LS-DYNA：LS-DYNA碰撞仿真技術(shù).Tex.header

LS-DYNA：LS-DYNA碰撞仿真技術(shù)1LS-DYNA軟件概述LS-DYNA是一款由美國(guó)LSTC公司開發(fā)的多物理場(chǎng)仿真軟件，特別擅長(zhǎng)于處理非線性動(dòng)力學(xué)問(wèn)題，如碰撞、爆炸、金屬成型等。它采用顯式時(shí)間積分方法，能夠高效地模擬高速?zèng)_擊和大變形過(guò)程，是汽車、航空航天、國(guó)防、土木工程等行業(yè)進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)力學(xué)分析的首選工具。1.1顯式時(shí)間積分方法顯式時(shí)間積分是LS-DYNA的核心算法之一，它通過(guò)時(shí)間步長(zhǎng)迭代求解動(dòng)力學(xué)方程，適用于解決瞬態(tài)動(dòng)力學(xué)問(wèn)題。顯式方法不需要求解大型線性方程組，因此在處理大規(guī)模問(wèn)題時(shí)具有較高的計(jì)算效率。1.1.1示例：顯式時(shí)間積分求解彈簧-質(zhì)量系統(tǒng)假設(shè)有一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的彈簧-質(zhì)量系統(tǒng)，質(zhì)量為m，彈簧剛度為k，初始位移為u0，初始速度為vm在LS-DYNA中，可以使用顯式時(shí)間積分方法求解該方程。下面是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的LS-DYNA輸入文件示例，用于模擬上述系統(tǒng)：*keyword

*control_time

1.e-3,1.e-6,1.e-6

*control_steady_state

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_termination

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_dynamics

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_equation

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_output

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_stress

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_normal

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_tangential

1.e-3,1.e-6

*control_contact_thermal_erosion

1.e-

#LS-DYNA:基礎(chǔ)設(shè)置教程

##LS-DYNA安裝與配置

在開始使用LS-DYNA進(jìn)行碰撞仿真之前，首先需要確保軟件已經(jīng)正確安裝并配置在您的計(jì)算機(jī)上。以下步驟將指導(dǎo)您完成這一過(guò)程：

###1.下載LS-DYNA安裝包

訪問(wèn)LS-DYNA官方網(wǎng)站或通過(guò)授權(quán)的渠道獲取最新版本的LS-DYNA安裝包。確保下載的版本與您的操作系統(tǒng)兼容。

###2.安裝LS-DYNA

1.**運(yùn)行安裝程序**：雙擊下載的安裝包，啟動(dòng)安裝向?qū)А?/p>

2.**接受許可協(xié)議**：閱讀并接受LS-DYNA的許可協(xié)議。

3.**選擇安裝類型**：選擇“完整安裝”以包含所有必要的組件，或“自定義安裝”以選擇特定的模塊。

4.**指定安裝路徑**：選擇一個(gè)合適的目錄來(lái)安裝LS-DYNA。

5.**安裝環(huán)境配置**：根據(jù)提示配置環(huán)境變量，確保LS-DYNA可以在您的系統(tǒng)中被正確識(shí)別和運(yùn)行。

