新概念英語(yǔ)第四冊(cè)Lesson+41+Training+elephants+講義

Lesson41Trainingelephants訓(xùn)練大象Atwhatpointdoesthetrainingofacaptivewildelephantbegin?Twomaintechniqueshavebeenusedfortrainingelephants,whichwemayrespectivelythetoughandthegentle.Theformermethodsimplyconsistsofsettinganelephanttoworkandbeatinghimuntilhedoeswhatisexpectedofhim.Apartfrommoralconsiderationsthisisastupidmethodoftraining,foritproducesaresentfulanimalwhoatalaterstagemaywellturnman-killer.Thegentlemethodrequiresmorepatienceintheearlystages,butproducesacheerful,good-temperedelephantwhowillgivemanyyearsofloyalservice.Thefirstessentialinelephanttrainingistoassigntotheanimalasinglemahoutwhowillbeentirely1responsibleforthejob.Elephantsliketohaveonemasterjustasdogsdo,andarecapableofaconsiderabledegreeofpersonalaffection.Thereareevenstoriesofhalf-trainedelephantcalves2whohaverefusedtofeedandpinedtodeathwhenbysomeunavoidablecircumstancetheyhavebeendeprivedoftheirowntrainer.Suchextremecasesmustprobablybetakenwithagrainofsalt,buttheydounderlinethegeneralprinciplethattherelationshipbetweenelephantandmahoutisthekeytosuccessfultraining.Themosteconomicalagetocaptureanelephantfortrainingisbetweenfifteenandtwentyyears,foritisthenalmostreadytoundertakeheavyworkandcanbegintoearnitskeepstraightaway.Butanimalsofthisagedonoteasilybecomesubservient3toman,andaverytimeman,andaveryfirmhandmustbeemployedintheearlystages.Thecaptiveelephant,stillropedtoatree,plunges5andscreamseverytimeamanapproaches,andforseveraldayswillprobablyrefuseallfoodthroughangerandfear.Sometimesatameelephantistetherednearbytogivethewildoneconfidence,andinmostcasesthecaptivegraduallyquietensdownandbeginstoacceptitsfood.Thenextstageistogettheelephanttothetrainingestablishment,aticklish6businesswhichisachievedwiththeaidoftwotameelephantsropedtothecaptiveoneitherside.Whenseveralelephantsarebeingtrainedatonetime,itiscustomaryforthenewarrivaltobeplacedbetweenthestallsoftwocaptiveswhosetrainingisalreadywelladvanced.Itisthenleftcompletelyundisturbedwithplentyoffoodandwatersothatitcanabsorbtheatmosphereofitsnewhomeandseethatnothingparticularlyalarmingishappeningtoitscompanions.Whenitiseatingnormally,itsowntrainingbegins.Thetrainerstandsinfrontoftheelephantholdingalongstickwithasharpmetalpoint.Twoassistants,mountedontameelephants,controlthecaptivefromeitherside,whileothersrubtheirhandsoverhisskintotheaccompanimentofamonotonous7andsoothing8chant.Thisissupposedtoinducepleasurablesensationsintheelephant,anditseffectsarereinforcedbytheuseofendearingepithets10.Theelephantisnotson',or'ho!myfather',or'mymother',accordingtotheageandsexofthecaptive.Theelephantisnotimmediatelysusceptible11tosuchblandishments,however,andusuallylashes13fiercelywithitstrunkinalldirections.Thesemovementsarecontrolledbythetrainerwiththemetal-pointedstick,andthetrunkeventuallybecomessosorethattheelephantcurlsitupandseldomafterwardsusesitforoffensivepurposes.RICHARDCARRINGTONElephantsNewwordsandexpressions生詞和短語(yǔ)techniquen.技術(shù)toughadj.強(qiáng)硬的resentfuladj.忿恨不滿(mǎn)的assignv.分配，指派mahoutn.馴象人calf14n.幼仔pinev.消瘦underlinev.著重說(shuō)明，強(qiáng)調(diào)keepn.生計(jì)subservientadj.屈從的plunge4v.向前沖tameadj.養(yǎng)馴服了的tetherv.（用繩）拴ticklishadj.難對(duì)付的，棘手的alarmingadj.引起驚恐的accompanimentn.伴奏soothe15v.鎮(zhèn)定chantn.單調(diào)的歌reinforcev.加強(qiáng)endearingadj.惹人喜愛(ài)的epithet9n.稱(chēng)呼susceptibleadj.易受感動(dòng)的blandishmentn.奉承l(wèi)ash12v.猛烈地甩curlv.使卷曲參考譯文馴象有兩種主要的方法，我們分別稱(chēng)之為強(qiáng)硬法和溫柔法。強(qiáng)硬法就是驅(qū)象去干活，把它打順從為止。且不說(shuō)道義問(wèn)題，這本身就是一種愚蠢的訓(xùn)練方法，因?yàn)檫@種方法訓(xùn)練會(huì)使動(dòng)物反感，在以后某個(gè)時(shí)期可能會(huì)變成傷人的動(dòng)物。溫柔法要求在最初階段保持較大的耐心，但這種方法可以訓(xùn)練出性情愉快、脾氣溫順，能忠實(shí)為人服務(wù)多年的大象。馴象中至關(guān)生要的是指派一名專(zhuān)門(mén)的馴象員，全面負(fù)責(zé)這項(xiàng)工作。大象和狗一樣，喜歡有一個(gè)專(zhuān)一的主人，而且會(huì)對(duì)主人產(chǎn)生相當(dāng)深厚的私人感情。甚至有這樣的故事：訓(xùn)練了一半的小象，由于不可避免的情況與他們的主人分離后，竟拒絕吃食，消瘦至死。這種極端的事例雖不可全信，但強(qiáng)調(diào)了一項(xiàng)基本原則，象和馴象員之間的關(guān)系是馴象成功與否的關(guān)健。捕捉15至20歲之間年齡的大象進(jìn)行馴象最為經(jīng)濟(jì)。這個(gè)年齡的象差不多已能干重活，可以很快掙回飼養(yǎng)它的開(kāi)支。但這個(gè)年齡的象不易馴服，因此開(kāi)始階段需要有一位強(qiáng)有力的老手。捕來(lái)拴在樹(shù)上的大象，每當(dāng)有人走近它時(shí)，就會(huì)向前猛沖并發(fā)出尖叫，甚至一連幾于都由于憤怒和恐懼而拒絕進(jìn)食。有時(shí)，把一頭已馴服的象拴在旁邊能給野象以信心。在大多數(shù)情況下，剛博來(lái)的象會(huì)慢慢靜下來(lái)，接著開(kāi)始吃食。下一步就是把象帶到訓(xùn)練場(chǎng)所，這是一件棘手的事，需要在它兩側(cè)拴上兩頭馴服的大象才能完成。幾只象同時(shí)訓(xùn)練時(shí)，通常是把新到的安置在兩頭訓(xùn)練得很好的大象的象廄中間，然后給它以充足的食物和水，一定不要驚擾它，以便讓他能適應(yīng)新居的氣氛，并且看到自己的同伴身上沒(méi)有發(fā)生讓自己擔(dān)驚受怕的事。當(dāng)它進(jìn)食正常了，訓(xùn)練就開(kāi)始。馴練員手持一根有鋒利金屬尖頭的長(zhǎng)棒，站在象前。兩位助手騎在馴服的象的背上，從兩側(cè)控制新捕的象，其他人唱著單調(diào)的歌聲用手撫摸象的皮膚。據(jù)說(shuō)這是為了使象產(chǎn)生愉快的感覺(jué)，為了加強(qiáng)這種效果，人閃還按象的年齡性別，給以親切的外號(hào)，如“嗬！我的孩子”、“嗬！我的爸爸”、“嗬！我的媽媽”。然而大象不會(huì)立刻被這些討好的括感動(dòng)，而往往是用鼻子朝各個(gè)方向猛烈地甩動(dòng)。訓(xùn)練員要用有鋒利金屬尖的長(zhǎng)棒控制它的這種舉動(dòng)，象鼻子最后疼得卷了起來(lái)，以后它就很少用鼻子去進(jìn)攻了。新概念英語(yǔ)正版圖書(shū)購(gòu)買(mǎi)點(diǎn)擊收聽(tīng)單詞發(fā)音

