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AS1288—2006
AustralianStandard?
Glassinbuildings—Selectionandinstallation
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ThisAustralianStandardwaspreparedbyCommitteeBD-007,GlazingandFixingofGlass.ItwasapprovedonbehalfoftheCouncilofStandardsAustraliaon28November2005.
ThisStandardwaspublishedon16January2006.
ThefollowingarerepresentedonCommitteeBD-007:
AustralianBuildingCodesBoard
AustralianChamberofCommerceandIndustryAustralianGlassandGlazingAssociation
AustralianIndustryGroup
AustralianInstituteofBuildingSurveyors
AustralianShopandOfficeFittingIndustryAssociationAustralianWindowAssociation
BuildingResearchAssociationofNewZealand
CSIROManufacturingandInfrastructureTechnologyCertificationInterests(Australia)
EngineersAustralia
HousingIndustryAssociationMasterBuildersAustralia
MonashUniversity
NewZealandSafetyGlassAssociationUniversityofNewSouthWales
UniversityofSydney
WindowAssociationofNewZealand
WindowFilmAssociationofAustralia&NewZealandWindowandDoorIndustryCouncil
AdditionalInterests:
Leadlight,DecorativeandStainedGlassAssociation
KeepingStandardsup-to-date
Standardsarelivingdocumentswhichreflectprogressinscience,technologyandsystems.Tomaintaintheircurrency,allStandardsareperiodicallyreviewed,andneweditionsarepublished.Betweeneditions,amendmentsmaybeissued.Standardsmayalsobewithdrawn.ItisimportantthatreadersassurethemselvestheyareusingacurrentStandard,whichshouldincludeanyamendmentswhichmayhavebeenpublishedsincetheStandardwaspurchased.
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ThisStandardwasissuedindraftformforcommentasDR02145.
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AS1288—2006
AustralianStandard?
Glassinbuildings—Selectionandinstallation
FirstpublishedasASCA26—1957.
ASCA26—1957revisedandredesignatedAS1288—1973.AS1288—1973revisedandredesignatedAS1288.1—1979,AS1288.2—1979andAS1288.3—1979.
AS1288.1—1979,AS1288.2—1979andAS1288.3—1979revised,
amalgamatedandredesignatedAS1288—1989.Fourthedition2006.
COPYRIGHT
?StandardsAustralia
Allrightsarereserved.Nopartofthisworkmaybereproducedorcopiedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,withoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher.
PublishedbyStandardsAustralia,GPOBox476,Sydney,NSW2001,AustraliaISBN0733770967
AS1288—2006
PAGE
2
PAGE
3
AS1288—2006
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PREFACE
ThisStandardwaspreparedbytheJointStandardsAustralia/StandardsNewZealandCommitteeBD-007,GlazingandFixingofGlass,tosupersedeAS1288—1994.
TheobjectiveofthisStandardistoprovideuniformdirectionfortheuseandinstallationofglazingthroughoutAustraliatoallowitsuseinlegislation,andtoclarifytechnicaldefinitions.
ThisStandardwillbereferencedintheBuildingCodeofAustralia2006;therebysupersedingAS1288—1994,whichwillbewithdrawnin12monthsfromthedateofpublicationofthisStandard.
WhenrevisingthisStandard,considerationwasgiventotheexistinghumanimpactsafetyrequirementsofAS1288—1994andNZS4223.3:1999CodeofpracticeforglazinginbuildingsPart3:Humanimpactsafetyrequirements,aswellasBS6262-4,Glazingforbuildings,Part4:Safetyrelatedtohumanimpact.
Therewasalsoaneedtorecognizethataccidentsinvolvingglasscontinuedatahighrateandataconsiderablecosttothecommunity.Withthesefactorsinmind,changesweremadethathaveresultedintheintroductionofincreasedareasofsafetyglassandthereductionofareasofordinaryglassinlocationswhereaccidentsareknowntooccuratgreaterfrequency.TheStandardhasalsobeencloselyalignedwithinternationalpracticebytheadoptionofselectedcriteriafrominternationalStandards.
Thechangetoultimatelimitstatedesigninthenewwindcodehasnecessitatedthecorrespondingupgradingofthewindloadingcharts.Thenewchartsarebasedontheincreasedultimatelimitstatewindloads.Thecommitteehastakenthisopportunitytoimprovethedesignchartstoincludebasiccriteriasuchastheinfluenceofaspectratioandslendernessfactor.Thechartsareuniqueastheyincorporateallrelevantaspectsthatinfluencetheperformanceofglassintheonechartforeachglasstypeandthickness.
Themostsignificantchangesofthisrevisionincludethefollowing:
ChangefrompermissibledesignstressesforwindloadingtoUltimateLimitStatedesign.
NewdesignchartsforwindloadingbasedonULSandtakingintoconsiderationpanelaspectratio.
Introductionofnewandincreasedareasofsafetyglassinlocationssubjecttohighriskofhumanimpact.
Newsectiononinstallationrequirementsforglass.
Newsectionsanddetailedspecificationsforoverheadglazing,balustrades,facetedglazingandfin-supportedglazing.
TheCommitteeconsidersthatthisStandardrepresentsthebestcompromisethatcanbepresentedatthistime.Furtherresearchandtestingforsafetywillpossiblyresultinchangeswhichwillbeincorporatedinfutureeditions.Itmakesrecommendationsfordesignandinstallationpracticebasedonproventechniquesbutdoesnotrestricttheadoptionofmaterialsormethodsofdesignthatcanbeshowntothesatisfactionoftheresponsibleauthoritytoprovidenolesserstandardofmaterials,designsorconstructionsthanobtainedbyusingtheproceduresspecifiedherein.
Notestothetextcontaininformationandguidance.TheyarenotanintegralpartoftheStandard.
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Theterms‘normative’and‘informative’havebeenusedinthisStandardtodefinetheapplicationoftheappendixtowhichtheyapply.A‘normative’appendixisanintegralpartofaStandard,whereasan‘informative’appendixisonlyforinformationandguidance.
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CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD. 6
SECTION1SCOPEANDGENERAL
SCOPE 7
APPLICATION 7
NORMATIVEREFERENCES 8
DEFINITIONS 9
SECTION2MATERIALS
GLASS 14
OTHERGLAZINGMATERIALS 14
SECTION3GENERALDESIGNCRITERIA
GENERAL 16
LOADSANDOTHERACTIONS. 16
LIMITSTATES 16
LAMINATEDGLASSANDINSULATINGGLASSUNITS 19
FRAMES 20
DESIGNTHICKNESSOFGLASS 20
STRUCTURALSILICONE 21
SECTION4DESIGNFORWINDLOADING
GENERAL 22
DESIGNWINDPRESSURE 22
INSULATINGGLASSUNITS 22
MAXIMUMSPANFORGLASSPANELSSUBJECTEDTOWINDLOADING 22
ORGANICSAFETYFILMSANDOTHERGLASSCOATINGS 24
SECTION5CRITERIAFORHUMANIMPACTSAFETY
SCOPE 60
DOORS 62
SIDEPANELS 62
GLAZINGCAPABLEOFBEINGMISTAKENFORADOORWAYOR
OPENING 63
LOW-LEVELGLAZINGINRESIDENTIALBUILDINGS 64
EXTERNALSHOPFRONTS 64
INTERNALSHOPFRONTSANDINTERNALPARTITIONS 64
BATHROOM,ENSUITEANDSPAROOMGLAZING 65
BALUSTRADES 65
SCHOOLS,EARLYCHILDHOODCENTRES,AGEDCAREBUILDINGS,RETIREMENTVILLAGESANDNURSINGHOMES 65
MIRRORSANDOTHERTYPESOFGLASSSUBJECTTORISKOFHUMANIMPACT 66
LOUVREBLADESSUBJECTTORISKOFHUMANIMPACT 66
WINDOWSEATGLAZING 66
OPERABLEWINDOWS 66
TWO-EDGEUNFRAMEDGLAZING 67
STAIRWAYGLAZING 67
LEADLIGHTS 68
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Page
CURVEDGLASS 68
MAKINGGLASSVISIBLE(MANIFESTATION) 68
UNFRAMEDEDGES 69
USEOFSAFETYGLASSOFNON-STANDARDTHICKNESSES 69
INSULATINGGLASSUNITS 69
IDENTIFICATIONOFSAFETYGLASS 69
AREASSUBJECTTOHIGHRISKOFBREAKAGE 70
FIREDOORS 70
SECTION6SLOPEDOVERHEADGLAZING
GENERAL 74
LOADSANDACTIONS 74
LOADCOMBINATIONS 74
DESIGNCRITERIA 75
SELECTIONOFOVERHEADGLASS 75
SECTION7BALUSTRADES
GENERAL 80
LOADSANDOTHERACTIONS. 80
SELECTIONOFBALUSTRADEGLASS. 80
SECTION8INSTALLATION
