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Afterstudyingthisunit,youwillbeableto:illustratehowlanguagereflectsthoughtandculture,andhowhumanperceptionisshapedbylanguage;inferthemeaningofacademicconceptswhilelistening;analyzethe3-stepargumentinacademicresearch;makeanengagingpresentationontheuniquenessoftheChineselanguage.ViewingWatchavideoabouttherelationshipbetweenlanguageandmindUnderstand:1.
twocontrastinginterpretations;
2.
whythoughtcomesfirstandlanguagecomesafterReadingAReadanarticleaboutlanguage-thoughtexperimentsUnderstand:1.
whytheyaredone;2.
theirresults;3.
howlanguageshapesthewaywethinkReadingBReadanarticleabouttheChineselanguageandtheChinesethoughtUnderstand:1.
theirfeatures;2.
thecorrelationbetweentheirfeaturesProducing
Givea10-minuteEnglishpresentationinaninternationalyouthforumabouttheuniquenessoftheChineselanguageanditsinfluencesonhumanthoughtandsocietaladvancement.Whatinfluencesdoeslanguageexertonusandoursociety?Brainstormandcompletethediagram.Influencesexertedonindividuals:EnrichingworldviewandperspectiveShapingthoughtpatternsFacilitatingexpressionProvidingaccesstoknowledgeWinningcareeropportunitiesInfluencesexertedonsociety:PreservingcultureandheritagePromotinginternationaltradeCommunicatingculturalvaluesandcustomsAffectingpowerdynamicswithinsocietyFunctioninginvariousformsofmediaHowlanguageshapesthewaywethinkCanwethinkcomplexthoughtswithoutlanguage?ChineselanguageandChinesethoughtLanguageisthemeansbywhichweexpressourthoughts.Buthaveyouevernoticedinwhatlanguageyouthink?Areyoueventhinkinginanyparticularlanguageatall?Canwethinkcomplexthoughtswithoutlanguage?Watchthevideoandcompletethefollowingexercises.scripts1Whatistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthought?Findtheanswerbycompletingtheoutline.Concept12)_____________________providesanegativeanswertothequestion.EvidenceTheDanipeoplecanmakedistinctionsbetweendifferentcolorsdespitealimitedcolorvocabulary,showingthatthere’sa(n)3)________________________relationshipbetween4)_____________________________.Flagsfromtwoculturesshowthatpeopledon’tnecessarilyseetheworlddifferently,buttheyvaluedifferentthings.Question:
Canwe1)______________________________________?thinkcomplexthoughtwithoutlanguageLinguisticdeterminismcomplexandinterdependentlanguage,thought,andcultureConcept25)_____________gives
a
positive
answer
to
the
question.Answer:6)___________________________________________________________________________________.MentaleseWhatistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthought?Findtheanswerbycompletingtheoutline.
Languageisareflectionofvaluesandthoughts/Thoughtcomesfirstandlanguagecomesafter2Checkthecorrectinterpretationsofthegivenacademicconcepts.YoucanrefertotheAcademiclisteningskill.1linguisticdeterminismThenotionthatlanguagedeterminesthought.Theconceptthatlanguagedeterminespersonality.Thebeliefthatlanguageisdeterminedbythought.Theassumptionthatwecannotthinkcomplexthoughtwithoutlanguage.2mentaleseThelanguageofmind.Thecharacteristicsofmind.Thetheorythatsuggeststhoughthasaninnatelanguage.Thetheoryofmindthatadvocatesthoughtshapeslanguage.ADAC3
Answerthefollowingquestions.1WhatevidencefromtheDanipeople’slanguageandculturechallengesthetheoryoflinguisticdeterminismanddemonstratesthecomplexrelationshipbetweenlanguage,thought,andculture?2AccordingtoStevenPinker’sconceptof“mentalese,”howdoeslanguagefunctionasatranslationtoolforourinnate“l(fā)anguageofthought”?Howdoesthisperspectivecontributetotheunderstandingthatlanguagedoesnotsolelydetermineourabilitytothinkcomplexthoughts?Inacademiclectures,lecturerstendtorefertoconceptsortheoriesthatlistenersmightnotbefamiliarwithbutarepertinenttothepointsbeingmade.Toproperlyunderstandthemwhilelistening,youneedtotakecareoftwothings.UnderstandingacademicconceptsFirst,understandthemorphology(thewayinwhichwordsareformed)ofthetermsthatrepresenttheconcepts.Thesetermseitherhavecommonsuffixes,suchas“-ism”(e.g.socialism)whichrepresentsasystem,ideology,orbelief;ortheyhavecommonprefixes,suchas“meta-”(e.g.meta-narrative)whichindicatesahigher-levelanalysisoforreflectiononasubject.UnderstandingacademicconceptsSecond,understandthecontextoftheterms.Theyusuallyappearaftersomeintroductoryremarksfromwhichtheirmeaningcanbeinferred,asinthecaseoftheterm“l(fā)inguisticdeterminism”inthevideo.Otherwise,theconceptsmaybefollowedimmediatelybyashortexplanation,asinthecaseof“mentalese.”Completethesentenceswiththecorrectformofthewordsorphrases.Wordsandphrases
linguistichypotheticalpsychologistviceversainterdependentphenomenon1The________analyzedthesyntaxandgrammarofthelanguagetobetterunderstanditsstructure.2Recently,researchersfromMIThaveconductedexperimentstotesta__________regardingcognitivedevelopment.3Inbilingualindividuals,the______________oflanguageandthinkingishighlightedbytheirabilitytoswitchbetweendifferentcognitiveframeworksbasedonlinguisticcontext.linguist(s)hypothesisinterdependenceCompletethesentenceswiththecorrectformofthewordsorphrases.Wordsandphrases
4Thestudyoflanguageand__________isaninvaluabletoolinunderstandinghowlanguageaffectsourthoughtsandbehaviors.5Theemergenceofnewlanguagetrendsandshiftsincommunicationpatternsare__________thatreflectthedynamicnatureoflinguisticevolution.6Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandcognitionisatwo-waystreet;howweprocessthoughtscanshapelinguisticstructures,and__________.psychologyphenomenaviceversalinguistichypotheticalpsychologistviceversainterdependentphenomenonHowlanguageshapesthewaywethinkStevenPinker’s“mentalese”theoryindicatesthatlanguageandthoughtareseparateentities,andthatthoughtcanexistwithoutlanguage.Doyouagreewithhim?Doeslanguageshapethewaywethink?Backgroundinformation
Alsoknownasthetheoryoflinguisticrelativity,linguisticrelativism,linguisticdeterminism,Whorfianhypothesis,orWhorfianism,itpositsthatthegrammaticalandverbalstructureofaperson’slanguageinfluenceshowtheyperceivetheworld,thatlanguageeitherdeterminesorinfluencesone’sthoughts.ThisideaisrootedintheworkofAmericanlinguists,EdwardSapirandhisstudentBenjaminLeeWhorf,whosecombinedeffortshavesignificantlyshapedourunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthought.Itsessentialtenetsincludethatpeopleexperiencetheworldbasedonthestructureoftheirlanguage;thatlinguisticcategoriesshapeandlimitcognitiveprocesses;andthatdifferencesinlanguageaffectthought,perception,andbehavior,andthereforespeakersofdifferentlanguagesthinkandactdifferently.Sapir-WhorfhypothesisBackgroundinformation
Itwastaughtincoursesthroughtheearly1970sandhadbecomewidelyacceptedastruth,butthenitfelloutoffavorwithscientistswhenNoamChomsky'stheoriesoflanguagegainedpopularityinthe1960sand'70s.Dr.Chomskyproposedthatthereisauniversalgrammarforallhumanlanguages—essentially,thatlanguagesdon'treallydifferfromoneanotherinsignificantways.StevenPinker,theCanadian-bornAmericanlinguist,mentionedinthevideoclip,alsoarguesagainstlinguisticrelativity,providingastrongcaseforitsimplausibilityinmanyofhisworkspublishedintheearly1990s.Bythen,theSapir-Whorfhypothesiswasessentiallyleftfordead.Inthenewcentury,Sapir-WhorfhypothesishasbeenreconsideredandrestoredthroughapositivistapproachandanempiricalanalysisbysuchcognitivescientistslikeLeraBoroditsky,asyouwillencounterinReadingA.Thequestiontouchesonamajorcontroversyinthestudyofmind,engagingscoresofphilosophers,anthropologists,linguists,andpsychologists.(Para.1)Meaning:Thequestionconcernsanimportantdebateinthestudyofmind.Itattractstheattentionofphilosophers,anthropologists,linguists,andpsychologists.touchon:torefertoordiscussbriefly涉及Inhisspeechhewasonlyabletotouchonafewaspectsoftheproblem.engage:
vt.(fml.)tosucceedinattractingandkeepingsb.’sattentionandinterest吸引?。ㄗ⒁饬Α⑴d趣)Itisamoviethatengagesboththemindandtheeye.2.Datahavebeencollectedaroundtheworldsothatwehaveactualscientificevidencetoweighinonthisquestion.(Para.1)Meaning:Wehavegatheredinformationfromallovertheworld.Throughitwehaveacquiredsoundandsolidevidencetogiveouropinionsonthisissue.weighinon:togiveone’sopinionorviewpointonaparticularsubjectorissue參與討論;(對(duì)…)發(fā)表意見ThePresident’spoliticaladvisersalsoweighedinontheplan.3.Simplyput,speakersoflanguageslikeKuukThaayorrearemuchbetterthanEnglishspeakersatstayingorientedandkeepingtrackofwheretheyare,eveninunfamiliarlandscapesorinsideunfamiliarbuildings.(Para.3)Meaning:Insimpleterms,speakersoflanguageslikeKuukThaayorrearereallygoodatmaintainingdirectionsandspatialawarenesseveninnewplaces.TheyarebetteratthisthanEnglishspeakers.oriented:
a.beingawareofsb.’sdirectionalposition,esp.concerningthecardinaldirections有方向感的Shewasalwayswell-oriented,neverlosinghersenseofdirectioneveninunfamiliarsurroundings.keep
track
of:tohaveinformationaboutwhatishappeningorwheresb./sth.is了解…的動(dòng)態(tài)Asadoctor,Mr.Blackneedstokeeptrackofthelatestdevelopmentinthefieldofmedicine.4.Totestthisidea,peopleweregivensetsofpicturesthatshowedsomekindoftemporalprogression(e.g.picturesofamanaging,acrocodilegrowing,orabananabeingeaten).Theirjobwastoarrangetheshuffledphotosonthegroundtoshowthecorrecttemporalorder.(Para.4)temporal
progression:thesequentialadvancementordevelopmentofeventsorphenomenaovertime時(shí)間發(fā)展順序Thestudyanalyzedthetemporalprogressionofsocietalnormsthroughanexaminationofhistoricaltextsandculturalartifacts.shuffle:
vt.tomovepaperorthingsintodifferentpositionsoradifferentorder把(紙張等)變換位置,打亂次序Afterreviewingtheinitialdraft,theeditorsuggestedthattheparagraphsneededtobeshuffledtoimprovetheflowofthewriting.5.Beyondabstractorcomplexdomainsofthoughtlikespaceandtime,languagesalsomeddleinbasicaspectsofvisualperception–ourabilitytodistinguishcolors,forexample.(Para.6)Meaning:Languagesaffectsuchabstractorintricateareasofthoughtasspaceandtime.Besides,theyalsoinfluencebasicskillslikeidentifyingcolors.meddle
in:tobecomeinvolvedinsth.thatdoesnotconcernyou管閑事;干涉;干預(yù)It’snotagoodideatomeddleinotherpeople’spersonalmatterswithouttheirconsent.6.Differentlanguagesdivideupthecolorcontinuumdifferently:Somemakemanymoredistinctionsbetweencolorsthanothers,andtheboundariesoftendon’tlineupacrosslanguages.(Para.6)Meaning:Variouslanguagescategorizecolorsdifferentlyalongaspectrum.Somelanguageshavemorecolordistinctionsthanothers.Thesedistinctionsmaynotalignconsistentlyacrossdifferentlanguages.color
continuum:theentirerangeofcolors,oftendepictedinalinearorcircularformattorepresenttheirrelationshipandtransitionsfromonehuetoanother色譜Artistsoftenexplorethesubtleshiftswithinthecolorcontinuumtocreatecaptivatingandharmoniouspalettesintheirpaintings.lineup:tobeinthecorrectpositioninrelationtosth.else對(duì)齊;一致Thebooksontheshelfdonotlineupneatlybecauseoftheirdifferentsizes.7.Evenwhatmightbedeemedfrivolousaspectsoflanguage,orflukesofgrammar,canhavefar-reachingsubconsciouseffectsonhowweseetheworld.(Para.8)Meaning:Someelementsoflanguagemayseeminsignificantoraccidental.Buttheycandeeplyinfluenceoursubconsciousperceptionsoftheworld.deem:vt.tohaveaparticularopinionaboutsth.認(rèn)為;視為;相信Thenewpolicywasdeemedbythemanagementteamagreatsuccessinimprovingworkplaceproductivity.fluke:n.[C](infml.)sth.luckyorunusualthathappensbyaccident,notbecauseofplanningorskill偶然;僥幸;意外Thediscoveryoftheoldfamilyrecipebookintheatticwasasheerfluke.StructureofthetextConclusion
IntroductionPara.1Para.9Body
