綜合商務(wù)英語（第3冊）（第二版）課件 U2 Trade Barriers

綜合商務(wù)英語（第3冊）Unit2

（第二版）TradeBarriers目錄CONTENTS1Lead-inThreeQuestions2TextA

TheBasicsofTariffsandTradeBarriers3ExercisesReferenceKeys4TextB5LowerTradeBarriers,StrongerGlobalTradingSystemCanHelpEndExtremePovertyCaseStudyLead-in第二單元1Lead-inThreequestions1.Whydonationstradewitheachother?2.Listtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofinternationaltrade.3.Whatisyourattitudetowardsglobalization?Open-mindedTextATheBasicsofTariffsandTradeBarriers第二單元2QuestionsonTextAWhatarefiveofthetopreasonsthattariffsareused?(2)Whatarethedifferencesbetweenacomparativeadvantageandanabsoluteadvantage?(3)Whyisitimportanttoprotectinfantindustries?(4)Whatarethedifferenttypesoftariffs?(5)Whatisthedifferencebetweenlicenseandquota?QuestionsonTextAWhatarefiveofthetopreasonstariffsareused?1)ProtectingDomesticEmployment;2)ProtectingConsumers;3)InfantIndustries;4)NationalSecurity;5)Retaliation.QuestionsonTextA(2)Whatarethedifferencesbetweencomparativeadvantageandabsoluteadvantage?--Comparativeadvantageistheeconomicrealitydescribingtheworkgainsfromtradeforindividuals,firms,ornations,whicharisefromdifferencesintheirfactorendowmentsortechnologicalprogress.AdamSmithfirstdescribedtheprincipleofabsoluteadvantageinthecontextofinternationaltrade,usinglaborastheonlyinput.QuestionsonTextA(3)Whyisitimportanttoprotectinfantindustries?--Thegovernmentofadevelopingeconomywilllevytariffsonimportedgoodsinindustriesinwhichitwantstofostergrowth.Thisincreasesthepricesofimportedgoodsandcreatesadomesticmarketfordomesticallyproducedgoodswhileprotectingthoseindustriesfrombeingforcedoutbymorecompetitivepricing.QuestionsonTextA(4)Whatarethedifferenttypesoftariffs?--1)SpecificTariffs;2)AdValoremTariffs;QuestionsonTextA(5)Whatisthedifferencebetweenlicenceandquota?--Alicenseisgrantedtoabusinessbythegovernmentandallowsthebusinesstoimportacertaintypeofgoodintothecountry.Animportquotaisarestrictionplacedontheamountofaparticulargoodthatcanbeimported.Thissortofbarrierisoftenassociatedwiththeissuanceoflicenses.U2:TextTheBasicsofTariffsandTradeBarriers

WhyAreTariffsandTradeBarriersUsed?1

Tariffsareoftencreatedtoprotectinfantindustriesanddevelopingeconomiesbutarealsousedbymoreadvancedeconomieswithdevelopedindustries.Herearefiveofthetopreasonstariffsareused:

1.ProtectingDomesticEmployment

2

Thelevyingoftariffsisoftenhighlypoliticized.Thepossibilityofincreasedcompetitionfromimportedgoodscanthreatendomesticindustries.Thesedomesticcompaniesmayfireworkersorshiftproductionabroadtocutcosts,whichmeanshigherunemploymentandalesshappyelectorate.Theunemploymentargumentoftenshiftstodomesticindustriescomplainingaboutcheapforeignlabor,andhowpoorworkingconditionsandlackofregulationallowforeigncompaniestoproducegoodsmorecheaply.Ineconomics,however,countrieswillcontinuetoproducegoodsuntiltheynolongerhaveacomparativeadvantage(nottobeconfusedwithanabsoluteadvantage).

2.ProtectingConsumers3

Agovernmentmaylevyatariffonproductsthatitfeelscouldendangeritspopulation.Forexample,SouthKoreamayplaceatariffonimportedbeeffromtheUnitedStatesifitthinksthatthegoodscouldbetaintedwithadisease.

