專題08 主旨大意題（閱讀理解題型通關(guān)）（解析版）

專題08主旨大意題通關(guān)練主旨大意題解題策略名校優(yōu)選專項通關(guān)練【解題策略】主旨大意題是要求考生在閱讀和理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上對文章進(jìn)行歸納、概括或評價。解答此類題型時，不能只憑文中的只言片語而斷章取義，比如關(guān)于title和mainidea類題都需要在閱讀全文的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合文化背景知識、語言知識、生活常識等進(jìn)行邏輯推理和判斷，從而發(fā)現(xiàn)文中隱含的信息。從命題形式看：常見的有標(biāo)題類和主旨大意類。標(biāo)題類解題策略特點：醒目性：充分引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。概括性：準(zhǔn)確而又簡短。針對性：標(biāo)題外延與文章內(nèi)容剛好相符。方法：1.中心句法：利用主題中心句中的主題詞作標(biāo)題。2.整合法：將文章的寫作對象和其主要特點、意義或影響整合后作標(biāo)題。文章大意類解題策略特點：不同體裁文章主題句的常見位置不同，其作用各不相同。位置：首段（新聞報道、說明文、議論文）。起到開宗明義，點明主題，使讀者一開始就明白文章的內(nèi)容及主旨。末段（記敘文、議論文）。起到照應(yīng)開頭、總結(jié)全文、升華主題的作用。在最后對全文進(jìn)行概括和總結(jié)，進(jìn)一步明確文章的中心思想，使作者的觀點表達(dá)得更清楚。各段：各段主題句整合即文章大意。借助各個段落的主題句，然后對其進(jìn)行概括和歸納，從而概括出文章的主題或中心思想。。高頻詞：當(dāng)文章或段落中沒有明確的主題句時，可以從段落中尋找反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的高頻詞，即中心詞，也能提煉出文章的主旨大意。線索：記敘文類文章都有一個主線，如，一個有趣的人或一件難忘的事等。全文圍繞該主線組織材料。分析文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，把握文章的主線，即句與句、段與段之間的邏輯關(guān)系，即可歸納出文章的主旨大意。正確選項特征：覆蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文或全段。范圍不大也不小。精確性強(qiáng)，不改變語言的色彩和表達(dá)的程度。錯誤選項特征：過于籠統(tǒng)，范圍過大。以偏概全，主次不分。偷換概念，張冠李戴。無中生有，主觀臆斷?！久?yōu)選專項通關(guān)練】（2024·浙江杭州·學(xué)軍中學(xué)校考模擬預(yù)測）TelevisionhastransformedpoliticsintheUnitedStatesbychangingthewayinwhichinformationisspread,byalteringpoliticalcampaigns,andbychangingcitizen’spatternsofresponsetopolitics.Bygivingcitizensindependentaccesstothecandidates,televisionreducedtheroleofthepoliticalpartyintheselectionofthemajorpartycandidates.Bycenteringpoliticsonthepersonofthecandidate,televisionacceleratedthecitizen’sfocusoncharacterratherthanissues.Televisionhasalteredtheformsofpoliticalcommunicationaswell.Themessagesonwhichmostofusrelyarebrieferthantheyoncewere.Thestumpspeech,apoliticalspeechgivenbytravelingpoliticiansandlasting1to2hours,whichwaspopularinthenineteenth-century,hasgivenwaytothe30-secondadvertisementandthe10second“soundbite”inbroadcastnews.Increasinglytheaudienceforspeechesisnotthatstandinginfrontofthepoliticianbutrathertheviewingaudiencewhowillhearandseeashortvideoofthespeechonthenews.Inthesesimplifiedforms,muchofwhatcomprisedthetraditionalpoliticalspeechofearlierageshasbeenlost.In15or30seconds,aspeakercannotestablishthehistoricalcontextthatshapedtheissueinquestion,cannotdetailtheprobablecausesoftheproblem,andcannotexaminealternativeproposalstoarguethatoneispreferabletoothers.Inshortvideos,politiciansassert(斷言)butdonotargue.Becausetelevisionisanintimate(親密的)medium,speakingthroughitrequiresachangedpoliticalstylethatismoreconversational,personal,andvisualthanthatoftheold-stylestumpspeech.Relianceontelevisionmeansthatincreasinglyourpoliticalworldcontainsmemorablepicturesratherthanmemorablewords.Schoolsteachustoanalyzewordsandprint.However,inaworldinwhichpoliticsisincreasinglyvisual,informedcitizenshiprequiresanewsetofskills.Recognizingthepoweroftelevision’spictures,politicianscrafttelevisual,stagedeventsdesignedtoattractmediacoverage.Muchofthepoliticalactivityweseeontelevisionnewshasbeencraftedbypoliticians,theirspeechwriters,andtheirpublicrelationsadvisersfortelevisedconsumption.Soundbitesinnewsandanswerstoquestionsindebatesincreasinglysoundlikeadvertisements.What’sthebesttitleforthepassage?A．