句型翻譯的關(guān)鍵。第三，閱讀能力要強(qiáng)。任何考試都是得閱讀者得天下，咱們的綜合能力考試也不除外。涉及實(shí)務(wù)考試，假如文章內(nèi)容沒(méi)有弄明白，那么對(duì)文章的翻譯肯定是不行的。以上三點(diǎn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)之談，僅供參考。第二部分定語(yǔ)從句的講解、練習(xí)及譯法1．that和which用法比較：1)which用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中。e.g.:Hesaidhewasbusy,whichwasnottrue.他說(shuō)他很忙，那是假的。Wedon’twanttoenterthehouse,whichisverycold.我們不想進(jìn)房間，由于太冷了。2)which用于介詞后做賓語(yǔ)。e.g.:Theroomofwhichwindowsareoppositetotheroomislarge.窗戶(hù)正對(duì)著海的房間很大。Thechairinwhichyouaresittingismadeofiron.你坐的椅子是用鋼做的。3)that一定用于“不（不定代詞作先行詞時(shí)）止（“只是”only修飾先行詞時(shí)）最（形容詞最高級(jí)修飾先行詞時(shí)）兩（先行詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)人和物）序（序數(shù)詞修飾先行詞時(shí)）”五種情況。e.g.:Allthatyouneedishelp.你所需要的是幫助。Alotofthingsandchildrenthatarefullofthecarwerelostinthedistrict.裝滿(mǎn)了車(chē)的東西和孩子們?cè)谶@個(gè)地區(qū)失蹤了。ThatisonlythingthatIwanttoknow.那是我唯一想知道的事情。ThelastbookthatyouboughtisthatIwantedtobuy.你買(mǎi)的最后一本書(shū)是我想買(mǎi)的。Whatisthesizeofthelargestmapthatyouhaveseenbefore?你以前見(jiàn)過(guò)的最大的尺寸的地圖有多大？2．定語(yǔ)從句的種類(lèi)定語(yǔ)從句可分為非限定性定語(yǔ)從句（描繪性定語(yǔ)從句）和限定性定語(yǔ)從句。e.g.:Theydon’tlikethatpersonwhoisnoisy.他們不喜歡那個(gè)吵鬧的人。*非限定性定語(yǔ)從句（描繪性定語(yǔ)從句）和先行詞關(guān)系緊密，不可省略。e.g.:Theydon’tlikethatperson,whoisnoisy.他們不喜歡那個(gè)人，由于他太吵鬧了。*限定性定語(yǔ)從句和先行詞關(guān)系疏松，用逗號(hào)和主句隔開(kāi)，可以省略。它翻譯時(shí)，相稱(chēng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。語(yǔ)法及詞匯練習(xí)1.Thebridgewasnamed__theherowhogavehislifeforthecauseofthepeople.AafterBwithCbyDfrom2.Therewerenotickets__forFriday’sperformance.ApreferableBconsiderableCpossibleDavailable3.__theRevolutionaryWar,theUnitedStateswasanEnglishcolony.AInferiortoBSuperiortoCPriortoDPreferableto4.Cancerissecondonly__heartdiseaseasacauseofdeath.AofBtoCwithDfrom5.Itwasn'tsuchagooddinner__shehadpromisedus.AthatBwhichCasDwhat6.Americanwomenwere__therighttovoteuntil1920aftermanyyearsofhardstruggle.AignoredBneglectedCrefusedDdenied7.Theydecidedtochasethecowaway__itdidmoredamage.AunlessBuntilCbeforeDalthough8.__studentwithalittlecommonsenseshouldbeabletoanswerthequestion.AEachBAnyCEitherDOne9.Themedicineisonsaleeverywhere.Youcangetitat__chemist’s.AeachBsomeCanyDcertain10.All__isacontinuoussupplyofthebasicnecessitiesoflife.AwhatisneededBforourneedsCthethingneededDthatisneeded11.__withthesizeofthewholeearth,thehighestmountaindoesnotseemhighatall.AWhencomparedBCompareCWhilecomparingDComparing12.After__forthejob,youwillberequiredtotakealanguagetest.AbeinginterviewedBinterviewedCinterviewingDhavinginterviewed13.__shefirstheardofthemanreferredtoasaspecialist.AThatwasfromStephenBItwasStephenwhomCItwasfromStephenthatDItwasStephenthat14.Iftheseshoesaretoobig,asktheclerktobringyouasmaller__.AsuitBsetConeDpair15.Manynew__willbeopenedupinthefutureforthosewithauniversityeducation.AopportunitiesBnecessitiesCrealitiesDprobabilities16.Hemusthavehadanaccident,orhe__then.AwouldhavebeenhereBhadtobehereCshouldbehereDwouldbehere17.You__allthosecalculations!Wehaveacomputertodothatsortofthing.Aneedn’thavedoneBmustnothavedoneCshouldn’thavedoneDcannothavedone18.Itwasverykindofyoutodothewashing-up,butyou__it.