3.InfantIndustries4

TheuseoftariffstoprotectinfantindustriescanbeseenbytheImportSubstitutionIndustrialization(ISI)strategyemployedbymanydevelopingnations.Thegovernmentofadevelopingeconomywilllevytariffsonimportedgoodsinindustriesinwhichitwantstofostergrowth.Thisincreasesthepricesofimportedgoodsandcreatesadomesticmarketfordomesticallyproducedgoodswhileprotectingthoseindustriesfrombeingforcedoutbymorecompetitivepricing.Itdecreasesunemploymentandallowsdevelopingcountriestoshiftfromagriculturalproductstofinishedgoods.

5Criticismsofthissortofprotectioniststrategyrevolvearoundthecostofsubsidizingthedevelopmentofinfantindustries.Ifanindustrydevelopswithoutcompetition,itcouldwindupproducinglowerqualitygoods,andthesubsidiesrequiredtokeepthestate-backedindustryafloatcouldsapeconomicgrowth.

4.NationalSecurity6Barriersarealsoemployedbydevelopedcountriestoprotectcertainindustriesthataredeemedstrategicallyimportant,suchasthosesupportingnationalsecurity.Defenseindustriesareoftenviewedasvitaltostateinterests,andoftenenjoysignificantlevelsofprotection.Forexample,whilebothWesternEuropeandtheUnitedStatesareindustrialized,bothareveryprotectiveofdefense-orientedcompanies.

5.Retaliation7Countriesmayalsosettariffsasaretaliationtechnique,iftheythinkthatatradingpartnerhasnotplayedbytherules.Forexample,ifFrancebelievesthattheUnitedStateshasalloweditswineproducerstocallitsdomesticallyproducedsparklingwines“Champagne”(anamespecifictotheChampagneregionofFrance)fortoolong,itmaylevyatariffonimportedmeatfromtheUnitedStates.IftheU.S.agreestocrackdownontheimproperlabeling,Franceislikelytostopitsretaliation.Retaliationcanalsobeemployedifatradingpartnergoesagainstthegovernment’sforeignpolicyobjectives.

TypesofTariffsandTradeBarriers

8Thereareseveraltypesoftariffsandbarriersthatagovernmentcanemploy.

1.SpecificTariffs9Afixedfeeleviedononeunitofanimportedgoodisreferredtoasaspecifictariff.Thistariffcanvaryaccordingtothetypeofgoodsimported.Forexample,acountrycouldlevya$15tariffoneachpairofshoesimported,butlevya$300tariffoneachcomputerimported.

2.

AdValoremTariffs

10ThephraseadvaloremisLatinfor“accordingtovalue,”andthistypeoftariffisleviedonagoodbasedonapercentageofthatgood’svalue.Anexampleofanadvaloremtariffwouldbea15%tariffleviedbyJapanonU.S.automobiles.The15%isapriceincreaseonthevalueoftheautomobile,soa$10,000vehiclenowcosts$11,500toJapaneseconsumers.ThispriceincreaseprotectsdomesticproducersfrombeingundercutbutalsokeepspricesartificiallyhighforJapanesecarshoppers.

3.Licenses11Alicenseisgrantedtoabusinessbythegovernmentandallowsthebusinesstoimportacertaintypeofgoodintothecountry.Forexample,therecouldbearestrictiononimportedcheese,andlicenseswouldbegrantedtocertaincompaniesallowingthemtoactasimporters.Thiscreatesarestrictiononcompetitionandincreasespricesfacedbyconsumers.

4.ImportQuotas12Animportquotaisarestrictionplacedontheamountofaparticulargoodthatcanbeimported.Thissortofbarrierisoftenassociatedwiththeissuanceoflicenses.Forexample,acountrymayplaceaquotaonthevolumeofimportedcitrusfruitthatisallowed.

5.VoluntaryExportRestraints(VER)13Thistypeoftradebarrieris“voluntary”inthatitiscreatedbytheexportingcountryratherthantheimportingone.AvoluntaryexportrestraintisusuallyleviedatthebehestoftheimportingcountryandcouldbeaccompaniedbyareciprocalVER.Forexample,BrazilcouldplaceaVERontheexportationofsugartoCanada,basedonarequestbyCanada.CanadacouldthenplaceaVERontheexportationofcoaltoBrazil.Thisincreasesthepriceofbothcoalandsugarbutprotectsthedomesticindustries.