Television:anAgentofChangeinPolitics B．Television:aPlatformforPoliticalDebateC．Television:anAlternativetoStumpSpeech D．Television:aNewMediumforCommunication【答案】A【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文，并根據(jù)第一段“TelevisionhastransformedpoliticsintheUnitedStatesbychangingthewayinwhichinformationisspread,byalteringpoliticalcampaigns,andbychangingcitizen’spatternsofresponsetopolitics.(電視改變了信息傳播的方式，改變了政治運動，改變了公民對政治的反應(yīng)模式，從而改變了美國的政治)”可知，文章主要說明了電視改變了政治的傳播以及交流形式。如今的政治演講比過去更像廣告。A選項“電視：政治變革的推動者”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選A。2.（2024·浙江嘉興·海寧市高級中學(xué)?？寄M預(yù)測）July2023wastheworld’swarmestmonthonrecord,accordingtotheWorldMeteorologicalOrganization.UNSecretary—GeneralAntonioGuterressaidinaspeechthattheplanetisenteringan“eraofglobalboiling”.Howtocooltheplanethaslongbeenatroublingquestionforscientists.Theyarenowturningtosun-blockingtechnology,whichreferstoreflectingsunlightbackintospaceinordertokeepdownthetemperatureoftheplanet’sclimate.AccordingtoEuronews,aEuropeantelevisionnewsnetwork,oneideainvolvespumpingsun-blockingparticles(粒子)intotheupperatmosphere.Theparticleswillthenstayintheairandredirectsunshinebackupwards.ItislikeapplyingsunscreenontheoutsideofEarth.ResearchersatYaleUniversity,US,outlinedaplantouse125high-flyingplanestospreadtheparticlesatlatitudes(緯度)of60degreesnorthandsouth.Theparticleswillthentraveltowardthepoles,whichcouldpossiblycoolthetemperaturethereby2℃.Anotherverypromisingtechniqueiscalled“cloudbrightening”,accordingtoChrisSacca,aUSclimateexpert.Thismethodinvolvessendingseasaltparticlesintocloudsabovethesea,makingthemwhiterandthustheyreflectmoresunlightbackintospace.InJune,theUSgovernmentannouncedinareportthatitwasofferingsupportforsolarengineeringresearchasawaytoslowtheriseofglobaltemperatures.Accordingtothereport,theUSgovernmentbelievesthatthetechnology“offersthepossibilityofcoolingtheplanetsignificantlyinafewyears”.However,followingthereport,anopenletterbymorethan60scientistscalledforcautionandmoreresearchfirst.KristenRasmussen,aclimatescientistatColoradoStateUniversity,US,hasbeenstudyinghowthesesun-blockingmethodswillaffectrainfallpatterns.Shesaidthatapartfromrainfall,ecosystemsandevenhumancommunitieswouldalsobeaffected.“Weneedtobeverycautiousonthis,”RasmussentoldScientificAmerican.Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．CoolingOurPlanet B．EraofGlobalBoilingC．PumpingBlockingParticles D．TheTechniqueofCloudBrightening【答案】A【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文，并根據(jù)第一段“Howtocooltheplanethaslongbeenatroublingquestionforscientists.Theyarenowturningtosun-blockingtechnology,whichreferstoreflectingsunlightbackintospaceinordertokeepdownthetemperatureoftheplanet’sclimate.(如何給地球降溫一直是困擾科學(xué)家的一個問題。他們現(xiàn)在轉(zhuǎn)向了太陽阻擋技術(shù)，這是指將陽光反射回太空，以降低地球氣候的溫度)”可知，文章主要介紹了應(yīng)對全球變暖的方法——使用這樣技術(shù)，即將太陽光反射回太空以降低地球氣候的溫度。A選項“給地球降溫”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選A。3.（2023·江蘇無錫·高三無錫市第一中學(xué)?？