SCOPE 86
SITEWORKINGANDDAMAGEOFGLASS 86
DIMENSIONALREQUIREMENTS 86
GLAZINGMATERIALS 88
SETTINGBLOCKS 89
LOCATIONBLOCKS 90
DISTANCEPIECES 92
PREPARATIONOFREBATESANDGROOVES 92
GLAZINGBEADS 92
STRUCTURALSEALANTS 93
SECTION9FRAMED,UNFRAMED,ANDPARTLYFRAMEDGLASSASSEMBLIES
GENERAL 94
STRUCTURALSILICONE 94
FACETEDGLAZING 94
FIN-SUPPORTEDGLAZING. 97
UNFRAMEDTOUGHENEDANDTOUGHENEDLAMINATEDGLASSASSEMBLIES 100
APPENDICES
SIMPLIFIEDMETHODOFDETERMININGULTIMATEANDSERVICEABILITYLIMITSTATEDESIGNWINDPRESSURES 104
WORKEDEXAMPLESTOSECTION4WINDLOADINGREQUIREMENTS 108
BASISFORDETERMINATIONOFFINDESIGNTOPREVENTBUCKLING 115
RECOMMENDATIONSFORSHOWERSCREENINSTALLATION 122
SLOPEDOVERHEADGLAZINGFRACTURECHARACTERISTICS 123
STRUCTURALSILICONEGLAZING 125
FLOWCHARTS 128
BIBLIOGRAPHY 134
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FOREWORD
DuetotherevisionofAS1170.2—1989,Minimumdesignloadsonstructures–Windloadstoincludelimitstatesdesign,itbecamenecessaryforAS1288toberevised.TherationaleusedintherevisionofAS1288toincludetheultimatedesignstrengthofglassisgivenbelow.
TheBuildingCodeofAustralia(BCA)setstheimportancelevelsandannualprobabilityofexceedanceforwind,snowandearthquakeactionsapplicabletobuildingsandstructures.
Designwindspeedsdependontheimportancelevelsofthebuildingsaswellasthewindregionforthebuilding,resultinginincreasedriskofglassbreakageforglazinginlowerimportancelevels.
ThepreviouseditionofAS1288gavepermissibledesignstressesforwindloadas
16.7MPaforglass≤6mmthicknessand15.2MPaforglass>6mmthickness.However,sincethepublicationofthepreviouseditionin1994,furtherresearchwascarriedoutanditwasfoundthatthestressesvariedconsiderablywithpanelaspectratioandglassthickness.
ThechartsinthiseditionarebasedonULSstressesof27.0MPa,forthethickestglass(25mm)and41.0MPaforthethinnestglass(3mm).Itwasalsoagreedthatglassedgedesignstressesaretobe80%ofthemid-span(i.e.awayfromedges)stresses.ThelimitingdesignstressesforeachglassthicknessusedindevelopingthedesignchartsaregiveninAppendixB.
PAGE
25
AS1288—2006
AS1288—2006
PAGE
26
StandardsAustralia
.au
StandardsAustralia
.au
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STANDARDSAUSTRALIA
AustralianStandard
Glassinbuildings—Selectionandinstallation
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
SCOPE
ThisStandardsetsoutproceduresfortheselectionandinstallationofglassinbuildings,subjecttowindloading,humanimpact,andspecialapplicationssuchasoverheadglazing,balustradesandglassassemblies.
Glassstrengthrequirementsaregivenforglazing,basedonthetensilestressesdevelopedonthesurfaceoftheglass.
ThisStandarddoesnotcoverthefollowing:
Glazinginliftcarsandliftwells(seeNote1).
Furnitureglass,cabinetglass,vanities,glassbasins,refrigerationunits,internalglassfitmentsandinternalwallmirrorsnotspecificallycoveredbySection5(seeNote2).
Buildingsandstructureswithnopublicaccessintendedforhorticulturaloragriculturaluse.
WindowsanddoorsinheritagebuildingsasdefinedbytherelevantStateorTerritorialauthority(seeNote3).
Restorationandorrepairstoexistingleadlights.