1entirely

ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，徹底地參考例句：Thefirewasentirelycausedbytheirneglectofduty.那場(chǎng)火災(zāi)完全是由于他們失職而引起的。Hislifewasentirelygivenuptotheeducationalwork.他的一生統(tǒng)統(tǒng)獻(xiàn)給了教育工作。2calves

n.(calf的復(fù)數(shù))笨拙的男子，腓；腿肚子(calf的名詞復(fù)數(shù))；牛犢；腓；小腿肚v.生小牛(calve的第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù))；（冰川）崩解；生（小牛等），產(chǎn)（犢）；使（冰川）崩解參考例句：acowsucklinghercalves給小牛吃奶的母牛Thecalvesaregrazedintensivelyduringtheirfirstseason.小牛在生長(zhǎng)的第一季里集中喂養(yǎng)。來(lái)自《簡(jiǎn)明英漢詞典》3subservient

adj.卑屈的，阿諛的參考例句：Hewassubservientandservile.他低聲下氣、卑躬屈膝。Itwashorribletohavetobeaffableandsubservient.不得不強(qiáng)作歡顏賣(mài)弄風(fēng)騷，真是太可怕了。4plunge

v.跳入，(使)投入，(使)陷入；猛沖參考例句：Testpool'swatertemperaturebeforeyouplungein.在你跳入之前你應(yīng)該測(cè)試水溫。Thatwouldplungetheminthebroilofthetwocountries.那將會(huì)使他們陷入這兩國(guó)的爭(zhēng)斗之中。5plunges

n.跳進(jìn)，投入vt.使投入，使插入，使陷入vi.投入，跳進(jìn)，陷入v.顛簸(plunge的第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù))；暴跌；驟降；突降參考例句：Evenbeforeheplungesintohisprogram,hehashisaudienceinhispocket.他的節(jié)目甚至還沒(méi)有出場(chǎng)，就已控制住了觀眾。來(lái)自《簡(jiǎn)明英漢詞典》'Monseigneur,heprecipitatedhimselfoverthehill-side,headfirst,asapersonplungesintotheriver.'“大人，他頭沖下跳下山坡去了，像往河里跳一樣?！眮?lái)自英漢文學(xué)-雙城記6ticklish

adj.怕癢的；問(wèn)題棘手的；adv.怕癢地；n.怕癢，小心處理參考例句：Thismassagemethodisnotrecommendedforanyonewhoisveryticklish.這種按摩法不推薦給怕癢的人使用。Thenewsisquiteticklishtotheear,這消息聽(tīng)起來(lái)使人覺(jué)得有些難辦。7monotonous

adj.單調(diào)的，一成不變的，使人厭倦的參考例句：Shethoughtlifeinthesmalltownwasmonotonous.她覺(jué)得小鎮(zhèn)上的生活單調(diào)而乏味。Hisarticlesarefixedinformandmonotonousincontent.他的文章千篇一律，一個(gè)調(diào)調(diào)兒。8soothing

adj.慰藉的；使人寬心的；鎮(zhèn)靜的參考例句：Putonsomenicesoothingmusic.播放一些柔和舒緩的音樂(lè)。Hiscasual,relaxedmannerwasverysoothing.他隨意而放松的舉動(dòng)讓人很快便平靜下來(lái)。9epithet

n.（用于褒貶人物等的）表述形容詞，修飾語(yǔ)參考例句：In"AlfredtheGreat","theGreat"isanepithet.“阿爾弗雷德大帝”中的“大帝”是個(gè)稱(chēng)號(hào)。Itisanepithetthatsumsupmyfeelings.這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)潔地表達(dá)了我思想感情的形容詞。10epithets

n.（表示性質(zhì)、特征等的）詞語(yǔ)(epithet的名詞復(fù)數(shù))參考例句：Heinsultedme,usingrudeepithets.他用粗話(huà)詛咒我。來(lái)自《簡(jiǎn)明英漢詞典》Hecursedme,usingalotofrudeepithets.他用上許多粗魯?shù)男揎椩~來(lái)詛咒我。來(lái)自辭典例句11susceptible

adj.過(guò)敏的，敏感的；易動(dòng)感情的，易受感動(dòng)的參考例句：Childrenaremo