6.LocalContentRequirement14Insteadofplacingaquotaonthenumberofgoodsthatcanbeimported,thegovernmentcanrequirethatacertainpercentageofagoodbemadedomestically.Therestrictioncanbeapercentageofthegooditselforapercentageofthevalueofthegood.Forexample,arestrictionontheimportofcomputersmightsaythat25%ofthepiecesusedtomakethecomputeraremadedomestically,orcansaythat15%ofthevalueofthegoodmustcomefromdomesticallyproducedcomponents.tariff/’t?r?f/n.taxthatagovernmentcollectsongoodscomingintoacountry關(guān)稅(CET-6)e.g.美國希望取消電子產(chǎn)品等商品的關(guān)稅。—TheUSwantstoeliminatetariffsonitemssuchaselectronics.barrier/?b?ri?(r)/n.sth.suchasarule,law,orpolicythatmakesitdifficultorimpossibleforsth.tohappenorbeachieved壁壘(CET-4)e.g.關(guān)稅和稅收是自由貿(mào)易最明顯的壁壘。—Dutiesandtaxesarethemostobviousbarrierstofreetrade.levy/’levi/v.todemandataxorothersumofmoneyfrompeopleororganizations征收(CET-6)e.g.未經(jīng)議會授權(quán)不得征稅?！猅axesshouldnotbeleviedwithouttheauthorityofParliament.electorate/??lekt?r?t/n.peopleinacountrywhohavetherighttovoteinanelection選民(CET-6)e.g.新候選人得到了近四分之一選民的支持?！猅henewcandidatehasthebackingofalmostaquarteroftheelectorate.tainted/?te?nt?d/adj.touchedbyrotordecay污染的(TEM-4)e.g.政府因丑聞而聲名狼藉。—Theadministrationwastaintedwithscandal.subsidize/?s?bs?da?z/v.topaypartofthecostofsth.補貼

(TEM-4)e.g.政府繼續(xù)補貼雞蛋和牛肉的生產(chǎn)。—Thegovernmentcontinuestosubsidizetheproductionofeggsandbeef.sap/s?p/v.tograduallyweakenordestroy削弱(TEM-4)e.g.美國經(jīng)濟衰退削弱了投資者的信心?！猅herecessionintheU.S.hassappedinvestorconfidence.retaliation/r??t?li?e??(?)n/n.actiontakeninreturnforaninjuryoroffense報復(fù)(CET-6)e.g.歐盟領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人呼吁各方保持冷靜，不要報復(fù)?！狤Uleadershaveappealedforcalmandnoretaliation.advalorem/?dv??l??rem/adj./adv.(oftaxes)leviedonthebasisoftheproduct’svalue從價征稅的（地）(TEM-4)e.g.關(guān)稅通常以兩種方式之一征收:從價關(guān)稅或特定關(guān)稅。—Tariffsarecommonlyleviedinoneofthetwoways:advaloremtarifforspecifictariff.quota/?kw??t?/n.alimitednumberorquantityofsth.whichisofficiallyallowed配額(CET-4)e.g.每人四張票的限額已減至兩張?！猅hequotaoffourticketsperpersonhadbeenreducedtotwo.StructureofTextAWhyaretariffsandtradebarriersused?1.SpecifictariffsTypesoftariffsandtradebarriers1.Protectingdomesticemployment2.Protectingconsumers3.Infantindustries4.Nationalsecurity5.Retaliation2.Advaloremtariffs3.Licenses4.Importquotas5.Voluntaryexportrestraints6.LocalcontentrequirementExercises第二單元32.Paraphrase:Replacetheexpressionsofthebold.(1)Tariffsareoftencreatedtoprotectinfantindustriesanddevelopingeconomiesbutarealsousedbymoreadvancedeconomieswithdevelopedindustries.developingeconomies:developingcountriesadvancedeconomies:developedcountriesTariffsareoftencreatedtoprotectinfantindustriesanddevelopingcountriesbutarealsousedbymoreadvancedeconomieswithdevelopedcountries.2.Paraphrase:Replacetheexpressionsofthebold.(2)Agovernmentmaylevyatariffonproductsthatitfeelscouldendangeritspopulation.endangeritspopulation:toharmitscitizensAgovernmentmaylevyatariffonproductsthatitfeelscouldharmitscitizens.2.Paraphrase:Replacetheexpressionsofthebold.(3)Thisincreasesthepricesofimportedgoodsandcreatesadomesticmarketfordomesticallyproducedgoodswhileprotectingthoseindustriesfrombeingforcedoutbymorecompetitivepricing.beingforcedout:beingdrivenoutofthemarketThisincreasesthepricesofimportedgoodsandcreatesadomesticmarketfordomesticallyproducedgoodswhileprotectingthoseindustriesfrombeingdrivenoutofthemarketbymorecompetitivepricing.2.Paraphrase:Replacetheexpressionsofthebold.(4)Thistypeoftradebarrieris“voluntary”inthatitiscreatedbytheexportingcountryratherthantheimportingone.“voluntary”:eitherbeingforcedoryieldtopressureThistypeoftradebarrierisbeingforcedupontheimportingcountrybecauseitiscreatedbytheexportingcountryratherthantheimportingone.2.Paraphrase:Replacetheexpressionsofthebold.(5)AvoluntaryexportrestraintisusuallyleviedatthebehestoftheimportingcountryandcouldbeaccompaniedbyareciprocalVER.reciprocal:sth.giveninreturntoretaliateAvoluntaryexportrestraintisusuallyleviedatthebehestoftheimportingcountryandcouldbeaccompaniedbyaVERfromtheimportingcountryforretaliation.3.

