2003年真題及解析張劍版本

第頁張劍版本2019年全國攻讀碩士學位研究生入學考試英語試題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CORDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious1tohowtheycanbest2suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand3,butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.4theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe5thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare6byothers.However,thetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe7toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers,8，publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews,9studentartwork,andsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide10opportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful11dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagers,andmanyshystudentsneedthe12ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult13visibleinthebackground.Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthattheyoungteenshave14attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized15participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto16elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants17.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.18theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby19forrolesthatarewithintheir20andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedrules.1.[A]thought[B]idea[C]opinion[D]advice2.[A]strengthen[B]accommodate[C]stimulate[D]enhance3.[A]care[B]nutrition[C]exercise[D]leisure4.[A]If[B]Although[C]Whereas[D]Because5.[A]assistance[B]guidance[C]confidence[D]tolerance6.[A]claimed[B]admired[C]ignored[D]surpassed7.[A]improper[B]risky[C]fair[D]wise8.[A]ineffect[B]asaresult[C]forexample[D]inasense9.[A]displaying[B]describing[C]creating[D]exchanging10.[A]durable[B]excessive[C]surplus[D]multiple11.[A]group[B]individual[C]personnel[D]corporation12.[A]consent[B]insurance[C]admission[D]security13.[A]particularly[B]barely[C]definitely[D]rarely14.[A]similar[B]long[C]different[D]short15.[A]ifonly[B]nowthat[C]sothat[D]evenif16.[A]everything[B]anything[C]nothing[D]something17.[A]off[B]down[C]out[D]alone18.[A]Onthecontrary[B]Ontheaverage[C]Onthewhole[D]Ontheotherhand19.[A]making[B]standing[C]planning[D]taking20.[A]capability[B]responsibility[C]proficiency[D]efficiencySectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorldWarⅡandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthe“greatgame”ofespionage—spyingasa“profession.”ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovan’svocationaswell.Thelatestrevolutionisn’tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen’se-mail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.Inthepastthreeorfouryears,theWorldWideWebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.Thespookscallit“opensourceintelligence,”andastheNetgrows,itisbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinner,byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpen-SourceSolutions，whoseclearadvantagewasitsmasteryoftheelectronicworld.AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsplashinthenewworldisStraitford,Inc.,aprivateintelligence-analysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying(coveringnationsfromChiletoRussia)tocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.ManyofitspredictionsareavailableonlineatStraifordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymaster’sdream.LastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisinUkraine.“Assoonasthatreportruns,we’llsuddenlyget500newinternetsign-upsfromUkraine,”saysFriedman,aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor.“Andwe’llhearbackfromsomeofthem.”O(jiān)pen-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.That’swhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.Friedmanreliesonaleanstaffof20inAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitary-intelligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirm’soutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.Straitford’sbriefsdon’tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthing,wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.21.TheemergenceoftheNethas.[A]receivedsupportfromfanslikeDonovan[B]remoldedtheintelligenceservices[C]restoredmanycommonpastimes[D]revivedspyingasaprofession22.Donovan’sstoryismentionedinthetextto.[A]introducethetopicofonlinespying[B]showhowhefoughtfortheUS[C]giveanepisodeoftheinformationwar[D]honorhisuniqueservicestotheCIA23.Thephrase“makingthebiggestsplash”(line1,paragraph3)mostprobablymeans.[A]causingthebiggesttrouble[B]exertingthegreatesteffort[C]achievingthegreatestsuccess[D]enjoyingthewidestpopularity24.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph4that.[A]straitford’spredictionaboutUkrainehasprovedtrue[B]straitfordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsinformation[C]straitford’sbusinessischaracterizedbyunpredictability[D]straitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableinformation25.Straitfordismostproudofits.[A]officialstatus[B]nonconformistimage[C]efficientstaff[D]militarybackgroundText2Toparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurke,“allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.”O(jiān)nesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocates,whoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfunding,andfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettings,manyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal.Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals—nomeat,nofur,nomedicines.Askedifsheopposedimmunizations,shewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.Whenassuredthattheydo,shereplied,“ThenIwouldhavetosayyes.”Askedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturn,shesaid,“Don’tworry,scientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.”Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon’tunderstand.Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionate,understandableway—inhumanterms,notinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother’shipreplacement,afather’sbypassoperation,ababy’svaccinations,andevenapet’sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.Muchcanbedone.Scientistscould“adopt”middleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotours,toshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finally,becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothing,thereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress.26.TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithEdmundBurke’swordsto.[A]callonscientiststotakesomeactions[B]criticizethemisguidedcauseofanimalrights[C]warnofthedoomofbiomedicalresearch[D]showthetriumphoftheanimalrightsmovement27.Misledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearchis.[A]cruelbutnatural[B]inhumanandunacceptable[C]inevitablebutvicious[D]pointlessandwasteful28.Theexampleofthegrandmotherlywomanisusedtoshowthepublic’s.[A]discontentwithanimalresearch[B]ignoranceaboutmedicalscience[C]indifferencetoepidemics[D]anxietyaboutanimalrights29.Theauthorbelievesthat,infaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocates,scientistsshould.[A]communicatemorewiththepublic[B]employhi-techmeansinresearch[C]feelnoshamefortheircause[D]strivetodevelopnewcures30.FromthetextwelearnthatStephenCooperis.[A]awell-knownhumanist[B]amedicalpractitioner[C]anenthusiastinanimalrights[D]asupporterofanimalresearchText3Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers.Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive”shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment'sSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,timeconsuming,and