迹癟welveyearsago,Iwasaprofessionaldancerandblackbeltintaekwondo(跆拳道)whenadiseasewentundiagnosedandwipedoutmymuscularsystem.Ifinallyendeduponlifesupportinintensivecarewithorganfailure.”Kaufmanrecalled,“IwentfromlivingthisbiglifetonotknowinghowIwasgoingtosurvive.Fortunately,onmybirthdayin2009,Ireceivedanewheartandwasgivenasecondchanceatlife!”AftervolunteeringinLosAngeleshospitals,Kaufmanstartedthenon-profit,Ava’sHeart.Sheandherorganizationofferedtransplantpatientsservicesthatwereoftennotcoveredbyinsurance,includingfood,gas,co-paysonmedicines,andhousing.“WhatIfoundoutwasthatifyoudidn’thavepost-transplant-housing,youcouldn’tgetlistedandadmittedintothehospital,”Kaufmansaid.Sheleanedthatforthenearly110,000peopleintheUSwaitingforalifesavingorgantransplant,itwasnotjustamatterofaddingyournametothelist.Patientsmustbefinanciallysecureandbeabletoaffordtransportation.What’smore,theymustfindaccommodationsneartheirtransplanthospital:Kaufmanrunstwohousinglocations,whichallowsthepatientstoremainclosetotheirtransplanthospitalduringtheperiodoftheiraftercare,typicallyaboutthreemonthsatnocost.Herorganizationalsohelpsdonorfamilies,whichshethinksmakesthewholecirclecomplete.“Oneorgandonorcansaveeightlivesandthenthere’stissueandskinandeyesandbloodvessels(血管)andsomanyotherthings,”Kaufmansaid.“Thedonoristhewholestory.Withoutthedonor,therearenotransplantcenters,notransplantsurgeons,nome.Inmyeyes,thedonorsaretheheroes.”Todate,Ava’sHearthashelpednearly90familieswithburialcostsfortheirlovedoneswhoseorganshavesavedcountlesslives.Kaufmanalsoworkscloselywiththosewhoreceivedonationstobuildrelationshipswithdonorfamiliesandspreadawarenessabouttheimportanceoforgandonation.Whatmessagedoesthetextmainlyconvey?A．It’sbettertogivethantoreceive.B．Theblessedbeartheheartofgiving.C．Healthmattersmuchmorethanwealth.D．Volunteeringmakestheworldabetterplace.【答案】B【解析】主旨大意題。由尾段“Todate,Ava’sHearthashelpednearly90familieswithburialcostsfortheirlovedoneswhoseorganshavesavedcountlesslives.Kaufmanalsoworkscloselywiththosewhoreceivedonationstobuildrelationshipswithdonorfamiliesandspreadawarenessabouttheimportanceoforgandonation.”（迄今為止，Ava’sHeart已經(jīng)幫助了近90個家庭，為他們的親人支付了喪葬費用，他們的器官挽救了無數(shù)生命?？挤蚵€與接受捐贈的人密切合作，與捐贈者家庭建立關(guān)系，并傳播對器官捐贈重要性的認(rèn)識。）并聯(lián)系全文可知，Kaufman有愛心、懂得感恩，她獲得保佑，獲得了別人捐贈的器官而重獲新生，所以本文的中心思想是“懂得奉獻(xiàn)的人會被保佑”。故選B項。4.（2024·江蘇徐州·高三徐州市第七中學(xué)階段練習(xí)）Intheanimalkingdom,mimics(模仿)arenotrare.Stickinsectspretendtobetwigs.Hawkmothcaterpillarsresemblepoisonoussnakes.Theexamples,though,arevisual.Auditorymimicryisrarer.DaniloRussooftheUniversityofNaplesFedericoIIthinkshehasfoundanovelcaseofit,ashedescribesinCurrentBiology.Somebats,hebelieves,mimicangrybeesinordertoscareawayowlsthatmightotherwiseeatthem.Dr.Russofirstnoticedbatbuzzingafewyearsago.Thenoisestruckhimassimilartothesoundofsomebees.Hewonderedwhetherbatbuzzingwasaformofmimicrywhichhelpedtoscareoffwould-bepredators.Totestthisidea,heandhiscolleaguesfirstrecordedthebuzzingthatcapturedbatsmade.Then,withprotectiveclothing,theybeganthemoredangeroustaskofrecordingthebuzzingmadebydifferentbees.Computeranalysisrevealedthatbees’andbats’buzzingwere,indeed,similar.Thentheresearchersrecruitedseveralowls.Theyputtheowls,oneatatime,inanenclosurewithbranchesforthemtostayon,andtwoboxeswithholesinthem.Theyplacedaloudspeakeralongsideoneoftheboxesand,afterthebirdshadsettledin,broadcastthroughitfivesecondsofuninterruptedbatbuzzingandasimilaramountofinsectbuzzingthreetimesinarowforeachnoise.Asacontrol,theybroadcastinlikemannerseveralnon-buzzingsoundsmadebybats.Duringthebroadcastsandforfiveminutesthereafter,theyvideoedtheowls.Afteranalysis,theresultswereunequivocal.Whentheyheardboththebatbuzzingandthebeebuzzing,theowlsmovedasfarfromthespeakersastheycould.Incontrast,whenthenon-buzzingbatsoundswereplayed,theycreptcloser.Dr.Russobelievesthisisthefirstreportedcaseofamammalusingauditorymimicrytoscareawayapredator.Theystronglysuspect,however,thatitisnotunique.Anecdotessuggestseveralbirdsalsomakebuzzingnoiseswhentheirnestsaredisturbed.Andwiththeresultoftheexperiment,hethereforepredictsthatauditorymimicryisfarmorewidespreadthancurrentlyrealized.16．Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A．AnimalMimicry:BuzzoffB．Bats:NoMoreVictimtoOwlsC．ASelf-protectionBehavioramongAnimalsD．ANewTricktoScareAwayOwls【答案】A【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文，根據(jù)第一段中“Somebats,hebelieves,mimicangrybeesinordertoscareawayowlsthatmightotherwiseeatthem.(他認(rèn)為，有些蝙蝠會模仿憤怒的蜜蜂，以嚇跑可能會吃掉它們的貓頭鷹。)”以及最后一段中“Andwiththeresultoftheexperiment,hethereforepredictsthatauditorymimicryisfarmorewidespreadthancurrentlyrealized.(根據(jù)實驗結(jié)果，他因此預(yù)測聽覺模仿比目前認(rèn)識到的要廣泛得多。)”可知，本文主要介紹了一項研究，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)一些動物會模仿其他動物的聲音，嚇跑潛在的敵人。A項“動物模仿：（敵人）滾開”符合主題，故選A項。5.（2024上·江蘇揚州·高三揚州中學(xué)?？茧A段練習(xí)）Hibernation.....Butspeciesdon’tstayintheircold,sleepingstateforthedurationoftheirdormantperiod.About80percentoftheirenergyisspentintermittently(間歇地)wakingandwarmingup.Whytheydothisis“oneofthegreatestmysteries”ofthefield,saysThomasRuf,aprofessorofanimalphysiologyattheUniversityofVeterinaryMedicineinVienna.Somethinktheyneedtoturnbackontheirimmunesystemstofightdisease,whileothersthinktheymaysimplyawakensotheycansleep.Onebirdandavarietyofamphibians(兩棲動物),reptilesandinsectsalsoexhibithibernation-likestates.Thereisevenatleastonefish—theAntarcticcod—thatslowsdownitsmetabolisminwinter,becoming

20timeslessactive.And,ofcourse,therearelotsofmammals.Whilebearsmightbethefirstthatcometomind,mostmammalianhibernatorsareonthesmallerside.“Theaveragehibernatorweighsonly70grams,”saysRuf.That’sbecauselittlebodieshavehighsurfaceareatovolumeratios,makingitmoretaxingfor

themtostaywarmincoldweather—sotheyneedtheseasonalenergysavingsmorethanlargeranimals.Thelastparagraphmainlydiscusses______.A．whencertainanimalshibernate B．whatkindsofanimalshibernateC．whysomeanimalshibernate D．howanimalshibernate【答案】B【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容，特別是根據(jù)“Onebirdandavarietyofamphibians(兩棲動物),reptilesandinsectsalsoexhibithibernation-likestates.Thereisevenatleastonefish—theAntarcticcod—thatslowsdownitsmetabolisminwinter,becoming

20timeslessactive.And,ofcourse,therearelotsofmammals.”可知，有的鳥、魚、各種兩棲動物、爬行動物、昆蟲以及很多哺乳動物都會進(jìn)入冬眠狀態(tài)，因此本段主要講的是哪些動物需要冬眠，故B項正確。6.（2024上·湖南長沙·高三長郡中學(xué)?？计谀￤anttoknowwhatiscomingsoontoacinemanearyou?Probablynota1.5-hour-longmovie,asintheolddays.OnOctober20thcomesKillersoftheFlowerMoon.Atnearlythreeandahalfhours,itslengthisnearlydoublethatoftheaveragefilmlastyear.Evenmoviefansstruggletoconcentrateforthatlongandsomeviewersevennodoff.Afterwardsthereisamaddashforthetoilets.Whendoeswatchingafilmbecomesuchaslog?TheEconomistanalyzedover100,000featurefilmsreleasedinternationallysincethe1930s,thestartofHollywood’sgoldenage,usingdatafromIMDb,amoviedatabase.Theaveragelengthofproductionsrosebyaround24%,fromonehourand21minutesinthe1930stoonehourand47minutesin2022.Forthetenmost-populartitles,theaveragelengthgrewtoaroundtwoandahalfhoursin2022,nearly50%higherthaninthe1930s.Onedriverofthistrendisthatstudioswanttosqueezethemostoutoftheircostlyintellectualproperty(知識產(chǎn)權(quán)),buttheyarecompetingwithstreamingplatformsforeyeballs.Thehopeisthataspectacular,drawn-out“event”moviewilldrawaudiencesawayfromthesmallscreenandintocinemas.Thisapproachhasoftenpaidoff:Avengers:EndgameMarvel’sthree-hoursuperheromasterpieces,wasthehighest-grossing(票房最高的)filmin2019.Lastyearlongmoviesseriesmadeupmostofthehighest-grossingfilmsinAmerica.Anotherexplanationforlongerfilmshastodowithdirectors’growinginfluence.WhowoulddaretellthelikesofMr.Nolantocutouthismasterpieces?Moreover,streamingplatforms,whichdonothavetoworryasmuchaboutthelengthbecauseviewerscanpausewhenevertheylike,mayattractbignamesbypromisingthemsufficientfundandcreativefreedom.Netflixfundedandreleasedthree-hourTheIrishmanin2019,afilmthatwouldhavebenefitedfromadecisiveeditor,Irishorotherwise.Whatisprobablythebesttitleforthepassage?A．MovieEnthusiasts B．MovieMarathonsC．MovieProduction D．MovieInfluence【答案】B【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Want

toknowwhatiscomingsoontoacinemanearyou?Probablynota1.5-hour-longmovie,asintheolddays.OnOctober20thcomesKillersoftheFlowerMoon.Atnearlythreeandahalfhours,itslengthis

nearlydoublethatoftheaveragefilmlastyear.Evenmoviefans

struggletoconcentrateforthatlongandsomeviewersevennodoff.

Afterwardsthereisamaddashforthetoilets.Whendoeswatchinga

filmbecomesuchaslog?(想知道你附近的電影院即將上映什么電影嗎？可能不會像過去那樣是一部1.5小時長的電影。10月20日上映的《花月殺手》。該片時長近三個半小時，幾乎是去年平均時長的兩倍。即使是影迷也很難在這么長時間內(nèi)集中注意力，一些觀眾甚至?xí)蝽?。之后，人們瘋狂地沖向廁所。什么時候看電影變成了一件苦差事？)”及下文內(nèi)容可知，文章主要講述了電影的時長變得越來越長這一現(xiàn)象，并分析了出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象的原因。由此可知，B項“MovieMarathons(電影馬拉松)”適合作本文最佳標(biāo)題。故選B項。7.（2023·湖南·高三湖南師大附中?？迹〣enFrancisdidn’tbecomewealthythroughafamilyinheritance(遺產(chǎn)).Instead,theCEOandco-founderofGymsharkusedhisearningsasaPizzaHutdeliveryguytobuyasewingmachineandstarthisfitnessapparelcompanyat19.Elevenyearslater,hisadolescentstrategyliterallypaidoff.Francis,30,whohasareportednetworthof$1.3billion,joinedForbes’billionaireslist.He’sinrarecompany:Thelist’saverageageis65yearsold.Originally,Francisandco-founderLewisMorganlaunchedGymsharkasawebsitesellingfitnesssupplements.Butaftergettingfedupwithhisill-fittingclothes,Francissuggestedpivotingthecompany.FrancisandMorganboughtasewingmachine.ThepairbroughtGymsharktoabodybuildingexhibitionin2013.butdidn’thaveanymoneytospendonadvertising.Onawhim(一時興起),theydecidedtogivepopularfitnessYouTubersfreeproducts.“MyheroeswereonYouTube.“Francissaid.“SoitwouldbesocoolifmyheroescouldcometobewithGymsharkatthisevent.Ididn’treallythinkthatmuchaboutit.“Someofthoseinfluencerswentontoweartheapparelontheirchannels,launchingGymshark’sIsalesto$1,000perday,upfromjust$450.FranosquittheCEOrolein2017.“CEOwasnottherightroleformewhenIwasinmyearly20.“Francissaid.“ThatI’dstartedabusinessthathadgrownveryquicklydidn’tmeanIwasthemostcompetentchiefexecutive.