###3.配置LS-DYNA

配置LS-DYNA涉及設(shè)置環(huán)境變量和確保軟件可以訪問(wèn)必要的資源，如許可證服務(wù)器和硬件加速器。

####設(shè)置環(huán)境變量

在Windows系統(tǒng)中，可以通過(guò)以下步驟設(shè)置環(huán)境變量：

```bash

setLS_DYNA=<path_to_LS-DYNA_directory>

setLS_DYNA_LICENSE_FILE=<path_to_license_file>配置許可證服務(wù)器確保您的許可證服務(wù)器信息正確配置，以便LS-DYNA可以連接并驗(yàn)證許可證。setLM_LICENSE_FILE=<path_to_license_file>1.2用戶界面和基本操作LS-DYNA提供了直觀的用戶界面，使用戶能夠輕松地進(jìn)行模型設(shè)置、運(yùn)行仿真和分析結(jié)果。1.2.1啟動(dòng)LS-DYNA在命令行中輸入以下命令來(lái)啟動(dòng)LS-DYNA：lsprepost這將打開LS-DYNA的預(yù)處理和后處理界面。1.2.2創(chuàng)建新模型在LS-DYNA中，可以通過(guò)以下步驟創(chuàng)建新模型：選擇材料：定義模型中使用的材料屬性。構(gòu)建幾何：使用內(nèi)置的幾何工具或?qū)隒AD模型來(lái)構(gòu)建您的設(shè)計(jì)。設(shè)置邊界條件：定義模型的約束和載荷。網(wǎng)格劃分：選擇合適的網(wǎng)格類型和尺寸，以確保仿真精度和效率。1.2.3運(yùn)行仿真在完成模型設(shè)置后，可以運(yùn)行仿真：保存模型：確保所有更改都已保存。選擇求解器設(shè)置：根據(jù)仿真類型選擇合適的求解器參數(shù)。運(yùn)行仿真：在預(yù)處理界面中，選擇運(yùn)行仿真選項(xiàng)，LS-DYNA將開始計(jì)算并生成結(jié)果文件。1.2.4分析結(jié)果仿真完成后，使用LS-DYNA的后處理功能來(lái)分析結(jié)果：加載結(jié)果文件：選擇仿真生成的輸出文件。查看動(dòng)畫：通過(guò)動(dòng)畫功能查看模型在仿真過(guò)程中的動(dòng)態(tài)行為。分析數(shù)據(jù)：使用內(nèi)置工具來(lái)分析應(yīng)力、應(yīng)變、位移等關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)。1.2.5示例：創(chuàng)建一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的2D梁模型假設(shè)我們想要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的2D梁模型，以演示LS-DYNA的基本操作。以下是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)化的步驟：定義材料：假設(shè)梁由鋼制成，可以使用以下材料卡定義材料屬性：*MAT_ELASTIC

1,1.0e+07,0.3這里，1是材料ID，1.0e+07是楊氏模量，0.3是泊松比。構(gòu)建幾何：使用LS-DYNA的內(nèi)置工具或?qū)隒AD模型來(lái)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)2D梁的幾何形狀。設(shè)置邊界條件：固定梁的一端，另一端施加一個(gè)垂直向下的力。可以使用以下邊界條件卡：*BOUNDARY_SPC

1,0,0,0,0,0

*BOUNDARY

2,0,0,0,0,0,1000,0,0,0,0,0*BOUNDARY_SPC用于固定節(jié)點(diǎn)，*BOUNDARY用于施加力。網(wǎng)格劃分：選擇合適的網(wǎng)格尺寸，例如：*ELEMENT_SOLID

1,1,2,3,4這里，1是元素ID，1是材料ID，2,3,4是節(jié)點(diǎn)ID。運(yùn)行仿真：保存模型，選擇合適的求解器設(shè)置，然后運(yùn)行仿真。分析結(jié)果：加載仿真結(jié)果，查看梁的變形動(dòng)畫，分析應(yīng)力分布。通過(guò)以上步驟，您已經(jīng)了解了如何在LS-DYNA中創(chuàng)建和運(yùn)行一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的碰撞仿真模型。隨著經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累，您可以探索更復(fù)雜的模型和高級(jí)功能，以滿足更具體的研究和工程需求。2模型創(chuàng)建2.1幾何模型導(dǎo)入在LS-DYNA碰撞仿真中，幾何模型的導(dǎo)入是仿真流程的第一步。這通常涉及到將CAD模型轉(zhuǎn)換為L(zhǎng)S-DYNA可以識(shí)別的格式。