willworkonlyintrulyextremecases.Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone'scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It'stheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.“Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace?”asksMartinBercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshipper.Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortuningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanother,withWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail'snetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjust$427million,lessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who'sgoingtopayfortherestofthebill?Manycaptiveshippersfearthattheywill,asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.31.Accordingtothosewhosupportmergers,railwaymonopolyisunlikelybecause.[A]costreductionisbasedoncompetition.[B]servicescallforcross-tradecoordination.[C]outsidecompetitorswillcontinuetoexist.[D]shipperswillhavetherailwaybythethroat.32.Whatismanycaptiveshippers'attitudetowardstheconsolidationintherailindustry?[A]Indifferent.[B]Supportive.[C]Indignant.[D]Apprehensive.33.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that.[A]shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivalrailroad.[B]therewillsoonbeonlyonerailroadcompanynationwide.[C]overchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforraterelief.[D]agovernmentboardensuresfairplayinrailwaybusiness.34.Theword“arbiters”(line7,paragraph4)mostprobablyreferstothose.[A]whoworkascoordinators.[B]whofunctionasjudges.[C]whosupervisetransactions.[D]whodeterminetheprice.35.Accordingtothetext,thecostincreaseintherailindustryismainlycausedby.[A]thecontinuingacquisition.[B]thegrowingtraffic.[C]thecheeringWallStreet.[D]theshrinkingmarket.Text4ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.Smallwonder.Americans’lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepastcentury.Failinghipscanbereplaced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled,cataractsremovedina30-minutesurgicalprocedure.SuchadvancesoffertheagingpopulationaqualityoflifethatwasunimaginablewhenIenteredmedicine50yearsago.Butnotevenagreathealth-caresystemcancuredeath—andourfailuretoconfrontthatrealitynowthreatensthisgreatnessofours.Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperish,evenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevel,yetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcare,wedemandeverythingthatcanpossiblybedoneforus,evenifit’suseless.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.Physicians—frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatient—toooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified.In1950,theUSspent$12.7billiononhealthcare.In2019,thecostwillbe$1,540billion.Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.Somescholarsconcludethatagovernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainage—say83orso.FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway”,sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.Iwouldnotgothatfar.Energeticpeoplenowroutinelyworkthroughtheir60sandbeyond,andremaindazzlinglyproductive.At78,ViacomchairmanSumnerRedstonejokinglyclaimstobe53.SupremeCourtJusticeSandraDayO’Connorisinher70s,andformersurgeongeneralC.EverettKoopchairsanInternetstart-upinhis80s.Theseleadersarelivingproofthatpreventionworksandthatwecanmanagethehealthproblemsthatcomenaturallywithage.Asamere68-year-old,Iwishtoageasproductivelyastheyhave.Yettherearelimitstowhatasocietycanspendinthispursuit.Asaphysician,Iknowthemostcostlyanddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffectiveandpainful.IalsoknowthatpeopleinJapanandSweden,countriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcare,haveachievedlonger,healthierlivesthanwehave.Asanation,wemaybeoverfundingthequestforunlikelycureswhileunderfundingresearchonhumblertherapiesthatcouldimprovepeople’slives.36.Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence?[A]Americansarebetterpreparedfordeaththanotherpeople.[B]Americansenjoyahigherlifequalitythaneverbefore.[C]Americansareover-confidentoftheirmedicaltechnology.[D]Americanstakeavainprideintheirlonglifeexpectancy.37.Theauthorusestheexampleofcanerpatientstoshowthat.[A]medicalresourcesareoftenwasted[B]doctorsarehelplessagainstfataldiseases[C]sometreatmentsaretooaggressive[D]medicalcostsarebecomingunaffordable38.Theauthor’sattitudetowardRichardLamm’sremarkisoneof.[A]strongdisapproval[B]reservedconsent[C]slightcontempt[D]enthusiasticsupport39.IncontrastotheUS,JapanandSwedenarefundingtheirmedicalcare.[A]moreflexibly[B]moreextravagantly[C]morecautiously[D]morereasonably40.Thetextintendstoexpresstheideathat.[A]medicinewillfurtherprolongpeople’slives[B]lifebeyondacertainlimitisnotworthliving[C]deathshouldbeacceptedasafactoflife[D]excessivedemandsincreasethecostofhealthcarePartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.（41）Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth.“Anthropology”derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos“human”andlogos“thestudyof.”Byitsveryname,anthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind.Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.（42）Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,political,science,psychology,andsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology.Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.（43）Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.（44）Tylordefinedcultureas“…thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Thisinsight,soprofoundinitssimplicity,openedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned.shared,andpatternedbehavior.（45）Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture,”liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.SectionIIIWriting46.Directions:Studythefollowingsetofdrawingscarefullyandwriteanessayentitledinwhichyoushould1）describethesetofdrawings,interpretitsmeaning,and2）pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)第一部分英語知識運用試題解析一、文章總體分析文章主要論述了教師們應該關注青少年在成長時期所經(jīng)歷的情感、心智和生理上的變化，并采取方法幫助他們適應這些變化，健康成長。第一段第一、二句是主題句，點明文章主題。從第三句開始介紹了青少年的各種變化，如：自我意識很強，需要從成功中獲得自信等。接下來是對老師的建議：設計有更多優(yōu)勝者的活動，組織各種小型俱樂部，讓成年人在幕后支持。第二段特別強調教師在設計活動時要注意保持其多樣性，以適應青少年注意力持續(xù)時間短的特點。此外，成年人要幫助學生在活動中培養(yǎng)責任感。二、試題具體解析1.[A]（give）thought(to)想過，思考[B]（givesb.an/some）idea（of）使了解……的情況[C]（haveagood/bad）opinion(of)對……印象很好[D]（give）advice（to）提建議[答案]A[解析]本題考核的知識點是：平行句子結構+固定搭配。首先，從文章結構上看，第一段的第一、二句是平行的并列句：Teachersneedtobeawareof（教師應該注意）和Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious1to（同時他們須認真……）。注意第二句中的兩個they分別指代了第一句中的teachers和youngadults，第二句中的giveserious1to及第一句中的beawareof（知道，意識到）也應在意義上相呼應。其次，考生需要判斷四個選項中哪一個能及give...to構成短語。idea這個詞詞義很豐富，包括“想法、意思、概念、思想、意識、打算、建議”等，但通常及介詞of而不是to連用；opinion意為“意見；看法”，一般不及give搭配；advice（建議）雖然可及give及to搭配，但介詞to后應接人，即建議的接受者，如果要表達“提出…方面的建議”，應該用“giveadviceonsth.”。只有givethoughtto是一個固定搭配，其中的thought不能替換為別的詞匯，它放入句中表示“同時他們也應當對這些年輕人如何最好地2這些變化加以思考”。例句補充：Igavemuchthoughttowhathesaidyesterday.（我對他昨天說的那番話做了許多思考）；ThebookgivesyouagoodideaoflifeinancientGreece.(這本書能讓你對古希臘的生活有一些了解)；Everyonehasapooropinionofacoward.（每個人對懦夫的印象都不好）；NowIwanttogiveyousomeadvice.(現(xiàn)在我想給你提些建議)。2.[A]strengthen加強，鞏固[B]accommodate適應，調節(jié)[C]stimulate刺激，激勵[D]enhance提高，增強[答案]B[解析]本題考核的知識點是：動賓搭配。本題要求考生判斷哪個動詞可以及suchchanges構成動賓搭配。suchchanges在這里指的是第一句提到的theemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchanges。從結構上看，空格所在部分是由how連接一個句子做givethoughtto的介詞賓語。