“HespentthenextfouryearssupportingleadershiproleswithinGymshark—includingchiefproductofficerandchiefmarketingofficer—tolearnmoreabouttheinsandoutsofthebusiness.before,returningasCEOin2021.Thatyear,thecompanywasvaluedat1.45billion.Still,thecompany’sbillion-dollarvaluationisasmallpercentageofthemarketvalueofcompetitorslikeNikeandLululemon.“IreallythinkGymsharkcanbetheU.K.’sanswertothosebrands,”Francissaid.“Butthat’snotsayingthattheU.K.iswhereitstartsandendsforus.Wealsowanttobeatrulyglobalbrand.Whichcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．Gymshark:FromawebsitetoabigcompanyB．Francis:FromaPizzaHutdeliveryguytoabillionaireC．Francis:StartingtheU.K.’sfastest-growingcompanyD．Gymshark:Takingtheleadinfitnessclothing【答案】B【解析】主旨大意題。本文主要介紹了BenFrancis從必勝客外賣小哥到億萬富翁、打造運動網(wǎng)紅品牌Gymshark的歷程，文章第一段講到“BenFrancisdidn’tbecomewealthythroughafamilyinheritance(遺產(chǎn)).Instead,theCEOandco-founderofGymsharkusedhisearningsasaPizzaHutdeliveryguytobuyasewingmachineandstarthisfitnessapparelcompanyat19.(本·弗朗西斯并不是通過家族遺產(chǎn)致富的。相反，Gymshark的首席執(zhí)行官兼聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人在19歲時用必勝客外賣員的收入買了一臺縫紉機(jī)，創(chuàng)辦了他的健身服裝公司。)”可知，本文的最佳標(biāo)題是“弗朗西斯：從必勝客外賣員到億萬富翁”。故選B。8.（2024上·湖南衡陽·高三衡陽市八中校考期末）AnewstudybyresearchersattheUniversityofBritishColumbia(UBC)andtheUniversityofVictoriahasshownthatcommonlevelsoftrafficpollutioncandamagehumanbrainfunctioninonlyamatterofhours.“Formanydecades,scientiststhoughtthebrainmaybeprotectedfromtheharmfuleffectsofairpollution,”saidseniorstudyauthorDr.ChrisCarlsten.“Thisstudy,whichisthefirstofitskindintheworld,providesfreshevidencesupportingaconnectionbetweenairpollutionandcognition.”Forthestudy,theresearchersbrieflyexposed25healthyadultstodieselexhaust(柴油廢氣)andfilteredairatdifferenttimesinalaboratorysetting.Brainactivitywasmeasuredbeforeandaftereachexposureusingfunctionalmagneticresonanceimaging(fMRI).Theresearchersanalyzedchangesinthebrain’sdefaultmodenetwork(DMN),asetofinter-connectedbrainregionsthatplayanimportantroleinmemoryandinternalthought.ThefMRIrevealedthatparticipantshaddecreasedfunctionalconnectivityinwidespreadregionsoftheDMNafterexposuretodieselexhaust,comparedtofilteredair.“WeknowthatalteredfunctionalconnectivityintheDMNhasbeenassociatedwithreducedcognitiveperformanceandsymptomsofdepression,soit’sconcerningtoseetrafficpollutioninterruptingthesesamenetworks,”saidDr.JodieGawryluk,apsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofVictoriaandthestudy’sfirstauthor.“Whilemoreresearchisneededtofullyunderstandthefunctionalimpactsofthesechanges,it’spossiblethattheymayimpair(損害)people’sthinkingorabilitytowork.”Notably,thechangesinthebrainweretemporaryandparticipants’connectivityreturnedtonormalaftertheexposure.Dr.Carlstenassumedthattheeffectscouldbelonglastingwhereexposureiscontinuous.Hesaidthatpeopleshouldbemindfuloftheairthey’rebreathingandtakeappropriatestepstominimizetheirexposuretopotentiallyharmfulairpollutantslikecarexhaust.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ARoleOfBrainWillBeRuinedB．TrafficPollutionMayImpairBrainFunctionC．AFamousUKUniversityDidAVitalStudyD．ASourceOfPollutionHasDrawnPeople’sAttention【答案】B【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其是由文章第一段“AnewstudybyresearchersattheUniversityofBritishColumbia(UBC)andtheUniversityofVictoriahasshownthatcommonlevelsoftrafficpollutioncandamagehumanbrainfunctioninonlyamatterofhours.