Vocabulary:

Completethefollowingpassageabouttradebarrierswiththewordsinthebox,andchangetheformifnecessary.Youcantalkabouttheissuesrelatedtotradebarriersonthebasisofthewordsinthebox.a.principle

b.detrimentalc.nation d.theorye.subsidize f.practice g.comparative h.barrierMosttrade(1)

workonthesame(2)

:theimpositionofsomesortofcostontradethatraisesthepriceofthetradedproducts.Iftwoormore(3)

repeatedlyusetradebarriersagainsteachother,thenatradewarresults.hac

gbEconomistsgenerallyagreethattradebarriersare(4)

anddecreaseoveralleconomicefficiency;thiscanbeexplainedbythetheoryof(5)

advantage.In(6)

,freetradeinvolvestheremovalofallsuchbarriers,exceptperhapsthoseconsiderednecessaryforhealthornationalsecurity.In(7)

,however,eventhosecountriespromotingfreetradeheavily(8)

certainindustries,suchasagricultureandsteel.a.principle

b.detrimentalc.nation d.theorye.subsidize f.practice g.comparative h.barrierdfe4.Cloze:Decidewhichofthechoicesgivenbelowwouldbestcompletethepassageifinsertedinthecorrespondingblanks.[A]highlighted

[B]adoption[C]mediation

[D]objective[E]prompt[F]regulate[G]requirements[H]solution[I]transparency

[J]fulfil[K]introduced

[L]apply

[M]possibility

[N]measure[O]environmentChinahas(1)

newstandardsonenvironmentalprotection(2)

forsolidwasteimportedasrawmaterials.AccordingtoChina,the(3)

ofthenewstandardsistheprotectionoftheecosystemandthe(4)

,theprotectionofhumanhealthandsafety,andtheprotectionofanimalandplantlifeorhealth.KIDOTheEuropeanUnion,theUnitedStates,Australia,CanadaandJapan(5)

thatthetransitiontime(14weeks)isnotenoughfortherelevantindustriestoadapttothemeasure.Theyalsowarnedoftheeffectthis(6)

wouldhaveontheenvironmentifrecyclingalternativeswerenotfoundandthewastematerialsendupinlandfillsorareburned.