LS-DYNA支持多種格式，包括IGES、STEP、VTK、以及一些專有的CAD系統(tǒng)格式。2.1.1示例：使用IGES格式導(dǎo)入幾何模型假設(shè)你有一個(gè)汽車前保險(xiǎn)杠的IGES格式模型，你想要導(dǎo)入到LS-DYNA中進(jìn)行碰撞仿真。以下是導(dǎo)入模型的基本步驟：準(zhǔn)備IGES文件：確保你的CAD模型已經(jīng)導(dǎo)出為IGES格式。使用前處理器：如HyperMesh或Patran，這些工具可以將IGES文件轉(zhuǎn)換為L(zhǎng)S-DYNA的輸入文件格式。代碼示例（在HyperMesh中使用Python腳本導(dǎo)入IGES模型）#HyperMeshPythonAPI示例

#導(dǎo)入必要的模塊

fromhyperapiimporthyperversion

fromhyperapi.hypermeshimportHyperMesh

#創(chuàng)建HyperMesh實(shí)例

hm=HyperMesh()

#設(shè)置工作目錄

hm.set_working_directory('C:\\LS-DYNA\\Models')

#導(dǎo)入IGES模型

hm.import_iges('bumper.iges')

#保存模型

hm.save('bumper.h3d')這段代碼展示了如何使用HyperMesh的PythonAPI來(lái)導(dǎo)入一個(gè)名為bumper.iges的IGES文件，并將其保存為HyperMesh可以進(jìn)一步編輯的.h3d文件。2.2材料屬性定義材料屬性的定義對(duì)于準(zhǔn)確模擬碰撞行為至關(guān)重要。LS-DYNA提供了多種材料模型，包括但不限于彈性材料、塑性材料、復(fù)合材料等。每種材料模型都有其特定的參數(shù)集，用于描述材料在不同條件下的行為。2.2.1示例：定義彈性材料假設(shè)你正在模擬的保險(xiǎn)杠由鋁制成，你需要定義其彈性材料屬性。材料屬性定義代碼示例#在HyperMesh中定義材料屬性

#導(dǎo)入必要的模塊

fromhyperapi.hypermeshimportHyperMesh

#創(chuàng)建HyperMesh實(shí)例

hm=HyperMesh()

#設(shè)置工作目錄

hm.set_working_directory('C:\\LS-DYNA\\Models')

#加載模型

hm.load('bumper.h3d')

#定義材料屬性

#材料類型：彈性材料

#材料ID：1

#彈性模量：70GPa

#泊松比：0.33

hm.define_material('Aluminum','ELASTIC',1,E=70e9,nu=0.33)

#保存模型

hm.save('bumper.h3d')這段代碼展示了如何在HyperMesh中定義一個(gè)彈性材料屬性，材料ID為1，彈性模量為70GPa，泊松比為0.33。2.3網(wǎng)格劃分技術(shù)網(wǎng)格劃分是碰撞仿真準(zhǔn)備過(guò)程中的關(guān)鍵步驟。它涉及到將幾何模型離散化為一系列小的單元，這些單元可以是四面體、六面體、或更復(fù)雜的形狀。網(wǎng)格的質(zhì)量直接影響仿真的準(zhǔn)確性和計(jì)算效率。2.3.1示例：使用六面體網(wǎng)格劃分假設(shè)你已經(jīng)定義了保險(xiǎn)杠的材料屬性，現(xiàn)在需要對(duì)其進(jìn)行網(wǎng)格劃分。網(wǎng)格劃分代碼示例#在HyperMesh中進(jìn)行六面體網(wǎng)格劃分

#導(dǎo)入必要的模塊

fromhyperapi.hypermeshimportHyperMesh

#創(chuàng)建HyperMesh實(shí)例

hm=HyperMesh()

#設(shè)置工作目錄

hm.set_working_directory('C:\\LS-DYNA\\Models')

#加載模型

hm.load('bumper.h3d')

#網(wǎng)格劃分設(shè)置

#選擇六面體網(wǎng)格

#設(shè)置網(wǎng)格尺寸：10mm

hm.set_meshing_parameters(element_type='HEX',size=10)

#執(zhí)行網(wǎng)格劃分

hm.mesh()

#保存模型