Specialglazingapplicationswhichmightfailduetothestressesotherthantensilestresses,suchasshearstresses.
NOTES:
Forglazinginliftcarsandliftwells,seeAS1735.2(AppendixH)
ForfurtherguidanceseeHB125.
Thetraditionaluseofthesebuildingssuggeststheircurrentconstructionandglazingpracticesareacceptable.However,considerationshouldalwaysbegiventothebrittlenatureofglassandtheconsequencesofitsbreakage.
InAustralia,legislationrequiresproductstobe‘fitforpurpose’.Whereglazingisreplacedbecauseofbreakageoranyotherreason,itisrecommendedthatthereplacementglasscomplywiththerequirementsoftherelevantsectionsofthisStandard,unlessotherwisepermittedbytherelevantlegislation.
APPLICATION
Thethicknessandtypeofglassrequiredshallbedeterminedonthebasisofallthefollowingcriteria:
Forinstallationssubjecttowindloading,glasstobeselectedusingeitherfirstprinciplesassetoutinSection3,orusingthesimplifieddesignassetoutinSection4.
NOTE:Section4maygiveamoreconservativedesignsolution.
Forhumanimpactconsiderations,glasstobeselectedaccordingtoSection5.
Foroverheadglazing,glasstobeselectedaccordingtoSection6.
Forbalustrades,glasstobeselectedaccordingtoSection7.
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Forframed,unframed,andpartlyframedglassassembliesglasstobeselectedinaccordancewithSection9.
GlassshallbeinstalledinaccordancewithSection8.
Foragivenapplication,thetypeandthicknessofglassselectedshallbeinaccordancewiththemoststringentrelevantrequirementsofSections3to9asapplicable.
NOTE:ForguidanceontheuseofthisStandardforglassselection,seeAppendixG.
NORMATIVEREFERENCES
ThefollowingreferenceddocumentsareindispensablefortheapplicationofthisStandard.AS
1170 Minimumdesignloadsonstructures
1170.1 Part1:Minimumdesignloadsonstructures—Deadandliveloads1170.2 Part2:Windloads
1170.3 Part3:Snowloads
1170.4 Part4:Earthquakeloads
1428 Designforaccessandmobility
1428.1 Part1:Generalrequirementsforaccess—Newbuildingwork2047 Windowsinbuilding—Selectionandinstallation
4055 Windloadsforhousing
AS/NZS
1170 Structuraldesignactions1170.0 Part0:Generalprinciples
1170.1 Part1:Permanent,imposedandotheractions1170.2 Part2:Windactions
2208 Safetyglazingmaterialsinbuildings4666 Insulatingglassunits
4667 Qualityrequirementsforcut-to-sizeandprocessedglass
BS
544 Specificationforlinseedoilputtyforuseinwoodenframes
4255 Rubberusedinpreformedgasketsforweatherexclusionfrombuildings4255-1 Part1:Specificationfornon-cellulargaskets
ASTM
C669 Standardspecificationforglazingcompoundsforbackbeddingandfaceglazingofmetalsash
C1184 Standardspecificationforstructuralsiliconesealants
C1279 Standardtestmethodfornon-destructivephotoelasticmeasurementofedgeandsurfacestressesinannealed,heat-strengthened,andfullytemperedflatglass
C1281 StandardspecificationforpreformedtapesealantsforglazingapplicationsBCA BuildingCodeofAustralia
NOTE:DocumentsreferencedforinformativepurposesarelistedinAppendixH.Theyarenotan
integralpartoftheStandard.
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DEFINITIONS
ForthepurposeofthisStandard,thedefinitionsinAS/NZS4668andthosebelowapply.
Area
Theareaofthepanelbetweensightlinesafterglazing,calculatedusingthesightsize.
Arrisededge
Theresultofremovingsharpedges.
Aspectratio
Theratioofthelongersideofapaneltoitsshorterside.
Balustrade
Alowwallformingaparapettoastair,ramp,balcony,raisedlevel,orachangeinlevels.
Bead
Astripofwood,metal,sealantorothersuitablematerialsecuredtotherebatetoretaintheglass.Alsoknownasglazingbeadorsealantbead.
Bite
Thewidthofsiliconeusedtobondthefinorframemembertotheedgeoftheglasspanel.
Block
Asmallpieceoflead,rubberorothersuitablematerialusedtopositiontheglassintheframe.