NLA[A]highlighted

[B]adoption[C]mediation

[D]objective[E]prompt[F]regulate[G]requirements[H]solution[I]transparency

[J]fulfil[K]introduced

[L]apply

[M]possibility

[N]measure[O]environmentMembersaskedChinaifthestandards(7)

todomesticoperatorsinthesamewayasforeignonesandurgedChinatolookintoalternativemeasuresto(8)

thesameenvironmentalgoalsinalesstrade-restrictivemanner.JF[A]highlighted

[B]adoption[C]mediation

[D]objective[E]prompt[F]regulate[G]requirements[H]solution[I]transparency

[J]fulfil[K]introduced

[L]apply

[M]possibility

[N]measure[O]environmentChinasaiditseffortsto(9)

importsofsolidwastegohandinhandwitheffortstopromoteimprovementsindomesticsolidwastetreatmentanddisposal,andthatitwouldensureasmoothtransitionandfulfilmentof(10)

obligationsunderWTOrules.E5.

E-CTranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.(1)Tariffsareoftencreatedtoprotectinfantindustriesanddevelopingeconomiesbutarealsousedbymoreadvancedeconomieswithdevelopedindustries.制定關(guān)稅通常是為了保護幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)和發(fā)展中經(jīng)濟體，但擁有先進產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)達經(jīng)濟體也會使用關(guān)稅。5.

E-CTranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.(2)Theunemploymentargumentoftenshiftstodomesticindustriescomplainingaboutcheapforeignlabor,andhowpoorworkingconditionsandlackofregulationallowforeigncompaniestoproducegoodsmorecheaply.有關(guān)失業(yè)問題的爭論常常轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閲鴥?nèi)企業(yè)抱怨國外廉價的勞動力，以及惡劣的工作條件和缺乏監(jiān)管使得外國公司更廉價地生產(chǎn)商品。5.

E-CTranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.(3)Criticismsofthissortofprotectioniststrategyrevolvearoundthecostofsubsidizingthedevelopmentofinfantindustries.對這種保護主義戰(zhàn)略的批評圍繞著補貼幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的成本。5.

E-CTranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.(4)Forexample,whilebothWesternEuropeandtheUnitedStatesareindustrialized,bothareveryprotectiveofdefense-orientedcompanies.例如，雖然西歐和美國都已實現(xiàn)工業(yè)化，但它們都非常保護國防型企業(yè)。5.

E-CTranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.(5)ThephraseadvaloremisLatinfor“accordingtovalue,”andthistypeoftariffisleviedonagoodbasedonapercentageofthatgood’svalue.“從價關(guān)稅”在拉丁語中是“根據(jù)價值”的意思，從價關(guān)稅根據(jù)商品價格的一定百分比進行征收。6.

C-ETranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglishbasedonthecuewordsinbrackets.(1)貿(mào)易壁壘對發(fā)展中國家已產(chǎn)生重大影響。(effect)Tradebarriershaveeffectedgreatlyondevelopingcountries.(2)中央政府征收了食品稅。(levyon)Thecentralgovernmentleviedtaxesonfoodproducts.(3)丑聞使得總統(tǒng)聲名狼藉。(betaintedwith)Thepresidenthasbeentaintedwiththescandal.6.