(英屬哥倫比亞大學(xué)(UBC)和維多利亞大學(xué)的研究人員進(jìn)行的一項新研究表明，普通水平的交通污染可以在幾個小時內(nèi)損害人類的大腦功能。)”可知，文章主要介紹了一項新研究，該研究表明普通水平的交通污染可以在幾個小時內(nèi)損害人類的大腦功能。故選B。9.（2023·湖北荊州·高三湖北省松滋市第一中學(xué)?？迹㎝osthealthexpertswouldagreethateatingmeat—especiallyredmeat—inlargequantitiesisn’tgoodforus,ortheplanet.Studiespointtoanincreasedriskofheartdiseaseandcancercorrelatingtoourmeat-heavydiets.Meanwhile,manufacturersarebusyproducingincreasinglytastyandmoremeat-likeproductsthatmatchtherealthings—makingtheswitchfromeatinganimalsseemlikeano-brainer.Butarethesefakemeatproductsanyhealthierforus?JinanBanna,adietitianandnutritionprofessorattheUniversityofHawaiisaysthatsomefakemeatproductscanbeconsidered“ultra-processed”foods.“Thatmeanstheygothroughmultipleprocessesandhavealotofaddedingredients(配料),”shesaid.“Analternativeburger,forexample,mighthavequiteabitofsodium(鈉),aswellasadditives.”Someoftheseadditivesareonthemarketforawhilebeforethescientificcommunitydeterminesthemtobeharmful,Bannaadded.“Anytimeyouseealonglistofingredients,including‘naturalflavors’,takeitasawarningsign.Inotherwords,eschewproductswithlengthyingredientlists,”saidSofiaPopov,amicrobiomescientistinCopenhagen.“Whoknowswhat’sactuallyinit?”Perhapsconvenienceisthebestargumentforbuyinganalternativemeatproductyoucansimplycookstraightoutofthebox,butsomehealthexpertssuggestotherplant-basedhealthfuloptionscanbesimple,too.Forexample,onabusyday,Bannasaidshewasabletothrowtogetheratempeh(atraditionalsoyaproduct)dishwhichsheputinalittleoil,vinegarandotherseasonings.“Wedefinitelyobtainnutrientsfromanimal-basedfood—ironandzincandothermineralsaswell.Butitalsocontainsfatandcholesterol,soit’sgoodtocontrolourintake,”saidBanna.“Vegetariansubstitutescanbeverytastysoweshouldn’tshyawayfromthem.”Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．WhyIsPlant-basedMeatDying? B．AreFakeMeatProductsGoodForYou?C．FakeMeat:Food’sFutureOrAFashion? D．WhatHappenedToThePlant-basedMeat?【答案】B【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Mosthealthexpertswouldagreethateatingmeat—especiallyredmeat—inlargequantitiesisn’tgoodforus,ortheplanet.Studiespointtoanincreasedriskofheartdiseaseandcancercorrelatingtoourmeat-heavydiets.Meanwhile,manufacturersarebusyproducingincreasinglytastyandmoremeat-likeproductsthatmatchtherealthings—makingtheswitchfromeatinganimalsseemlikeano-brainer.Butarethesefakemeatproductsanyhealthierforus?(大多數(shù)健康專家都會同意，大量吃肉——尤其是紅肉——對我們和地球都沒有好處。研究指出，患心臟病和癌癥的風(fēng)險增加與我們偏重肉類的飲食有關(guān)。與此同時，制造商們正忙著生產(chǎn)越來越美味的、更像肉類的產(chǎn)品，這些產(chǎn)品與真正的東西相匹配，這使得從食用動物轉(zhuǎn)變成一種不需要思考的事情。但是這些假肉制品真的對我們更健康嗎？)”結(jié)合文章主要說明了專家指出一些假肉制品可以被認(rèn)為是“超加工”食品，這種食物對人體有害。