UNIT1GRAMMARANDUSAGE課件牛津譯林版（2020）高中英語必修第三冊

Unit1NatureinthebalanceGrammarandusageLook，KittyandPeteraretalkingonthetheWeChat.10PeterHello，Peter.Hello,Kitty.TheAmazonrainforesthasbeendamagedalotbyhumanactivites.Doyouhaveanyideastoimprovethesituation?Yes,Ido.What?Forexample,weshouldsavedrinkingwaterandprotectwildanimals.PeterYes,Iabsolutelyagree.Tomorrow,Iwillgotoseeafilmaboutprotectingourearth.Wouldyouliketogowithme?Sure,I‘dloveto.Great,seeyoutomorrowSeeyou.Look，KittyandPeteraretalkingonthetheWeChat.Peter10Hello，Peter.Hello,Kitty.TheAmazonrainforesthasbeendamagedalotbyhumanactivites.Doyouhaveanyideastoimprovethesituation?Yes,Ido.What?Forexample,weshouldsavedrinkingwaterandprotectwildanimals.PeterYes,Iabsolutelyagree.Tomorrow,Iwillgotoseeafilmaboutprotectingourearth.Wouldyouliketogowithme?Sure,I‘dloveto.Great,seeyoutomorrowSeeyou.Ellipsis1.Whatisellipsis?2.Whatfunctiondoesithave?3.Wherecanweuseit?A

ExploringtherulesHi,Herry!DidyouwatchthedocumentaryaboutenvironmentalprotectiononTVyesterday?

(1)No,Ididn’t.Whatapity!Ihighlyrecommendit!(2)Youcanwatchitonlineifyouwantto.It’saboutsomeoftheworstenvironmentalproblemswe’refacingtoday.Globalwarming,forexample,isamajorproblemcausedbygreenhousegases.Itmayleadtoextremeweatherevents:droughts,heatwavesandsoon.(3)Ifeltworriedwhenwatchingthedocumentary.Doesitalsotalkaboutsolutionstoproblems?Yes.Itincludesinterviewswithmorethan20oftheworld’sleadingexpertsonenvironmentalissues.Allofthemcomeupwithcreativeideasonhowtosolvetheseproblems.(4)Somecallfortheapplicationofmoderntechnology,andothrsachanceoflifestyle.Iwishwecouldalsodosomethingtohelp.(5)Gotanyideas?Whataboutmakingabrochureaboutenvironmentalproblems?

(6)Soundsgreat!Let’sgetstartedafterlunch.Jack:Herry:Jack:Henry:Jack:Herry:Jack:Herry:No,Ididn’t()Youcanwatchitonlineifyouwantto()Ifeltworriedwhen()watchingthedocumentary.Somecallforteapplicationofmoderntechnology,andothers()achangeoflifestyle.()Gotanyideas?()Soundsgreat!WatchthedocumentaryaboutenvironmentalprotectiononTVyesterday.watchitIwascallforHaveyouIt/That1.Whatisellipsis?Ellipsisisarhetoricaldevice.2.Whatfunctiondoesithave?Toavoidrepeating

oneoronemorewordswhenthemeaningisclear.Workingouttherules3.Wherecanweuseit?Wecanuseellipsis:inshortresponses;ininfinitives;aftersomeconjunctionslikeif,when,andwhile;inclauseswiththesamepatternandthesameverbs;atthebeginningofasentencesininformalspeech.功能詞句子成分句

子習

慣省略功能詞的省略1.冠詞的省略冠詞、介詞、連詞等虛詞的省略Fatherlikessports,butMotherlikeswatchingTV.Grandpaisoverninety,butheisfullofenergy.(1)表示家庭成員、親屬關系的人，可以省略其前的冠詞。把該詞大寫，作為專有名詞看待。Heiscaptainofthebasketballteam.Mybrotherwaselecteddeanofthephysicsdepartment.(2)表示獨一無二的頭銜或者職位名稱。作同位語、表語、賓語補足語等時，其前常省略定冠詞。（3）兩個并列名詞前面都有冠詞的時候，第二個名詞前面的冠詞常被省略。Isthebabyaboyor(a)girl?Boththerichand(the)poorarelivingaharmoniouslife.