Amustn’thavedoneBwouldn’thavedoneCmightn’thavedoneDdidn’thavetodo19.Itwasessentialthattheapplicationsforms__backbeforethedeadline.AmustbesentBwouldbesentCbesentDweresent20.We__ourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.AjusthavehadBhavejusthadCjusthadDhadjusthad21.Ihadjuststartedbackforthehousetochangemyclothes__Iheardvoices.AasBwhileCafterDwhen22.Ifeltsomewhatdisappointedandwasabouttoleave,__somethingoccurredwhichattractedmyattention.AunlessBuntilCwhenDwhile23.Itwasessentialthattheseapplicationforms__backasearlyaspossible.AmustbesentBwillbesentCaresentDbesent24.Thechildrenwenttheretowatchtheirontower__.AtoerectBbeerectedCerectingDbeingerected25.Theengine__smokeandsteam.AgivesupBgivesinCgivesawayDgivesoff26.Themanagerpromisedtokeepme__ofhowourbusinesswasgoingon.AtobeinformedBoninformingCinformedDinforming27.Thegoals__hehadfoughtallhislifenolongerseemedimportanttohim.AafterwhichBforwhichCwithwhichDatwhich28.Ishouldliketorentahouse,modern,comfortableand__inaquietneighborhood.AallinallBaboveallCafterallDoverall29.__wehavefinishedthecourse,weshallstartdoingmorerevisionwork.AFornowBNowthatCEversinceDBynow30.Whatyouhavedoneis__thedoctor’sorders.AattachedtoBresponsibletoCresistanttoDcontraryto譯法：1．定語(yǔ)從句的前置合譯法：Onthewhole,suchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherswithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.譯文：總的來(lái)說(shuō)，得出這種結(jié)論是有一定限度把握的，但是必須具有兩個(gè)條件：可以假定這個(gè)孩子對(duì)測(cè)試的態(tài)度和與他比較的另一些孩子的態(tài)度相同；他也沒(méi)有由于缺少別的孩子已掌握的有關(guān)知識(shí)而被扣分。2．定語(yǔ)從句的前置合譯法與后置分譯法：Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponsewillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.譯文：行為主義者認(rèn)為,假如兒童的成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境里有許多刺激因素,這些因素又有助于其適當(dāng)反映能力的發(fā)展,那么,兒童的智力就會(huì)發(fā)展到較高的水平。TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootsinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.譯文：希臘人認(rèn)為，語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)與思維能力過(guò)程之間存在著某種聯(lián)系。這一觀點(diǎn)在人們尚未結(jié)識(shí)到語(yǔ)言的千差萬(wàn)別以前就早已在歐洲扎下了根。3．定語(yǔ)從句的溶合變譯法；Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessinhumannature;actually,asidefromabnormallylazypeople,therewouldbeveryfewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethantheminimum,andwhowouldprefertodonothingratherthanwork.(48words)譯文：這種假設(shè)是依據(jù)這樣的一種謬論：人的本性中存在天生的惰性。而事實(shí)上，除了特別懶惰的人以外，幾乎沒(méi)有人樂(lè)意掙只相稱(chēng)于最低生活維持費(fèi)的錢(qián)，也沒(méi)有人樂(lè)意飽食終日、無(wú)所事事。定語(yǔ)從句翻譯練習(xí)：1.Priortothetwentiethcentury,womeninnovelswerestereotypesoflackinganyfeaturesthatmadethemuniqueindividualsandwerealsosubjecttonumerousrestrictionsimposedbythemale-dominatedculture.在20世紀(jì)以前,小說(shuō)中的婦女像都是一個(gè)模式。她們沒(méi)有任何特點(diǎn),因而無(wú)法成為具有個(gè)性的人;他們還要屈從于由男性主宰的文化傳統(tǒng)強(qiáng)加給他們的種種束縛。2.Aluminumremainedunknownuntilthenineteenthcentury,becausenowhereinnatureisitfoundfree,owingtoitsalwaysbeingcombinedwithotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen,forwhichithasastrongaffinity.