Paras.2-8IntroductiontothehistoricaldebateEvidenceonhowlanguageshapesourperceptionofspace,time,colorsandobjectsConclusionontheroleoflanguageinthoughtReadingandunderstanding1.Readthetextandfillintheblankstocompletetheresearchoutline.YoucanrefertotheAcademicreadingskill.QUESTION:Does
the
language
we
speakshapethewaywethink?Experiment1TheKuukThaayorreusecardinaldirectiontermstodefinespace,allowingthemtostayorientedandaffectingtheirdailycommunication.Thereisdifferenceinnavigationalabilityandspatialknowledgebetweenspeakersofdifferentlanguages.Languageenablespeopletothinkdifferentlyabout1)_______.spaceEVIDENCE:ReadingandunderstandingExperiment2Peoplespeakingdifferentlanguagesarrangesetsofpicturesrepresenting2)____________________,eachtimefacingadifferentcardinaldirection.Englishspeakersalwaysarrangethepicturesfromlefttoright;Hebrewspeakersalwaysfromrighttoleft;KuukThaayorrespeakers3)_________________________.TheKuukThaayorreusetheirspatialorientationtoconstructtheirrepresentationsoftime.temporalprogression(arrange)fromeasttowestReadingandunderstandingExperiment3RussianspeakersandEnglishspeakersarerequiredtodiscriminatedifferentshadesofblue.Russiansarequickertodistinguishtwoshadesofbluethat4)___________________________.Languagecanaffectspeakers’5)_________________.arecalledbydifferentnamesvisualperceptionReadingandunderstandingExperiment4Speakersofdifferentlanguagesarerequiredtodescribeobjectsofdifferent6)________________.Germanspeakersusemale-associatedwordstodescribeakeywhileSpanishspeakersuse7)_____________________________________todescribeit.Languagecanaffectspeakers’perceptionofobjects.grammaticalgenderConclusion:8)____________________________________________________________________________________________.Linguisticprocessesarepervasiveinmostfundamentaldomainsofthoughtandconstructourmentallivesadjectivesassociatedwithfemalequalities2.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothetext.1Differencesinlinguisticcategorizationsofcolorscanleadtovariationsincolorperceptionbetweendifferentlanguagespeakers.2Linguisticprocesseshavenoimpactonourunderstandingofgrammar-relatedconcepts.3Speakersoflanguagesrelyingprimarilyonabsolutereferenceframes,likeKuukThaayorre,havebetternavigationalabilityandspatialknowledgethanthoserelyingonrelativereferenceframes,likeEnglish.TFT2.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothetext.4
Hebrewspeakersarrangepicturesshowingtemporalprogressionfromrighttoleftduetothewritingdirectionintheirlanguage.5
TheKuukThaayorrearrangepicturesshowingtemporalprogressionfromwesttoeast,basedontheirspatialorientation,regardlessofthedirectiontheyarefacing.TF3.Answerthefollowingquestions.Inwhatwaydoeslanguageinfluenceourperceptionandrepresentationoftime?Provideexamplesfromoroutsidethetexttosupportyouranswer.Theauthorhasdiscussedhowlanguagesshapethewaywethinkaboutspace,time,color,andobjects.Whichpartofdiscussionimpressesyoumost?Why?Accordingtotheauthor,“Beyondabstractorcomplexdomainsofthoughtlikespaceandtime,languagesalsomeddleinbasicaspectsofvisualperception.”(para.6)Inwhatotherdomainsoraspectsdoyouthinklanguageshapesourthinking?Academicargumentsarecraftedthroughamethodical3-stepprocess:formulatingaresearchquestion,citingempiricalevidence,andsynthesizingtheevidencetoreachaconclusion.3-stepargumentinacademicresearchFormulatingaresearchquestionThisisoftenthefirststepinacademicinvestigation.Thisquestionistheproblemorissuethattheauthorseekstoaddressandshouldbeclear,concise,anddirectlyrelatedtothefieldofstudy.Forexample,ReadingAbeginsbyintroducingthequestionofwhetherthelanguagewespeakshapesthewaywethink.Itreferstotheuseofdatacollectedthroughobservationorexperimentation.Forinstance,ReadingAcitesexperimentsdoneinlabsatStanfordUniversityandMIT.Theseexperimentsprovidescientificevidencetoillustratehowlanguageinfluencesvariousaspectsofhumanperceptionandthinking,lendingcredibilitytotheauthor’sarguments.GatheringandcitingempiricalevidenceThisisthefinalstepintheprocess,wheretheauthorsynthesizesallthepresentedevidencetoanswertheinitialresearchquestion.Theconclusionshouldbelogical,coherent,anddirectlytiedtotheevidenceprovided.Itmayalsosuggestfurtherareasforfutureinquiry.ReachingaconclusionThinkoftheinfluencesthatlanguageexertsonsocietyandshareyourideas.ThinkingbeyondWehavelearnedthatlanguageinfluencesourthinkingbyshapingourperceptionofspace,time,color,andobjects.WilliamLabov,anAmericansociolinguist,pointsoutthatlanguageshapesnotonlyhowwethinkbutalsohowwebehaveandinteractwithothers.Labovpositsthatlanguageandsocietyareintertwined,andthatlanguagesimultaneouslyreflectsandshapesoursocialrealities.DoyouagreewithLabov’sviewpointontherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety?Whyorwhynot?1.Fillintheblanksbyselectingsuitablewordsfromthewordbank.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsmorethanonce.Makechangeswherenecessary.Bankedcloze
Languageandmindareintricatelyconnected,operatingwithinthe1)__________ofhumancognition.Language,oneoftheremarkable2)_____________ofhumaningenuity,enablesustocommunicate,expressthoughts,andexploretheworldofideas.Itisanessentialtoolforourcognitiveprocesses,shapingourviewandunderstandingoftheworld.domainarray
subconscious
orientation
discriminate
intricateperception
possessive
proceed
feat
flukerandomcontinuumcontroversydomainresidefeats1.Fillintheblanksbyselectingsuitablewordsfromthewordbank.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsmorethanonce.Makechangeswherenecessary.Languageisnota(n)3)_____________assemblageofwords;itisorganizedandstructured,allowingustoconveymeaningeffectively.Ourmindsarestrongly4)________towardlanguage,capableofcomprehendingandproducingcomplexlinguisticstructures.Throughlanguage,wecan(5)_____________betweenvariousconcepts,categorizeinformation,andmakesenseofthevast6)___________ofexperiences.randomorienteddiscriminatearrayarray
subconscious
orientation
discriminate
intricateperception
possessive
proceed
feat
flukerandomcontinuumcontroversydomainresideBankedcloze
1.Fillintheblanksbyselectingsuitablewordsfromthewordbank.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsmorethanonce.Makechangeswherenecessary.The7)_________surroundinglanguageandmindcentersontheextenttowhichlanguageshapesourthoughtsandviceversa.Somearguethatlanguagedeterminesourcognitiveprocesses,influencinghowwe8)_____________andinterprettheworld.Otherscontendthatlanguageisareflectionofourthoughts,merelyameansofexternalizingourmentalstates.controversyperceivearray
subconscious
orientation
discriminate
intricateperception
possessive
proceed
feat
flukerandomcontinuumcontroversydomainresideBankedcloze
1.Fillintheblanksbyselectingsuitablewordsfromthewordbank.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsmorethanonce.Makechangeswherenecessary.Regardlessofallthefurorofthisdebate,itisclearthatlanguageandmindinfluenceeachotherina(n)9)______________complexrelationship.Ourcognitiveprocessesshapethewayweuselanguage,whilelanguage10)_________toshapeandinfluenceourthinkingpatterns.intricatelyproceedsarray
subconscious
orientation
discriminate
intricateperception
possessive
proceed
feat
flukerandomcontinuumcontroversydomainresideBankedcloze
2.TranslatethesentencesintoEnglishusinginfinitives.Structure1學(xué)習(xí)一門新語(yǔ)言,便打開了通往不同文化和思維方式的大門。