注意：有些句子如果省略了第二個冠詞，會被誤認為指同一個人，省略時應注意。E.gTheyarethegardenerandthegatekeeper.Girlas/thoughsheis,Rosehasmanagedtoswimacrosstheriver.Expensicebookasitis,Ihavemadeupmymindtobuyit.(4)as/though引導的讓步狀語從句中，單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞作表語放在句首，之前不用冠詞。2.介詞的省略Youmaycomehere(on)anyday.I’llgotoseeyou(in)nextweek.Ididn’tgotoschool(on)thatday.（1）具有時間意義的名詞，如morning,day,afternoon,night,week,month,year,century等之前有any,every,next,first,laaast,this,that,following等加以修飾，在句中作時間狀語時，可以省去相應的介詞。IstayedinWashington(for)fouryears.Thefirelasted(for)manyhours.Theworkerswork(for)fortyhoursaweek.（2）在某些時間段短語前及l(fā)ast,wait,live,sat等持續(xù)性動詞之后或一些具有“位移”含義的動詞，如run,travel,walk,advance等之后，表示持續(xù)時間或位移距離的for通常要省略。

注意：在句首或在否定句中時，“for+一段時間”短語中不能省略forE.gForawholeyear,Iwashelpingmydadonthefarm.Ihaven’theardfromhimforalongtime.（3）of在與age,size,colour,height,material,shape等表示大小，長短，顏色，年齡，形狀，高度等的名詞連用時，?？墒÷?。Theyhaveadaughter(of)myage.Thetwopairsofshoesare(of)thesamesize.

在attheageof短語中，the與of可同時省略。E.g.At(the)age(of)14,IbecameastudentofYaleUniversity.

在havenoideaof中，of后如果是“wh-疑問詞”引導的從句或者“wh-疑問詞+不定式”，of常省略。Youhavenoidea(of)whatanexcellentconcertitis.Ilivenear(to)themuseum.(4)在nearto中可省略介詞to（5）in...way;in...style中的in可省略。Followme(in)thisway,please.Let’scook(in)Sichuanstyle.Shallwemeet(at)seveno’clocktomorrowevening?Hearrivedhere(at)aboutten.（6）時間狀語at...o’clock中，at可以省略，若沒有o’clock，但前面有about,around,nearly等表示“大約”意義的副詞修飾，也可省略at。Thereisnouse(in)doingarguingwithhim.Thereisnogood(in)gossipinghere.Thereisnoadvantage(in)goingsoearly.Thereisnosense(in)beatingaboutthebush.Thereisnopoingt(in)arguingwithhim.Thereisnopleasure(in)havingnothingtodo.Thereisno(some/much/alittle/alotof...)后接表示“用途，好處、利益、作用、道理、意義、樂趣”等含義的不可數(shù)名詞，后面可接indoingsth.或doingsth.。常見的不可數(shù)名詞有：use,good,sense,point,fun,pleasure,advantage等。havedifficulty/trouble(in)doingsth.spend/waste/passsometime(in)doingsth.stop/prevent...(from)doingsth.endup...(by)doingsth.taketurns(at)doingsth.bebusy(in)doingsth.haveagood/pleasant/hardtime(in)doingsth.做某事有困難花費/浪費/度過一些時間做某事阻止......做某事以做某事結(jié)束......輪流做某事忙于做某事做某事過的很愉快/艱難固定搭配中介詞的省略3.連詞和關系代詞的省略Mynieceisnotonlylively,butsheis(also)intelligent.Whetherthestarwillbepresent(ornot)isnotknownyet.Ihope(that)Imayhavethepleasureofseeingyouagain.Shoulditraintomorrow,theconferencewouldbeputoff.He’sthechild(who/whom)therescueteamsaved.虛擬語氣(將來)，should放句首，省略if4.動詞不定式的省略Don’ttellmethenameofyourgirlfriendifyoudon’twantto.I’mverysorrytohavehurtyou,butIdon’tmeanto.----Wouldyouliketocomewithme?----I’dloveto.----Haveyoueverbeentotheseaside?----No,wecan’taffordto為避免重復，常常省略上文已經(jīng)提到的動詞不定，只保留to即可(tellmethenameofyourgirlfriend.)(hurtyou.)come.gototheseaside.Whatisthesimilarityamongtheellipsisoftheinfinitives?這種情況尤其發(fā)生在含有hope,wish,want,like,love,decide,plan,mean,prefer等動詞后，以及usedto,oughtto,haveto,wouldliketo,loveto固定句式的情況下。----Wouldyouliketogiwithme?----I’mwillingto,butIhavetofinishmyhomework.----Willyougoforawalk?----I’mgladto.在形容詞happy,glad,eager,anxious,willingready,pleased,afraid等后面接動詞不定時時，可以省略不定式符號to后面的成分。I’lldowhatyoutoldmeto.Shewantstocomebutherparentswon’tallowherto.Theboywantedtoplayfootballinthestreet,buthismotheraskedhimnotto.HewantedtoswimacrosstheriverbutIwarnedhimnotto.如果不定式作了tell,ask,warn,order,advise,persuade,wish,allow,permit,expect,force,invite等動詞的賓補時往往也省掉to后面的分，只保留to即可。句子成分的省略(You）Justwaithereuntilhecomes.(You)Wantahand.`?(I)Begyourpardon.(It)Soundslikeagoodidea.一般情況下，主語不能省略，但在祈使句中，主語通常省略。此外，在其他不引起歧義的情況下，特別是在口語中，主語常常省略。2.謂語動詞的省略Mybrotherisadoctorwhilemysister(is)ateacher.TheylearnFrenchandwe(learn)English.WecallthisboyTomand(call)thatboyJohn.為了避免與前面的謂語動詞重復，常省略后面的謂語或者謂語的一部分。3.助動詞的省略You(had)betterhaveanothertry.Hey,look!Where(are)yougiong?在口語中經(jīng)常省略助動詞。4.表語的省略Hesaidhewassleepy.Buthewasn’t(sleepy).Thissongishismostwonderful(song)tohear.上下文中相似的表語可以省略。作表語的名詞中心詞也可以省略。5.系動詞的省略Everthing(is)ingoodcondition.(Are)Youhungry?口語中，系動詞省略是為了方便交流。6.賓語的省略Sheopened(thedoor)andclosedthedoorforme.當兩個或者兩個以上的謂語動詞接同一個賓語時，省略除最后一個動詞賓語以外的所有賓語。6.定語的省略Ilikefreshmilkand(fresh)butter.Theyareworkers(ofthisfactory)andtechniciansofthisfactory.“承前”省略7.狀語的省略Theyareworkers(ofthisfactory)andtechniciansofthisfactory.“啟后”省略句子的省略句子的省略，主要指“主語+部分謂語動詞”的省略。1.在某些狀語從句中，當其主語和主句的主語一致，且從句中含有be動詞時，可以把從句主語（一般是代詞充當