鋁總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起,最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合;由于鋁跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力,由于這個(gè)因素,在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁。所以,鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)。3.They(thepoor)arethefirsttoexperiencetechnologicalprogressasacursewhichdestroystheoldmuscle-powerjobsthatpreviousgenerationsusedasameanstofighttheirwayoutofpoverty.對(duì)于以往幾代人來(lái)說(shuō),舊式的體力勞動(dòng)是一種用以擺脫貧困的手段,而技術(shù)的進(jìn)步則摧毀了窮人賴(lài)認(rèn)為生的體力勞動(dòng),因此一方面體驗(yàn)到技術(shù)進(jìn)步之害的是窮人。4.ThenumberoftheyoungpeopleintheUnitedStateswhocan’treadisincredibleaboutoneinfour.大約有1/4的美國(guó)青年人沒(méi)有閱讀能力,這簡(jiǎn)直令人難以置信。（前置譯法）第二節(jié)語(yǔ)法及詞匯練習(xí)、定語(yǔ)從句長(zhǎng)難句分析及翻譯、閱讀理解講解回顧也是一種前瞻Reviewingispreparingusforthefuture第一部分語(yǔ)法及詞匯練習(xí)1.Johnregretted__tothemeetinglastweek.AnotgoingBnottogoCnothavingbeengoingDnottobegoing2.Weregrettoinformyouthatthematerialsyouorderedare__.AoutofworkBoutofstockCoutofreachDoutofpractice3.They__inspiteoftheextremelydifficultconditions.AcarriedoutBcarriedoffCcarriedonDcarriedforward4.Mrs.Brownissupposed__forItalylastweek.AtohaveleftBtobeleavingCtoleaveDtohavebeenleft5.He’swatchingTV?He’s__tobecleaninghisroom.AknownBconsideredCregardedDsupposed6.Mycameracanbe__totakepicturesincloudyorsunnyconditions.AtreatedBadjustedCadoptedDremedied7.Anewtechnique__,theyieldsasawholeincreasedby20percent.AworkingoutBhavingworkedoutChavingbeenworkedoutDtohavebeenwordedout8.Between1974and1997,thenumberofoverseasvisitorsexpanded__27%.AbyBforCtoDin9.Childrenwhoareover-protectedbytheirparentsmaybecome__.AhurtBdamagedCspoiledDharmed10.WhenMr.Jonesgetsold,hewill__overhisbusinesstohisson.AtakeBhandCthinkDget11.Wehadapartylastmonth,anditwasalotoffun,solet’shave__onethismonth.AanotherBmoreCtheotherDother12.Noagreementwasreachedinthediscussionasneithersidewouldgivewayto__.AtheotherBanyotherCanotherDother13.Itwasdifficulttoguesswhather__tothenewswouldbe.AimpressionBreactionCcommentDopinion14.IdecidedtogotothelibraryassoonasI__.AfinishwhatIdidBfinishedwhatIdidCwouldfinishwhatIwasdoingDfinishedwhatIwasdoing15.Weareinterestedintheweatherbecauseit__ussodirectlywhatwewear,whatwedo,andevenhowwefeel.AbenefitsBaffectsCguidesDeffects16.Willallthose__theproposalraisetheirhands?AinrelationtoBincontrasttoCinexcessofDinfavorof17.Childrenareverycurious__.AatheartBinpersonConpurposeDbynature18.Thematchwascancelledbecausemostofthemembers__amatchwithoutastandardcourt.AobjectedtohavingBwereobjectedtohaveCobjectedtohaveDwereobjectedtohaving19.Themaninthecornerconfessedto__alietothemanagerofthecompany.AhavetoldBhavingtoldCbeingtoldDbetold20.Theteacherdoesn’tpermit__inclass.AsmokeBtosmokeCsmokingDtohaveasmoke21.Aswecannolongerwaitforthedeliveryofourorder,wehaveto__it.ApostponeBrefuseCdelayDcancel22.Thesebooks,whichyoucangetatanybookshop,willgiveyou__youneed.AalltheinformationBalltheinformationsCallofinformationDalloftheinformations23.Notuntilthegamehadbegun__atthesportsground.AhadhearrivedBwouldhehavearrivedCdidhearriveDshouldhehavearrived24.Youngpeoplearenot__tostandandlookatworksofart;theywantarttheycanparticipatein.AconservativeBcontentCconfidentDgenerous25.MostbroadcastersmaintainthatTVhasbeenunfairlycriticizedandarguethatthepowerofthemediumis__.AgrantedBimpliedCexaggeratedDremedied26.Thesesurveysindicatethatmanycrimesgo__bythepolice,mainlybecausenotallvictimsreportthem.AunrecordedBtobeunrecordedCunrecordingDtohavebeenunrecorded27.Ihavenoobjection__yourstoryagain.AtohearBtohearingCtohavingheardDtohaveheard28.Theclothesapersonwearsmayexpresshis__orsocialposition.AcuriosityBstatusCdeterminationDsignificance29.Bylaw,whenonemakesalargepurchase,heshouldhave__opportunitytochangehismind.AaccurateBurgentCexcessiveDadequate30.Youwillseethisproduct__whereveryougo.AtobeadvertisedBadvertisedCadvertiseDadvertising第二部分定語(yǔ)從句長(zhǎng)難句成分分析及翻譯練習(xí)5.Television,itisoftensaid,keepsoneinformedaboutcurrentevents,allowonetofollowthelatestdevelopmentsinscienceandpolitics,andoffersanendlessseriesofprogramswhicharebothinstructiveandentertaining.人們常說(shuō),通過(guò)電視可以了解時(shí)事,掌握科學(xué)和政治的最新動(dòng)態(tài)。從電視里還可以看到既有教育意義又有娛樂(lè)性的層出不窮的新節(jié)目。（后置譯法）6.TakinghiscuefromIbsen`sADoll`sHouse,inwhichtheheroine,Nora,leaveshomebecausesheresentsherhusband’streatingherlikeachild,thewriterLuXunwarnedthatNorawouldneedmoneytosupportherself;shemusthaveeconomicrightstosurvive.易卜生的劇作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉離家出走,由于她憎惡她的丈夫像對(duì)待孩子同樣來(lái)對(duì)待她。作家魯迅從中得到啟示,從而告誡人們娜拉得需要錢(qián)來(lái)養(yǎng)活自己,她要生存就必須有經(jīng)濟(jì)上的權(quán)利。（句首譯法）7.Thatsexratiowillbefavoredwhichmaximizesthenumberofdescendantsanindividualwillhaveandhencethenumberofgenecopiestransmitted.那種性別比例能在最大限度上增長(zhǎng)一個(gè)個(gè)體所能擁有的后代數(shù)量，并因此能在最大限度上增長(zhǎng)所傳遞到后代身上去的基因復(fù)制品的數(shù)量。（倒裝、定從使用）8.Withtheconclusionofaburstactivity,thelacticacidlevelishighinthebodyfluids,leavingthelargeanimalvulnerabletoattackuntiltheacidisreconverted,viaoxidativemetabolism,bytheliverintoglucose,whichisthensent(inpart)backtothemusclesforglycogenresynthesis.隨著爆發(fā)出來(lái)的運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)束，再體液中乳酸含量會(huì)變得很高，使得大型動(dòng)物處在容易受到襲擊的狀態(tài)，直到乳酸通過(guò)有氧新陳代謝，被肝臟轉(zhuǎn)化成（convertinto）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下來(lái)又會(huì)（部分）傳送回肌肉中重新合成糖原。9.AlthoughGutmanadmitsthatforcedseparationbysalewasfrequent，heshowsthattheslaves’preference，revealedmostclearlyonplantationswheresalewasinfrequent，wasverymuchforstablemonogamy.雖然古特曼認(rèn)可，由于奴隸買(mǎi)賣(mài)而導(dǎo)致的被迫離散甚為頻繁，但他還是證明，奴隸的偏愛(ài)——在那些奴隸買(mǎi)賣(mài)并不頻繁的種植園上被最為顯著地揭示出來(lái)——在很大限度上側(cè)重于穩(wěn)定的一夫一妻制。10.Thispreferenceforexogamy，Gutmansuggests，mayhavederivedfromWestAfricanrulesgoverningmarriage，which，thoughtheydifferedfromonetribalgrouptoanother，allinvolvedsomekindofprohibitionagainstunionswithclosekin.古特曼表達(dá)，這種對(duì)于外部通婚的偏愛(ài)很有也許緣起于西部非洲制約著婚姻的規(guī)定，盡管這些規(guī)定在一個(gè)和另一個(gè)部落群體之間不盡相同，但都涉及到某種對(duì)近親聯(lián)姻（unionwithclosekin）的嚴(yán)禁。