hm.save('bumper.h3d')這段代碼展示了如何在HyperMesh中設(shè)置六面體網(wǎng)格劃分，并將網(wǎng)格尺寸設(shè)置為10mm，然后執(zhí)行網(wǎng)格劃分。以上示例和描述詳細(xì)介紹了如何在LS-DYNA碰撞仿真中進(jìn)行幾何模型導(dǎo)入、材料屬性定義以及網(wǎng)格劃分技術(shù)的使用。這些步驟是碰撞仿真準(zhǔn)備過(guò)程中的基礎(chǔ)，確保了模型的準(zhǔn)確性和仿真的可靠性。3邊界條件與載荷3.1邊界條件設(shè)置邊界條件在LS-DYNA碰撞仿真中扮演著關(guān)鍵角色，它們定義了模型與外部環(huán)境的相互作用方式。邊界條件可以是固定約束、滑動(dòng)約束、旋轉(zhuǎn)約束等，每種約束都有其特定的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景和設(shè)置方法。3.1.1固定約束固定約束是最常見(jiàn)的邊界條件之一，用于模擬模型中某些部分被固定不動(dòng)的情況。在LS-DYNA中，可以通過(guò)關(guān)鍵字*BOUNDARY來(lái)定義固定約束。示例代碼*BOUNDARY

1,1,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.在上述代碼中，1表示節(jié)點(diǎn)ID，0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.分別對(duì)應(yīng)于六個(gè)自由度的約束，即三個(gè)平動(dòng)自由度和三個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)自由度。所有值為0意味著該節(jié)點(diǎn)的所有自由度都被固定。3.1.2滑動(dòng)約束滑動(dòng)約束允許模型在特定方向上滑動(dòng)，而限制其他方向的運(yùn)動(dòng)。這在模擬接觸面或滑移面時(shí)非常有用。示例代碼*BOUNDARY_SOLID

1,1,0.,0.,0.,1.,1.,1.這里，*BOUNDARY_SOLID用于定義固體邊界條件，1,1表示節(jié)點(diǎn)ID和元素ID，0.,0.,0.,1.,1.,1.分別對(duì)應(yīng)于三個(gè)平動(dòng)自由度和三個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)自由度的約束。前三個(gè)0意味著平動(dòng)自由度被限制，而后三個(gè)1意味著旋轉(zhuǎn)自由度被允許。3.2載荷應(yīng)用方法載荷是碰撞仿真中模擬外力作用的關(guān)鍵。LS-DYNA支持多種載荷類型，包括力、壓力、溫度、加速度等。3.2.1力載荷力載荷可以直接作用于模型的節(jié)點(diǎn)或面上，用于模擬外力的影響。示例代碼*LOAD_NODE

1,1,0.,1000.,0.,0.,0.,0.在該代碼中，1是節(jié)點(diǎn)ID，1是載荷步ID，0.,1000.,0.,0.,0.,0.分別對(duì)應(yīng)于作用在節(jié)點(diǎn)上的六個(gè)自由度的力。這里，只有Y方向的力被設(shè)置為1000.，意味著在Y方向上施加了1000單位的力。3.2.2壓力載荷壓力載荷通常用于模擬氣體或液體對(duì)模型表面的作用力。示例代碼*LOAD_SURFACE_PRESSURE

1,1,1,1,1000.這里，1,1是載荷步ID和表面ID，1000.是施加的壓力值。這表示在表面ID為1的區(qū)域上施加了1000單位的壓力。3.2.3溫度載荷溫度載荷用于模擬溫度變化對(duì)模型的影響，尤其是在熱力學(xué)分析中。示例代碼*LOAD_TEMPERATURE

1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,

#碰撞仿真分析

##碰撞類型簡(jiǎn)介

在LS-DYNA碰撞仿真技術(shù)中，碰撞類型主要分為以下幾種：

1.**正面碰撞**：車輛正面與障礙物或另一車輛的碰撞，通常用于評(píng)估車輛的正面安全性能。

2.**側(cè)面碰撞**：車輛側(cè)面與障礙物或另一車輛的碰撞，用于評(píng)估側(cè)面安全氣囊和車身結(jié)構(gòu)的保護(hù)能力。

3.**追尾碰撞**：后車撞擊前車的場(chǎng)景，用于評(píng)估車輛尾部結(jié)構(gòu)的強(qiáng)度和乘員保護(hù)。

4.**翻滾碰撞**：車輛在行駛中發(fā)生翻滾，用于評(píng)估車輛的翻滾穩(wěn)定性以及乘員保護(hù)系統(tǒng)。

5.**行人保護(hù)碰撞**：模擬車輛與行人的碰撞，評(píng)估車輛對(duì)行人的保護(hù)性能。

每種碰撞類型都有其特定的仿真參數(shù)和求解器設(shè)置，以確保模擬結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性和可靠性。

##仿真參數(shù)設(shè)置

###1.時(shí)間步長(zhǎng)控制

時(shí)間步長(zhǎng)是碰撞仿真中一個(gè)關(guān)鍵參數(shù)，它影響著仿真的精度和計(jì)算效率。在LS-DYNA中，時(shí)間步長(zhǎng)可以通過(guò)關(guān)鍵字`*CONTROL_TIMESTEP`來(lái)設(shè)置。例如：