）及be動詞一起省略。旨在使句子更加簡潔和生動。這個規(guī)則必須滿足三個條件：（1）限于某些狀語從句；（2）主、從句的主語必須一致；（3）有be動詞，這個be動詞可以是系動詞，可以是進行時態(tài)中的be，也可以是被動語態(tài)中的be。（1）時間狀語從句中，省略“主語+be”：When(shewas)veeryyoung,shebegantolearnplaytheviolin.Tomlikestolistentomusicwhile(heis)reading.When(Iwas)introuble,Iturnedtoherforhelp.If(heis)guvenmoretime,hewilldotheworkbetter.Unless(youare)here,youcan’tfindthiskindofplants.(2)條件狀語從句中，省略“主語+be”Though(heis)ayoungman,hehasmadeseveralinventions.Heisagoodman,thoughsometimes(heis)ratherdull.3.讓步狀語從句中，省略“主語+be”Theexpressionappearsas(itis)shownbelow.Shestoodatthegateasif(shewas)waitingforsome.4.方式狀語從句中，省略“主語+be”Iknowyoubetterthan(Iknow)him.Shehasfinishedtheworkearlierthan(itwas)expected.(5)比較狀語從句中省略相關成分：

由than或as引導的比較狀語從句，在意義明確的情況下，可以省略than或as后面的相應成分。 ----Whodidit?----Oscar.----Whatdidyouget?----Adictionary.（7）只保留一個成分。在口語中，特別是在簡潔的回答中，經(jīng)常為了突出答案，而只將提問的部分答案答出，其他部分省略。習慣上的省略Ifpossible,comeandseemenextFriday.Whennecessary,wewilltakeonmoreworkers.possible/necessary結(jié)構(gòu)possible/necessary與if,when,where,whenever,wherever連用已成為習慣用語。as...aspossible結(jié)構(gòu)I’dpreferyoutospeakasslowlyaspossible.Pleasereturnthebookassoonaspossible.這個結(jié)構(gòu)常表達“盡可能......”之意IIfonlyIcouldspeakFrench.IfonlyIknewhisphonenumber.ifonly句式ifonly后常加一個虛擬條件句，表示“要是......就好了”，省略主句。Whatifwecan’tfindthelostcar?Whatifshedoesn’tcomeontimetomorrow?whatif句式此結(jié)構(gòu)用來表達“即使/要是......怎么樣/怎么辦”。相當于“Whatwillhappenif...”。IcanmakeitFriday.HowaboutSaturday?Howabouthavingawalk?whatabout和howabout句式常用來提出建議或征求對方意見。Itissocoldhere.Whystandheresolong?Youcan;tfindajob