第三部分閱讀理解的基本理念（見(jiàn)PPT）第三節(jié)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，練習(xí)及其譯法，閱讀理解講解及練習(xí)第一部分閱讀理解題目練習(xí)：Whenmyfirstchildwasborn,mymother-in-lawsaidtome:‘MotherhoodisawonderfuljustaslongasyourememberthatAMother’sPlaceisintheWrong.Nomatterwhatyoudo,yourchildrenwillblameyou.’Sinethattime,almostnineyearsago,Ihavecarefullymonitoredmothersandtheirgrowingoffspringtoverifythismaxim,andfoundthatindeeditcontainsmuchtruth.If,ontheotherhand,amothersendsherlittlelambtothelocalneighborhoodschool,thelittlelambwillgrumbletearslaterthathisparentsdidnotgiveafigforeducationandthatiswhyhewasilliterateandonthedole.Ifawomanhasajob,herchildrenwillspeakmournfullyoftheexperienceofbeinglatch-keykidswhoneverknewwhatitwastocomehometothejoyandsecurityofmumbakingbreadinthekitchen.Ifsheconsidersittoebesttoendthemarriage,theywillaccuseherofcausingthem‘parentaldeprivationsyndrome’andobligationthemtogrowupin‘a(chǎn)one-parentsituation’.Truly,amother’splaceisinthewrongplaceand,yea,itgoesonevenuntothethirdgeneration.Whenyourchildrenencountertroubleordifficultiesasadults,intheirownmarriagesorintheirpersonalities,whomdoyoublame?You’vegotitinone:Mother.1.Havingthoughtabouthermother-in-lawadvice,theauthor_________________.AwasinclinedtodoubttheadviceBinterviewedwomenwhosechildrenhadgrownupCdecidedtoputtheadvicetothetestDaskedadultsabouttheirchildren2.Thepassagesuggeststhatthelocalschools___________________.AmakechildrenfeelinsecurityBhaveapooreducationalrecordCallowchildrentoomuchfreedomDareforthechildrenof‘suburbancabbages’3.Accordingtothepassage,awomanwhodivorcesherhusbandwill____________________.AbebackedbyherchildrenBbeblamedbyherchildrenCusuallyblameherhusbandDsoonlosethechildren’saffection4.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethatmothers_________________.AarewillingtotaketheblameBareblamedunfairlyCcannotbeblamelessDcannotavoidblameTheworldwideconsumptionofbakeryfoodproductsisincreasing.Manypopulationsthatformerlyreliedsolelyonriceorcoarsergrainsastheirmainsourceofcarbohydratesshowapreferenceforcompoundedbakeryproductsasnewindustryandincreasedincomesmakethemmorewidelyaccessible.Japanisanoutstandingexampleofcountriesfollowingthistrend.TheUnitedStateshasshownasteadydownwardtrendinpercapitaconsumptionofcereal-basedfoodsformanyyears,andtheconsumptionofsweetbakeryfoods,suchascakesorpastry,hasbeenincreasinglydisplacingbreadconsumption.Probably95%ofthewhitebreadsoldintheUnitedStatesisenrichedwiththiamine,niacin,andiron,andabout30ofthestateshavelawsrequiringwhitebreadenrichment.Formerly,calciumandvitaminDwerefrequentlyaddedtoenrichedbread,butlackofconsumerdemandandquestionablenutritionalbenefitledtogradualphasingoutoftheseenrichments.Indiahasattemptedtoencourageconsumptionofprotein-enrichedbread,withsomesuccess.Exceptforresearchprojects,littlehasbeendoneinothercountries,however.Inareaswherebakeryproductscomprisealargeproportionofthediet,theycouldprovideanidealvehiclefornutritionalsupplementation.Theneedforbetterqualityinthedailydietoccursmostlyinthedevelopingcounties,wherecarbohydratesfoodsusuallyJapanisusedinthispassagetillustrateafashioninmanycountries___________.AtoenrichbreadBtoinvestmoreinfoodindustryCtoincreaseconsumptionofbakeryfoodsDtoincreasearelianceonriceandgrains2.Becauseoflittledemandandquestionablevalue____________.AcalciumandvitaminDarenolongeraddedtobreadBcereal-basedfoodsarebeingreplacedbybakeryproductsCriceandcoarsergrainsbeingreplacedbybakeryproductsDlittlehasbeendonetoencourageconsumptionofenrichedbread3.Accordingtothepassage,popularcerealscouldbethebestwayindevelopingcountriesto___.AsupplementthedietBdisplacericeconsumptionCincreaserelianceoncarbohydratesDphaseoutnecessarybreadenrichments4.Fromthepassage,welearnthatthereisaworldwidetrendtowards_____________.AenrichingthenutritionalvalueofbreadBincreasingtheconsumptionofproteinCusingbakeryproductsasasourceofcarbohydratesDusinggrains,suchasrice,asasourceofcarbohydrates第二部分非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞難點(diǎn)講解獨(dú)立主格與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：獨(dú)立主格獨(dú)立主格的結(jié)構(gòu)一：名詞（代詞）+分詞[現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞]Silveristhebestconductorofelectricity,copper__itclosely.AfollowedBfollowingCtofollowDbeingfollowedAllthings__,theplannedtripwillhavetobecalledoff.AconsideredBbeconsideredCconsideringDhavingconsidered獨(dú)立主格的結(jié)構(gòu)2：with+名詞（代詞）+分詞[句子當(dāng)中作狀語(yǔ)]AftertheArabstateswonindependence,greatemphasiswaslaidonexpandingeducation,withgirlsaswellasboys__togotoschool.AtobeencouragedBbeenencouragedCbeingencouragedDbeencouraged非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞（分詞短語(yǔ)）句子的主語(yǔ)決定非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的分詞是用積極還是被動(dòng)形式。假如是句子的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出動(dòng)作，則使用現(xiàn)在分詞；假如動(dòng)作不是由句子的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出，則使用過(guò)去分詞。43.Nomatterhowfrequently__,theworksofBeethovenalwaysattractlargeaudiences.AperformedBperformingCtobeperformedDbeingperformedperformvt.表演，表演，演奏；tobeperformed將要被演奏；beingperformed正在被演奏；一些特殊的動(dòng)詞：第一個(gè)：remember記住；62.Iremember__tohelpusifweevergotintotrouble.AonceofferingBhimonceofferingChimtoofferDtoofferhim第二個(gè)：want想要；48.Yourhairwants__.You'dbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.AcutBcuttingCtocutDbeingcut18.Thisroomissodirtythatitwants__.AcleaningBtocleanCbeingcleanedDcleaned第三個(gè)：mean意味；25.There'samanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeans__trouble.AmakingBtomakeCtohavemadeDhavingmade練習(xí)：41. Itisnotdifficultto________theideathatmachinesmaycommunicateinformationtous.A)admitB)receiveC)acceptD)convince42. Ihavenottheleast________ofhurtingyourfeelings.A)conceptB)intentionC)mindD)purpose43. Astheshortageofcertainmetalsapproaches,othersmustbefoundtotaketheir________.A)shareB)placeC)roleD)shape44. Thenewpowerstationisreported________withinthreeyears.A)tohavecompletedB)tohavebeencompletedC)havingBeencompletedD)tocomplete45. Maryisinbedwithafeverandshecan’thopeto________thecoldinafewday.A)getoverB)getawayC)getoffD)getout46. Althoughtheweatherwasveryhad,thebusesstillranon________.A)listB)planC)scheduleD)arrangement47. Thesituationtodayisobviouslyquitedifferentfrom________itwasonly50yearsago.A)whatB)whichC)whenD)such48. Soon,Americanshope,therainswillreturnandeasethehardship________U.S.farmers.A)facedB)facesC)facingD)toface49. Eversincethefamilymovedtothesuburbslastyear,they________betterhealth.A)couldhaveenjoyedB)havebeenenjoyingC)hadenjoyedD)areenjoying50. Itismucheasiertotalkaboutsocialchangethanto________.A