Buildings
Residential
Buildingsandsuchportionsofbuildingsusedasseparatedwellinghousesandflats,butnotincorporatingcommoncirculationareasinblocksoftwoormoreflats.
Non-residential
BuildingsotherthanthosedefinedinClause,suchashotels,hostels,motels,shops,offices,schools,publicassemblybuildings,andfactories,andthosepartsofresidentialbuildingscommontoagroupofdwellingssuchascommoncirculationareasinblocksoftwoormoreflats.
Chairrail
Afixedglazingbar,orrigidpush-bar,thatprovidesprotectionfromhumanimpact.
Crashrail
Arail,togetherwithitsfixings,capableofwithstandingaloadof750N/mlength,actinginanydirectionwithoutcontactwiththeglazingmaterial.
Daylightsize
Theclearunsupportedopeningsizethatadmitslight.
Decoratedglass
Clearorpatternedglassprocessedbycraftsmenfordecorativeeffect.Stainedglass,leadlightsandsandblasted,acid-etched,embossedandprintedglassfallintothiscategory.Decorativeinterlayersmayalsobeincorporatedinlaminatedglass.
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Distancepiece
Smallblocksofresilient,non-absorbentmaterial(suchasextrudedrubber)usedtopreventthedisplacementofglazingcompoundorsealantbyexternalloading.Theyarepositionedoppositeeachotherbetweentheglassandrebate,andglassandbead.
Door
Ahinged,sliding,orotherwisesupportedopenablebarrierprovidingentrancetoandexitfromabuilding,corridor,orroom.Doorsmaybeframedorunframed.
Doubleglazing
Glazingthatincorporatestwopanels,separatedwithanairspace,forthepurposeofsoundinsulationorthermalinsulation,orboth.
Edgeblocks
Rubberblocksthatpreventglassfrommovingsidewaysintheglazingrebatefromthermaleffectsorvibration.
Edgeclearance
Thespacebetweentheedgeoftheglassandframerebate.
Edgecover
Thedistancebetweentheedgeoftheglassandthesightline.
Edgeworking
Theprocessofremovingsharpedgesfromthesurfaceand/orcutedgesofglassbygrinding,smoothing,bevellingand/orpolishing.
NOTE:Fordifferentedgefinishrequirementsforspecificapplications,seeAS/NZS4668.
Exposededge
Aglassedgethatisnotcovered.
NOTE:Glasswithexposededgeshasnoprotectionfromdamage,andmaycauseinjurytothosewhocomeincontactwithit.
Facetedglazing
Flatpanesofglassinstalledverticallyatanangletoeachother,toformafacetedcurve.
Fin
Apieceofglasspositionedandfastenedtoprovidelateralsupport.
Frame
Astructuremanufacturedfromtimber,metal,glass,orotherdurablematerialorcombinationsofmaterials,suchasglassfinsandstructuralsealant,supportingthefulllengthofaglazedpaneledge.
Framelessglazing
Seeunframedglazing.
Fullyframedglazing
Panelsthathavealledgesframed.
Glazing
Thesecuringofglassinpreparedopeningsinwindows,doorpanels,partitions,andthelike.
Glassorplasticsglazingsheetmaterialforinstallationintoabuilding.
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Heat-strengthenedlaminatedsafetyglass
Laminatedsafetyglassutilizingtwoormorepanelsofheat-strengthenedglassinthemake-up.
Infillbalustrades
Balustradesinwhichthesupportedglassresistsaninfillpressureand/orpointloadappliedtotheglasspanel.
Insulatingglassunit(IGU)
Twoormorepanelsofglassspacedapartandfactorysealedwithdryair(hermetically)orspecialgasesintheunitcavity.OftenabbreviatedtoIGUorreferredtoastheunit.
Internalpartition
Aninteriordividingwallorsuchportionofaninteriordividingwallthatisnotadoor,sidepanel,shopfront,oratriumwall.
Laminatedglass
Acompositematerialconsistingoftwoormoresheetsofglasspermanentlybondedtogetherbyaplasticinterlayermaterial.
Laminatedsafetyglass
LaminatedglassthatsatisfiestherelevantrequirementsforasafetyglazingmaterialinaccordancewithAS/NZS2208.
Leadlight
Apanelofindividualglasspieceswithinaframeworkoflead,copper,zincorbrasscames,madeinthetraditionalmannerofsmallpanes.