C-ETranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglishbasedonthecuewordsinbrackets.(4)政府繼續(xù)出資扶持雞蛋和牛肉的出口。(subsidize)Thegovernmentcontinuedtosubsidizeontheexportofeggsandbeef.(5)兩國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人呼吁各方保持冷靜，不要采取報復(fù)行動。(appeal)Theleadersofthetwocountriesappealedtoallsidestoremaincalmandnottotakeretaliatoryactions.Role-playResearchwork:SearchonlinewithyourclassmatesforthetradewarbetweentheUSandChina.1.Whatisatradewar?2.Whendiditstart?3.Howmanycountriesdidthewarinvolve?4.Whoinitiatedthiswar?5.Whatisthemajorinfluenceonworldtrade?6.Howtoresolvethewar?TextBLowerTradeBarriers,StrongerGlobalTradingSystemCanHelpEndExtremePoverty第二單元4QuestionsonTextBHowtoeliminateextremepoverty?2.WhatistheroleoftheWorldBank?3.WhatistheroleoftheWorldTradeOrganization?4.Whatisthesignificanceofthereport?5.Whataretherolesofotherorganizations?QuestionsonTextB1.Howtoeliminateextremepoverty?--Agreaterandmoresustainedefforttodeepentheintegrationofdevelopingcountriesintotheglobaltradingsystemthroughlowertradecostsandfewerbarriersbetweencountriesisessentialtoeliminatingextremepoverty.QuestionsonTextB2.WhatistheroleoftheWorldBank?--TheroleoftheWorldBankistofinanceprojectandprovidefunds.QuestionsonTextB3.WhatistheroleoftheWorldTradeOrganization?--Bysupportinggrowthanddevelopmentaroundtheworld,tradehasprovedtobeanessentialtoolintacklingpoverty.QuestionsonTextB4.Whatisthesignificanceofthereport?--Thisreportisablueprinttoenhancethisrolesothattradecandoevenmoretoimprovethelivesofthepoorestandmostvulnerable.QuestionsonTextB5.Whataretherolesofotherorganizations?--IMF:TheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)isanorganizationof189countries,workingtofosterglobalmonetarycooperation,securefinancialstability,facilitateinternationaltrade,promotehighemploymentandsustainableeconomicgrowth,andreducepovertyaroundtheworld.--OECD:TheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)usesitswealthofinformationonabroadrangeoftopicstohelpgovernmentsfosterprosperityandfightpovertythrougheconomicgrowthandfinancialstability.Wehelpensuretheenvironmentalimplicationsofeconomicandsocialdevelopmentaretakenintoaccount.U2:TextBLowerTradeBarriers,StrongerGlobalTradingSystemCanHelpEndExtremePoverty1Agreaterandmoresustainedefforttodeepentheintegrationofdevelopingcountriesintotheglobaltradingsystemthroughlowertradecostsandfewerbarriersbetweencountriesisessentialtoeliminatingextremepoverty,accordingtoajointWorldBankGroupandWorldTradeOrganizationreportreleasedtoday(30June2015).“Bysupportinggrowthanddevelopmentaroundtheworld,tradehasprovedtobeanessentialtoolintacklingpoverty.Thisreportisablueprinttoenhancethisrolesothattradecandoevenmoretoimprovethelivesofthepoorestandmostvulnerable,”saidDirector-GeneralRobertoAzevêdo.2

Thereport,“TheRoleofTradeinEndingPoverty,”pointstotradeasakeyenablerofdevelopingcountrygrowth,butsaysthateffortstolowertradebarrierswillneedtobecomplementedbyeffortstomaximizegainsforthepoorinordertoensurethatthebenefitsreachtheworld’spoorestandmostvulnerablepeople.3

“Tradeplaysanessentialroleindrivingprivatesector-ledgrowthandjobcreationandcanbeapowerfulforceinreducingpovertyandincreasingincomes,”saidWorldBankGroupPresidentJimYongKim.“Butwemustdomorethanexpandtrade.Wemustalsobuildroadsthatconnectfarmerstomarkets,andempowerwomentobefullparticipantsinthelabormarket.Wemustalwaysconnectthepooresttotradeopportunities.”4

“Bysupportinggrowthanddevelopmentaroundtheworld,tradehasprovedtobeanessentialtoolintacklingpoverty.Thisreportisablueprinttoenhancethisrolesothattradecandoevenmoretoimprovethelivesofthepoorestandmostvulnerable,”saidWorldTradeOrganizationDirector-GeneralRobertoAzevêdo.“Acombinationoftherightpracticalsupportanddomesticpoliciescanmakeabigdifferencehere.Byhelpingthepoortohelpthemselveswecanbetterensurethatdevelopingcountriesmoreactivelyparticipateintheglobaltradingsystemandreapthebenefitsthattradehasdeliveredtosomanyintherecentpast.”5

DrKimandDirector-GeneralAzevêdolaunchedthereporttoday(30June)atthe5thGlobalReviewofAidforTradetakingplacefrom30Juneto2JulyattheWTO’sHeadquartersinGeneva,Switzerland.Since1990,1billionpeoplehavebeenliftedoutofpoverty.Tradehasplayedakeyrole,helpingtoliftgrowthindevelopingcountries.Tofurtherharnessthepoweroftradeinhelpingthenearly1billionpeoplestilllivingon$1.25perday,asustainedeffortisneededtoaddressthekeyconstraintsthatlimitthepoorfrombenefitingfromwidereconomicgains.6