)bringitonB)bringitaboutC)burningitupD)bringitout51. Janewashitontheheadbytherobberandwasknocked________.A)mindlessB)unawareC)brainlessD)unconscious52. Helikesdoingsomereadingathometothecinema.A)thantogoB)thangoingC)morethangoingD)ratherthantogo53. ________neglectingoureducation,myfathersentmybrotherandmetoasummerschool.A)AccusedofB)AccusingofC)ThathewasaccusedofD)Tobeaccusedof54. Iboughtanewhouselastyear,butI________myoldhouseyet,soatthemomentIhavetwohouses.A)didnotsellB)donotsellC)hadnotsoldD)havenotsold55. Shedidn’tregretpaying200dollarsforthebookcase.Asamatterorafact,shewouldgladlyhavepaid________forit.A)asmuchtwiceB)muchastwiceC)astwicemuchD)twiceasmuch56. BythetimeyougettoBeijingtomorrow,I________forShanghai.A)amleavingB)shouldhaveleftC)willleaveD)havealreadyleft57. Itwasessentialthatallthenecessarydocuments________tothepresident’sofficebeingtheendofthismonth.A)behandedinB)mustbehandedinC)shouldD)hadbeenhandedin58. Thecarisquite________ofpetrol.A)economicB)economicalC)savingD)sparing59. Thetrafficwasveryheavy;otherwiseI________here50minutessooner.A)wouldbeB)shouldbeC)hadbeenD)wouldhavebeen60. ________hisgreatwealth,healwaysremainedamanofsimpletastes.A)ExceptforB)WithregardtoC)DespiteD)Although61. Thesocksweretoosmallanditwasonlyby________themthathemanagedtogetthemon.A)spreadingB)extendingC)lengtheningD)stretching62. Languagecanbedefinedasatoolbywhichhumanbeings________withoneanother.A)associateB)connectC)communicateD)correspond63. Asasmallboy,hewasslow________learningtoreadandwrite.A)onB)withC)inD)about64. Tonywas________amileofthehotelwhenheranoutofpetrol.A)withinB)insideC)aboutD)off65. Ithasbeenrathercostlytoinstallthemachinery,butitwillprovetobeworththemoney________.A)inthelongrunB)inconclusionC)atlonglastD)attheend66. Idon’tknowwhyhe________inthemiddleofasentence.A)brokeoffB)brokeoutC)brokethroughD)brokeaway67. I’msorryAndydidn’twanttogototheconference.________willingtogowewouldhavepaidallhisexpenses.A)BeingB)WasheC)HehadbeenD)Hadhebeen68. Theministerwastheperson________.A)whomthestatedinnerwasgiveninhonourB)forwhomthestatedinnerwasgivenhonourC)whosehonourthestatedinnerwasgivenD)inwhosehonourthestatedinnerwasgiven69. Theyoungdriverlookedovertheenginecarefullylestit________ontheway.A)goeswrongB)wouldgowrongC)wentwrongD)shouldgowrong70. Johnhadbeenworkinghardand________.A)sohisbrotherhadB)sohadhisbrotherC)sowashisbrotherD)sohisbrotherdid第三節(jié)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的譯法1．Evenwhenweturnoffthebesidelampandarefastasleep,electricityisworkingforus,drivingourrefrigerators,heatingourwater,orkeepingourroomsair-conditioned.（現(xiàn)在分詞正常使用）即使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí),電仍在為我們工作:幫我們開(kāi)動(dòng)電冰箱,把水加熱,或使室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。2．Takingthetrain,thetwofriendsarrivedinBerlininlateOctober1922,andwentdirectlytotheaddressofChou-EnLai.他們兩個(gè)人坐火車(chē)于1920233月到柏林，立即去周恩來(lái)的住處。Thefarmerof1800,usingahandsickle,couldhopetocutafifthofahectareofwheataday.在182023，一個(gè)農(nóng)民，使用鐮刀，在一天內(nèi)可望收割五分之一公頃小麥。3．WhenChouEnLai’sdooropenedtheysawaslendermanofmorethanaverageheight