Maximumthickness
Thethicknessofapanelofglassatthemaximumthicknesstolerance.
Minimumthickness
Thethicknessofapanelofglassattheminimumthicknesstolerance.
Mirror
Apieceofglasssilveredononeside.
Nominalthickness
Anumericdesignation,usedforreferencepurposes,thatindicatestheapproximatethicknessofglass.
NOTE:Nominalthicknessisusedfordescriptionconvenienceonlyandnotasanexactmanufacturesize.
Pane
Singlepieceofglasscuttosizeforglazing.
Panel
Anassemblycontainingoneormorepanes.
NOTE:Panelsmaybefullyframed,partlyframedorfullyunframed.
Partlyframedglazing
Panelsthathaveoneormoreedgesunframed.
Patternedglass
Glasshavingapatternimpressedononesideorbothsides.
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Rebate
Thepartofaframeintowhichtheedgeofglassisinstalled.
Safetyorganic-backedmirror
Aglazingmaterialconsistingofapieceofmirrorwithasheetoforganicmaterialpermanentlybondedtooneside,whichsatisfiesthetestrequirementsoftherelevantsafetyglazingStandards.
Safetyorganic-coatedglass
Aglazingmaterialconsistingofapieceofglasscoatedandpermanentlybondedononeorbothsideswithacontinuouspolymericcoating,sheetorfilm,whichmeetsthetestrequirementsofthesafetyglazingStandards.
Settingblock
Ablockofresilientnon-absorbentmaterialusedtosupportthedeadloadoftheglassontherebateandpreventglass-to-framecontact.Normallyusedinpairslocatedatquarterpointsoftheglasswidth.
Sidepanel
Apanel(operableorinoperable)locatedadjacenttoadoorway.Itmayormaynotbeinthesameplaneasthedoorway.
Sightline
Theperimeteroftheopening,whichadmitsdaylight(alsoknownasglazingline).
Sightsize
Theclearunsupportedopeningsizethatadmitslight(alsoknownasdaylight).
Slopedoverheadglazing
Glazingthatisinclinedatlessthan75°tothehorizontalandlocated,whollyorpartially,directlyaboveanareathatmaybeoccupiedbypeople.
Slendernessfactor
Spantothicknessratioforallpanelssupportedonfouredges.
Span
Thedimensionbetweensupports.Forpanelssupportedonallfouredges,itcorrespondstothesmallerofthesightsizedimensions.
Structuralbalustrade
Balustrade in which glass resists applied loads as required by AS1170.1 orAS/NZS1170.1.
Structuralsiliconeglazing
Theuseofsiliconesealantnotonlyasaweathersealbutalsoforthestructuraltransferofloadsfromtheglazingpaneltoitsperimetersupportsystem.
Toughenedlaminatedsafetyglass
Laminatedsafetyglassutilizingtwopanelsoftoughenedsafetyglassinthemake-up.
Unframedglazing
Panelswithoutframededges.
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Wardrobedoors
Doorsthatprovideaccesstobuilt-instorageareas,excludingthosefittedtopiecesoffurniturethatarenotbuiltintothebuilding.
NOTE:Doorsprovidingaccesstowalk-inwardrobesaredefinedasdoors.
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SECTION 2 MATERIALS
GLASS
General
Clearordinaryannealedglass,tintedheat-absorbingglass,heat-reflectingglass,patterned,wired,processed,laminatedandtoughenedglassshallbeclassifiedinaccordancewithAS/NZS4667.
GlasstypesnototherwisespecifiedinAS/NZS4667,AS/NZS4668orthisStandard,whichareusedinbuildings,shallbeclassifiedinaccordancewithBS952-1.
Heat-strengthenedglass
WhentestedinaccordancewithASTMC1279,heat-strengthenedglassshallhaveasurfacecompressionof24–69MPa.
NOTE:Heatstrengtheningassociatedwithrelativelyhighresidualstresses≥52.0MPacanleadtoanincreasedriskofspontaneousglassfracture(associatedwithmaterialimpurities).
Toughenedglass
Toughenedglassshallhaveasurfacecompressionofnotlessthan69MPa.
NOTES:
Theprocessoftougheningisusedtoincreasethestrengthofglassandtoproducefracturecharacteristicsthataredesirableinmanysituations;however,theprocessoftougheningcanalsoleadtoanincreasedriskofspontaneousglassfracture(associatedwit
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