```lsdyna

*CONTROL_TIMESTEP

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#后處理與結(jié)果分析

##結(jié)果可視化

在LS-DYNA碰撞仿真后，結(jié)果可視化是理解仿真輸出的關(guān)鍵步驟。這不僅包括查看模型的變形，還包括分析應(yīng)力、應(yīng)變、速度、加速度等關(guān)鍵參數(shù)的分布。LS-DYNA提供了多種工具和軟件接口，如`DYNA3D`、`HyperView`、`Paraview`等，用于結(jié)果的可視化。

###示例：使用HyperView進(jìn)行結(jié)果可視化

假設(shè)我們有一個(gè)LS-DYNA碰撞仿真的結(jié)果文件`jobname.d3plot`，下面是如何使用HyperView進(jìn)行可視化的步驟：

1.**打開HyperView**：?jiǎn)?dòng)HyperView軟件。

2.**加載結(jié)果文件**：在HyperView中，選擇`File`>`Open`，然后選擇你的`d3plot`文件。

3.**查看模型變形**：在`Display`菜單中，選擇`DeformedShape`，這將顯示模型在碰撞過(guò)程中的變形。

4.**分析應(yīng)力分布**：在`Display`菜單中，選擇`Stress`，然后選擇你想要查看的應(yīng)力類型，如`vonMisesStress`。

5.**動(dòng)畫播放**：使用`Animate`菜單，可以播放碰撞過(guò)程的動(dòng)畫，觀察模型隨時(shí)間的動(dòng)態(tài)變化。

##碰撞性能評(píng)估

碰撞性能評(píng)估是碰撞仿真后處理的重要部分，它涉及到對(duì)碰撞結(jié)果的深入分析，以評(píng)估結(jié)構(gòu)的安全性和性能。這包括計(jì)算碰撞力、碰撞能量、變形量、加速度峰值等指標(biāo)。

###示例：計(jì)算碰撞力

在LS-DYNA中，可以通過(guò)輸出接觸力的歷史數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)計(jì)算碰撞力。假設(shè)我們有一個(gè)接觸力輸出文件`jobname.f06`，下面是如何從該文件中提取碰撞力數(shù)據(jù)的步驟：

1.**打開輸出文件**：使用文本編輯器或?qū)ｉT的后處理軟件打開`f06`文件。

2.**查找接觸力數(shù)據(jù)**：在文件中搜索包含接觸力數(shù)據(jù)的部分。通常，這些數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)以特定的格式列出，包括時(shí)間、接觸力的大小和方向等。