句子中they指代的是youngadults（年輕人）。從語意上看，考生關鍵要判斷“年輕人”對他們“情感、心智和生理上的變化”做什么動作，四個選項中accommodate表達的含義最恰當，即“適應變化”。整個句子的含義是“教師也需要認真考慮年輕人如何最好地適應這些（情感、心智和生理上的）變化”。常及change搭配的動詞請參見2019年第13題。知識點補充：accommodate表示“適應”時，還常用accommodateoneselftosth.結構，例句：Hehastoaccommodatehimselftochangedsituation.（他不得不適應變化了的形勢）。3.[A]care關心，照顧[B]nutrition營養(yǎng)[C]exercise練習，鍛煉[D]leisure空閑，安逸[答案]C[解析]本題考核的知識點是：上下文語意+名詞詞義辨析。文中相關部分是“成長的身體需要運動和__3__，但不僅僅是在強調競賽的方面需要這些”。因此考生需要判斷空格處應填入什么名詞，及movement并列做need的賓語。首先，考生判斷四個選項中哪一個是身體成長時所需要的（除運動以外的）另一樣東西。從某種意義上說，選項中所提到的四種東西都是需要的，但是下文對這里所需要的東西進行了限定，即，和movement同樣都可以通過競賽的方式來實現(xiàn)。這樣只有exercise合適，它及competition屬于同一語義范疇，并可以用于競賽。4.[A]If（表條件）[B]Although（表轉折）[C]Whereas然而，反之，但是，（表轉折）[D]Because（表因果）[答案]D[解析]本題考核的知識點是：邏輯關系?？崭袼陂L句中包含了兩個由逗號隔開的分句：__4__theyareadjustingto…，teenagersareespeciallyself-conscious。兩個分句有共同的主語，前一句中的they就指代下一句中的teenagers。考生需要判斷這兩個分句之間是什么邏輯關系。從語意上看，前一分句意為“青少年正在適應新的身體狀況、心智和情感方面的諸多挑戰(zhàn)”，下一分句意為“他們的自我意識很強”，顯然這之間不是條件或轉折關系，而是一個因果關系，即“由于適應變化，所以自我意識強烈”。因此because最為恰當。知識點補充：ahostof表示“一大群，好些”，常接可數(shù)名詞，例句：Ihaveahostofthingstodotoday.(我今天有一大堆事情要做)。5.[A]assistance幫助，協(xié)助[B]guidance引導，指導[C]confidence信心[D]tolerance容忍[答案]C[解析]本題考核的知識點是：上下文語義+名詞詞義辨析。文中相關部分是：（teenagers）needthe5thatcomesfromachievingsuccess（青少年需要由獲得成功而得到的……），其中that引導的定語從句修飾空格處的名詞。因此考生只需要判斷四個選項中哪一樣東西可以從成功中得到。一般來講，獲得成功后，我們常常得到的是confidence（信心）。6.[A]claimed（根據(jù)權利）要求，索取，主張[B]admired羨慕，贊美[C]ignored忽視[D]surpassed超越[答案]B[解析]本題考核的知識點是：常識+動詞詞義辨析。本題的考點及上題有重合的地方。文中相關部分是：（teenagers）needtheconfidencethatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare6byothers（青少年需要自信，自信來自成功，也來自知道他們的成績受到別人的……）。首先，考生要注意分析其中定語從句的結構：句中主語是that指代的先行詞confidence，謂語是comesfrom，賓語是兩個動名詞結構achievingsuccess和knowingthat…。因此考生關鍵要判斷青少年的自信來自于知道他們的成績（accomplishments）受到別人的什么。根據(jù)常識，只有當自己的成績受到別人羨慕時，人們才會產生信心。顯然只有admired符合文意。知識點補充：accomplishment的構詞法是：accomplish（完成）+-ment（名詞后綴表行為），類似的詞還有achievement，development，establishment，fulfillment等。7.[A]improper不恰當?shù)腫B]risky危險的[C]fair公平的，美麗的[D]wise明智的[答案]D[解析]本題考核的知識點是：上下文語義+形容詞詞義辨析。空格所在句子的句型結構是somuchcompetitionthat…，句意為“青少年典型的生活中已經(jīng)充滿了這么多的競爭，以至于策劃勝者多敗者少的活動將是__7__的”?？忌枰袛嘣诔錆M競爭的青少年生活中，設計一些不那么具有競爭性的活動是怎樣的。由于上文一再強調，青少年需要成功和信心，因此這里應該填入一個表示肯定態(tài)度的詞，來肯定這種勝者多敗者少的活動，這樣就可以首先排除improper和risky。在剩下的fair和wise中，后者更符合句意，因為這里的問題不是公平及否，而是是否明智。讓更多青少年在活動中通過取勝來獲得信心是明智的做法，是適合他們成長需要的。8.[A]ineffect實際上[B]asaresult結果，（表因果關系）[C]forexample例如，（表例證關系）[D]inasense在某種意義上[答案]C[解析]本題考核的知識點是：邏輯關系?？崭袂拔氖莟oplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers（策劃一些勝者多敗者少的活動），后文是publishingnewsletterswithmanystudentwrittenbookreviews（出版刊有許多學生撰寫書評的通訊）。本題要求考生判斷兩部分之間是什么邏輯關系。從語意上看，前文是泛指一些活動（activities），后文是具體的活動（publishingnewsletters），因此兩者之間是綜述和例證的邏輯關系，“發(fā)表學生寫的書評”是“勝者多敗者少的活動”的例子。能夠表達例證邏輯關系的只有forexample。9.[A]displaying展示[B]describing描寫[C]creating創(chuàng)造[D]exchanging交換[答案]A[解析]本題考核的知識點是：上下文語義+動賓搭配。從句子結構上看，__9___studentartwork和前面的publishingnewsletters以及后面的sponsoringbookdiscussionclubs在結構上并列，都是教師策劃的勝者多敗者少活動的例子。因此考生需要判斷選項中哪個動名詞中的核心動詞能及studentartwork（學生的藝術品）構成動賓搭配，并體現(xiàn)出勝者多敗者少的特點。四個選項中，只有“展示（displaying）”符合句意。10.[A]durable耐用的，持久的[B]excessive過多的，額外的[C]surplus多余的，過剩的[D]multiple眾多的，多樣的[答案]D[解析]本題考核的知識點是：句內語義+形容詞詞義辨析。文中的相關部分是Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide10__opportunities，它要求考生判斷各種各樣的小型俱樂部可以提供什么樣的機會。解題的關鍵詞是前面的variety（多樣，多樣性），多種多樣的俱樂部應該提供多種多樣的（multiple）機會，而不是持久的（durable），過多的（excessive）或多余的（surplus）機會。詞匯補充：四個選項中，durable原義是“能夠抵抗磨損，撕扯或腐蝕的”，引伸義是“持久的”，如：adurablefriendship（持久的友誼）；excessive指“過多的，過量的”，多為貶義，如：excessivedrinking（酗酒）；surplus指“比需要的或必需的更多”，如：surpluspopulation（過剩人口）；multiple指“復合的，由多個部分組成的，多樣的”，如：amanofmultipleinterests(興趣廣泛的人)。11.[A]group團體，組，群，批[B]individual個人（的）[C]personnel人員，職員[D]corporation公司[答案]A[解析]本題考核的知識點是：上下文語義+名詞詞義辨析。文中的相關部分是clubscanprovideopportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful11_dynamics，注意其中的連詞aswellas（而且