________________________________________________________________________Tolearnanewlanguageistoopenagatewaytodifferentculturesandwaysofthinking.Model:Charlemagneisreputedtohavesaidthattospeakanotherlanguageistopossessasecondsoul.2.TranslatethesentencesintoEnglishusinginfinitives.Structure2參與有意義的對(duì)話,意味著要交換思想并拓寬思維。______________________________________________________________________Toengageinmeaningfulconversationsistoexchangeideasandbroadenthemind.2.TranslatethesentencesintoEnglishusinginfinitives.Structure3教授語(yǔ)言技能,是為了賦予個(gè)人以表達(dá)思想、與不同人群溝通的能力。____________________________________________________________________Toteachlanguageskillsistoempowerindividualstoexpressthoughtsandconnectwithdiversecommunities.2.TranslatethesentencesintoEnglishusinginfinitives.Structure4翻譯文學(xué)作品,就是要彌合文化差異,保留思想的豐富性。______________________________________________________________________Totranslateliteratureistobridgegapsbetweenculturesandpreservetherichnessofthought.2.TranslatethesentencesintoEnglishusinginfinitives.Structure5創(chuàng)意寫作旨在探索心靈深處,表達(dá)獨(dú)特觀點(diǎn)。__________________________________________________________________Towritecreativelyistoexplorethedepthsofthemindandexpressuniqueperspectives.ChineseLanguageandChineseThoughtWiththelargestnumberofnativespeakers,theChineselanguageisalsowidelyusedglobally.Itswritingsystem,pronunciationrules,andgrammaticalstructurearesignificantlydifferentfromotherlanguages.WhataretheuniquecharacteristicsoftheChineselanguagethatsetitapartfromotherlanguages?Givespecificexamplestoillustrateyourpoint.Backgroundinformation
ChineseispartoftheSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily.Itincludesvarious
dialects.Putonghuaistheofficiallanguageof
China.TheChinesewritingsystemislogographic,meaningitusescharacterstorepresentwordsormorphemesratherthansoundsorletters.Eachcharacterisauniquesymbol,oftencomposedofradicalsthatgivecluestomeaningandpronunciation.Therearethousandsofcharacters,butliteracyrequiresknowledgeofaround3,000to4,000.Chinesepronunciationisnotablycharacterizedbyitsuseoftones.Putonghuahasfourmaintones,whichcanchangethemeaningofaword.Forexample,“ma”
canmean“mother,”
“hemp,”
“horse,”
or“scold”
dependingonthetoneused.Grammatically,Chineseisanalytic,meaningitreliesonwordorderandparticlesratherthaninflectiontoconveymeaning.Therearenoconjugationsforverbs,nopluralsfornouns,andnoarticles.Thebasicsentencestructureissubject-verb-object(SVO),likeEnglish.However,Chineseplacesastrongemphasisoncontextandusesatopic-commentstructurefrequently.
TheChineselanguageMoresophisticated,thistypeconstitutesover90percentoftheChinesevocabulary.(Para.1)Meaning:ThistypeofChinesecharactersismorecomplicated.Theymakeupover90%oftheChinesevocabulary.constitute:vt.tobethepartsthattogetherformsth.組成;構(gòu)成
Femaleemployeesconstitutethemajorityofthestaffinthiscompany.2.ItisdemonstrablefromhistoricaltextswrittenbeforethetimeofConfuciusthatquiteanumberofabstractconceptswerediscussed,buttheyarenotuniversalsinthesenseofbeingself-sufficientinthemselves;theyareexpressedthroughtangibleobjects.(Para.6)Meaning:HistoricaltextswrittenbeforeConfuciusshowthatmanyabstractconceptswerealreadydiscussed.However,theseconceptsarenotinherentlyself-evidentandgeneral.Theyrelyontangibleobjectsorexternalreferencestobefullyunderstoodorexpressed.demonstrable:a.clearlyapparentorcapableofbeinglogicallyproved明顯的;可論證的Mustknowledgebedemonstrabletobevaluable?universal:
n.[C]aprinciplethatappliesinallcasesoracharacteristicthatispresentinallmembersofaparticularclass普遍原則;普遍概念I(lǐng)nthefieldofethics,debatesoftenrevolvearoundwhetheramoraluniversalexistsacrossallculturesandsocieties.3.Inthefieldofeducation,Confuciusreachedtheculminationofsimplicitybyputtingforthhiseducationalideaofteachingthroughsilence.Andthenthere’stheDaoistbeliefintheconceptof無(wú)為(wúwéi),meaninginactionwhichseesmaximaleffectwithminimaleffortasanideal.(Para.7)Meaning:Con
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