3.**數(shù)據(jù)提取**：使用腳本或編程語(yǔ)言（如Python）來(lái)提取這些數(shù)據(jù)。下面是一個(gè)Python腳本的示例，用于從`f06`文件中讀取接觸力數(shù)據(jù)：

```python

#Python示例：從f06文件中讀取接觸力數(shù)據(jù)

importre

#定義f06文件路徑

f06_file_path='jobname.f06'

#定義正則表達(dá)式，用于匹配接觸力數(shù)據(jù)

force_pattern=pile(r'\s+(\d+\.\d+)\s+(\d+\.\d+)\s+(\d+\.\d+)\s+(\d+\.\d+)')

#初始化列表，用于存儲(chǔ)時(shí)間點(diǎn)和對(duì)應(yīng)的接觸力

time_force_data=[]

#讀取f06文件

withopen(f06_file_path,'r')asfile:

forlineinfile:

match=force_pattern.search(line)

ifmatch:

time=float(match.group(1))

force=float(match.group(4))#假設(shè)接觸力在第四個(gè)位置

time_force_data.append((time,force))

#打印提取的數(shù)據(jù)

fordataintime_force_data:

print(f'時(shí)間:{data[0]},接觸力:{data[1]}')數(shù)據(jù)分析：使用提取的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的分析，如計(jì)算最大碰撞力、碰撞力隨時(shí)間的變化趨勢(shì)等。3.3數(shù)據(jù)分析技巧數(shù)據(jù)分析技巧在碰撞仿真后處理中至關(guān)重要，它可以幫助我們更有效地理解仿真結(jié)果，識(shí)別潛在的問(wèn)題和優(yōu)化點(diǎn)。3.3.1示例：使用Python進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析假設(shè)我們已經(jīng)從LS-DYNA的輸出文件中提取了碰撞力數(shù)據(jù)，現(xiàn)在想要使用Python進(jìn)行更深入的數(shù)據(jù)分析，如計(jì)算最大碰撞力和繪制碰撞力隨時(shí)間變化的圖表。下面是一個(gè)Python腳本的示例：#Python示例：數(shù)據(jù)分析和圖表繪制

importmatplotlib.pyplotasplt

#假設(shè)我們已經(jīng)有了時(shí)間-碰撞力數(shù)據(jù)列表

time_force_data=[(0.0,100.0),(0.1,150.0),(0.2,200.0),(0.3,250.0),(0.4,300.0),(0.5,350.0)]

#將數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換為時(shí)間列表和碰撞力列表

times,forces=zip(*time_force_data)

#計(jì)算最大碰撞力

max_force=max(forces)

print(f'最大碰撞力:{max_force}')

#繪制碰撞力隨時(shí)間變化的圖表

plt.figure(figsize=(10,5))

plt.plot(times,forces,label='碰撞力')

plt.xlabel('時(shí)間(s)')

plt.ylabel('碰撞力(N)')

plt.title('碰撞力隨時(shí)間變化')

plt.legend()

plt.grid(True)

plt.show()通過(guò)上述步驟，我們可以有效地進(jìn)行碰撞仿真的后處理與結(jié)果分析，不僅能夠直觀地查看模型的變形和應(yīng)力分布，還能夠通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)分析技巧深入理解碰撞過(guò)程中的力學(xué)行為，為結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和優(yōu)化提供寶貴的指導(dǎo)。4高級(jí)功能4.1顯式與隱式求解器結(jié)合在LS-DYNA中，顯式與隱式求解器的結(jié)合使用是一種高級(jí)技術(shù)，用于解決那些包含大變形、高速碰撞和復(fù)雜材料行為的工程問(wèn)題。顯式求解器擅長(zhǎng)處理瞬態(tài)動(dòng)力學(xué)問(wèn)題，而隱式求解器則在解決靜力學(xué)和低頻動(dòng)力學(xué)問(wèn)題上更為有效。結(jié)合這兩種求解器，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)更廣泛的物理現(xiàn)象仿真，特別是在多尺度或多物理場(chǎng)問(wèn)題中。4.1.1顯式求解器顯式求解器采用顯式時(shí)間積分方法，可以快速模擬材料的瞬時(shí)響應(yīng)，特別適用于高速碰撞和爆炸等事件。它不需要求解大型線性方程組，因此在處理大變形和非線性材料行為時(shí)更為高效。4.1.2隱式求解器隱式求解器使用隱式時(shí)間積分方法，能夠處理靜力學(xué)和低頻動(dòng)力學(xué)問(wèn)題，如結(jié)構(gòu)的靜態(tài)加載和熱應(yīng)力分析。它通過(guò)求解線性方程組來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)的響應(yīng)，適用于需要高精度和穩(wěn)定性的仿真場(chǎng)景。4.1.3結(jié)合策略LS-DYNA允許用戶在仿真過(guò)程中動(dòng)態(tài)地切換求解器類型，以適應(yīng)不同階段的物理現(xiàn)象。例如，在碰撞初期使用顯式求解器捕捉高速動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)，然后切換到隱式求解器進(jìn)行后續(xù)的靜態(tài)或低頻動(dòng)力學(xué)分析。4.2多物理場(chǎng)耦合仿真多物理場(chǎng)耦合仿真在LS-DYNA中是一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的功能，它能夠同時(shí)模擬多種物理現(xiàn)象，如結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)力學(xué)、流體動(dòng)力學(xué)、熱傳導(dǎo)和電磁場(chǎng)等。這種技術(shù)對(duì)于理解復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)的行為至關(guān)重要，特別是在航空航天、汽車和能源行業(yè)。4.2.1耦合類型LS-DYNA支持多種耦合類型，包括：流固耦合：模擬流體與固體結(jié)構(gòu)之間的相互作用。熱-結(jié)構(gòu)耦合：分析熱應(yīng)力對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。電磁-結(jié)構(gòu)耦合：研究電磁場(chǎng)對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)力學(xué)的影響。4.2.2耦合仿真示例假設(shè)我們正在分析一個(gè)火箭發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在點(diǎn)火過(guò)程中的行為，這涉及到流體動(dòng)力學(xué)（燃燒室內(nèi)的氣體流動(dòng)）、結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)力學(xué)（發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)壁的振動(dòng)）和熱傳導(dǎo)（高溫對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響）。#LS-DYNA輸入文件示例

*CONTROL_TERMINATION_TIME

1.0e-3

*CONTROL_TIMESTEP

0.0

*CONTROL_DT

1.0e-6

*CONTROL_OUTPUT

100

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIMESTEP

1.0e-5

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_VARIABLE

STRESS,STRAIN,VELOCITY,ACCELERATION

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_FORMAT

ASCII

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_FILENAME

output.dat

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_INTERVAL

10

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TYPE

NODAL