AmongthekeystrategiesforextendingthebenefitsoftradetothepoorareloweringtradecoststhroughsuchmeansastheWTO’sTradeFacilitationAgreementandthroughpolicieswhichmakemarketsmoreaccessibleforpoorpeople,especiallythoseinruralandconflict-affectedareas,makingiteasierforthemtotakeadvantageoftradeopportunities.7

Thereporthighlightsthreemainmessages:8

1)Asustainedefforttodeepeneconomicintegrationandfurtherlowertradecostsisessentialforendingpoverty.Stronggrowthindevelopingcountrieswillbeneededtoachievetheendofpoverty,andtradeisacriticalenablerofgrowth,facilitatingopportunitiesfornewandbetterworkforthepoor.Althoughgreatprogresshasbeenmadeinreducingtradecostsandintegratinglow-incomecountriesintotheglobaleconomy,moreneedstobedone.9

2)Loweringtariffsandnon-tariffbarriersbetweencountriesareessentialelementsofthisagenda,butthismustformpartofawiderapproachthatrecognizesthespecificconstraintsfacingtheextremepoor—andformany,theirdisconnectionfrommarkets—iftheyaretobenefitfromtrade.Thisincludeschallengesfacingwomen,theruralpoor,thoseintheinformaleconomy,andthoseinfragileandconflict-affectedstates.Fortradetogeneratethemaximumimpactandcontributemostproductivelytoendingpoverty,tradepolicymustbecomplementedbyotherareasofpolicy.Thisentailsdeepercooperationacrosssectorallines,governmentagencies,andawiderrangeofstakeholders.10

3)TheWTOandtheWorldBankGrouphavemadesubstantialcontributionstotradeandpovertyreduction.However,agreatdealmoreremainstobedonetoendpoverty,andbothinstitutionsandotherpartnersmustconstantlyreviewtheiractivitiesinsupportofpovertyreductiontoensuretheyadaptmosteffectivelytoarapidlychangingworld.11

DuringtheGlobalReviewmeetings,thetwoinstitutionsannouncedanefforttoaddressinformationgapsontradeandpovertybyestablishingimprovedindicatorsforthetrackingoftradecoststhatmostaffectthepoor.DrKimandDirector-GeneralAzevêdoalsoannouncedthattheAidforTradeInitiative,coordinatedbytheWTO,willfocusmoreinfutureonamplifyingtheopportunitiesforthepooresttobenefitfromtrade.TheAidforTradeGlobalReviewisheldeverytwoyearsandservestomonitortheextenttowhichprogressisbeingmade.sustained/s?’ste?nd/adj.maintainedatlengthwithoutinterruptionorweakening持續(xù)的(CET-4)e.g.我們需要促進經(jīng)濟持續(xù)發(fā)展?！猈eneedtopromotesustaineddevelopmentofoureconomy.integration/??nt??ɡre??(?)n/n.theactionofincorporatingasocialgroupintoacommunity融入(CET-4)

e.g.法國一直是歐洲一體化進程的主要推動者?！狥rancehasbeentheprimemoverbehindcloserEuropeanintegration.eliminate/??l?m?ne?t/v.toterminateortakeout消除(CET-4)e.g.中國希望取消電子產(chǎn)品等商品的關(guān)稅?！狢hinawantstoeliminatetariffsonitemssuchaselectronics.tackle/?t?k(?)l/v.todealwithinaverydeterminedorefficientway處理(CET-4)e.g.沒有采取任何措施來解決這個問題?！狽othingisbeingdonetotackletheproblem.enhance/?n?hɑ?ns/v.tomakebetterormoreattractive提高(CET-4)e.g.這是一個提高我們產(chǎn)品聲譽的機會?！猅hisisanopportunitytoenhancethereputationofourproduct.vulnerable/?v?ln?r?bl/adj.susceptibletocriticismorpersuasionortemptation易受攻擊的(CET-4)e.g.有些人群更容易感染這種疾病?！猄omegroupsofpeoplearemorevulnerabletotheillness.complement/?k?mpl?ment/v.tomakecompleteorperfect補充(CET-6)e.g.我們彼此互補?！猈ecomplementoneanotherperfectly.headquarters/?hed?kw??t?z/n.(usuallyplural)theofficethatservesastheadmini-strativecenterofanenter