由此可知，B選項“假肉制品對你有好處嗎？”符合文章標(biāo)題。故選B。10.（2023·湖北荊州·高三沙市中學(xué)?？茧A段練習(xí)）......AresearchteamledbyprofessorPhilipWaltherfromtheUniversityofViennahasshownhowthequantumpropertiesoflightcanensuresecurityfordigitalpayments.Inanexperiment,theresearchersdemonstratedthateachtradecannotbecopied.Theyreplacedclassicalcrystallographictechniqueswithaquantumprotocol(協(xié)議)usingsinglephotons,aunitofenergy.Duringthecourseofaclassicaldigitalpaymenttrade,theclientsharesaclassicalcodecalledcryptogramwithhispaymentprovider.Thiscryptogramisthenpassedonbetweenthecustomer,businessmen,andpaymentprovider.Inthedemonstratedquantumprotocolthiscryptogramisgeneratedbyhavingthepaymentprovidersendingparticularlypreparedsinglephotonstotheclient.......WhatdoesParagraph4mainlytalkabout?A．Howquantum-digitalpaymentworks. B．Howdigitalpaymentprovessafer.C．Whysinglephotonsarenecessary. D．Whatisimportantforonlinetrade.【答案】A【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第四段中“Inanexperiment,theresearchersdemonstratedthateachtradecannotbecopied.Theyreplacedclassicalcrystallographictechniqueswithaquantumprotocol(協(xié)議)usingsinglephotons,aunitofenergy.(在一項實驗中，研究人員證明了每種交易都是不可復(fù)制的。他們用一種使用單光子(一種能量單位)的量子協(xié)議取代了經(jīng)典的晶體學(xué)技術(shù)。)”以及“Inthedemonstratedquantumprotocolthiscryptogramisgeneratedbyhavingthepaymentprovidersendingparticularlypreparedsinglephotonstotheclient.(在演示的量子協(xié)議中，通過讓支付提供者向客戶端發(fā)送特別準(zhǔn)備的單光子來生成該密碼。)”可知，本段主要講了量子數(shù)字支付是如何工作的。故選A項。11.（2023·黑龍江高三哈爾濱市第一中學(xué)校?？迹?.....TheeffortsofRandallandhisstudentshaveearnedGrandvilleHighSchooltheMichiganGreenSchoolcertificationfromthestate.Inadditiontotheirworkreducingwasteinthecafeteria,theGHSGreenTeamhasalsobuiltagardenwithflowersandvegetablesoncampus,andleadscleanupsonsiteandoutinthecommunity.Overtheyears,Randallandhisstudentshavealsobeenworkingonraisingmoneytoinstallsolarpanels(太陽能板)ontheroofofthehighschool.......What'sthefourthparagraphmainlyabout?A．Theclassificationoftheprojects.B．Thecharacteristicsoftheclub.C．Theactivitiesorganizedbytheclub.D．Thefutureoftheclub.【答案】C【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第四段內(nèi)容，“Inadditiontotheirworkreducingwasteinthecafeteria,”、（除了他們減少餐廳廢物的垃圾的工作，）“theGHSGreenTeamhasalsobuiltagardenwithflowersandvegetablesoncampus,”、（theGHSGreenTeam還在校園里建立了有鮮花和蔬菜的花園）“Randallandhisstudentshavealsobeenworkingonraisingmoneytoinstallsolarpanels(太陽能板)ontheroofofthehighschool”，（蘭德爾和他的學(xué)生也一直在籌集資金為了在高中屋頂安裝太陽能電池板）可知第四段的主要介紹了這個俱樂部組織的活動有哪些。故選C。12.（2024上·吉林長春·高三東北師大附中期末）MaryDickinshadbeenamemberoftheaudienceatpoetrynightsbeforeandknew“thepoetryclap”.Shemadeapolitetappingoffingers.Butwhenshemadeherdebut(首次演