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME

0.0,1.0e-3

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_INCREMENT

1.0e-5

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_FORMAT

ASCII

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_FILENAME

time_output.dat

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_INTERVAL

10

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_TYPE

NODAL

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_VARIABLE

STRESS,STRAIN,VELOCITY,ACCELERATION

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME

0.0,1.0e-3

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_INCREMENT

1.0e-5

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_FORMAT

ASCII

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_FILENAME

time_output.dat

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_INTERVAL

10

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_TYPE

NODAL

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_VARIABLE

STRESS,STRAIN,VELOCITY,ACCELERATION

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME

0.0,1.0e-3

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_INCREMENT

1.0e-5

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_FORMAT

ASCII

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_FILENAME

time_output.dat

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_INTERVAL

10

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_TYPE

NODAL

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_VARIABLE

STRESS,STRAIN,VELOCITY,ACCELERATION

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME

0.0,1.0e-3

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_INCREMENT

1.0e-5

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_FORMAT

ASCII

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_FILENAME

time_output.dat

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_INTERVAL

10

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_TYPE

NODAL

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_VARIABLE

STRESS,STRAIN,VELOCITY,ACCELERATION

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME

0.0,1.0e-3

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_INCREMENT

1.0e-5

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_FORMAT

ASCII

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_FILENAME

time_output.dat

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_INTERVAL

10

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_TYPE

NODAL

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_VARIABLE

STRESS,STRAIN,VELOCITY,ACCELERATION

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME

0.0,1.0e-3

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_INCREMENT

1.0e-5

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_FORMAT

ASCII

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_FILENAME

time_output.dat

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_INTERVAL

10

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_TYPE

NODAL

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_VARIABLE

STRESS,STRAIN,VELOCITY,ACCELERATION

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME

0.0,1.0e-3

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_INCREMENT

1.0e-5

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_FORMAT

ASCII

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_FILENAME

time_output.dat

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_INTERVAL

10

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_TYPE

NODAL

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_VARIABLE

STRESS,STRAIN,VELOCITY,ACCELERATION

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME

0.0,1.0e-3

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_INCREMENT

1.0e-5

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_FORMAT

ASCII

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_FILENAME

time_output.dat

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_INTERVAL

10

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_TYPE

NODAL

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME_VARIABLE

STRESS,STRAIN,VELOCITY,ACCELERATION

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIME

0.0,1.0e-3

*CONTROL_OUTPUT_TIM