2024年全球創(chuàng)新指數(shù)：全球科技集群100強(qiáng)+Global+Innovation+Index+2024

TheGIIrevealstheworld’stop

100scienceandtechnology

(S&T)clustersandidentifies

themostS&T-intensivetop

Clusterranking2024

globalclusters.

TheGII2024top100scienceandtechnologyclusters

TheGlobalInnovationIndex(GII)rankstheworld'sleadingeconomiesaccordingtotheir

innovationcapabilities.Acommonthreadamongtop-performingnationsisthepresenceofthrivingscienceandtechnology(S&T)clusters.Since2016,theGIIhasemployedabottom-upapproachtoidentifyingsuchclusters.Thismethodologydisregardsadministrativeorpoliticalbordersandinsteadpinpointsthosegeographicalareaswithahighdensityofinventorsandscientificauthors.Theresultingclustersidentifiedinthiswayoftenspanseveralmunicipal

districts,sub-federalstates,andsometimeseventwoormorecountries.

Twoinnovationmetricsareusedtocompilethetop100GIIS&Tclustersworldwide(see

methodologicalAppendixIVfordetails).ThefirstmetricfocusesonthelocationofinventorslistedinpublishedpatentapplicationsundertheWIPOPatentCooperationTreat(PCT).1Thesecondmetricconsiderstheauthorslistedonpublishedscientificarticles.

S&Tclusters–whichcanbeentireregionsorcities–serveasthebackboneofarobust

nationalinnovationecosystem.SituatedinareassuchasSanFrancisco'sSiliconValley,

Cambridge,MunichandParisinEurope,orBengaluru,Seoul,ShenzhenandTokyoinAsia,theseS&Tclustersarehometorenowneduniversities,brilliantscientists,R&D-intensive

companies,andprolificinventors.Itisthecollaborationamongtheseentitiesthatresultsinthegroundbreakingscientificadvancementsandinventionsthatpropelnational,regionalandglobalinnovationforward.

TheGIIrecognizesthesignificanceoftheseregionalhubsandchartsannuallytheworld's

top100S&Tclusters(Map1).Theseareasboastthehighestdensityofinventorsandscientificauthorsglobally.

TheGII2024alsopresentsS&Tclustersbeyondthetop100inordertoshedlightonotherareasaroundtheworldwithanappreciablyhighlevelofscienceandtechnology.Inaddition,theGII2024takesafirststeptowardhighlightingS&TclusterswithinAfrica,aregionwhoseoutputistypicallynottakenaccountofwhenclusteringatthegloballevel.

Lastly,tocomplementthissectionoftheGII,aseriesof“TopClustersBriefs”(link)provide

furtherdetailsontoprankinghotspots.ThiscomplementsotherworkundertakenbyWIPOtobettermeasureandunderstandsub-nationalinnovationactivity(deRassenfosse,G.andS.Wunsch-Vincent,2024).2

Tokyo–YokohamaplussixotherAsianandthreeUSclustersleadthetop100S&Tclusters

Amongthetop100S&Tclusters,Tokyo–Yokohama(Japan)isthetopperformingcluster,

followedbyShenzhen–HongKong–Guangzhou(ChinaandHongKong,China).BothclustersrankoneandtwoowingtohavingalargeoutputofPCTapplications,thanksingreatparttopatentsfiledbyMitsubishiElectriclocatedinTokyo–YokohamaandHuaweilocatedin

Shenzhen–HongKong–Guangzhou,respectively.Whencombined,Tokyo–YokohamaandShenzhen–HongKong–GuangzhouaccountforalmostoneineveryfivePCTapplicationsfiledglobally.

Beijing(China),Seoul(RepublicofKorea)andShanghai–Suzhou(China)follow,ranking3rd,

4thand5th,respectively.Beijing(China)reclaimsthirdspotintherankings,overtakingSeoul

(RepublicofKorea)infourth,in2024.Shanghai–Suzhou(China)isinthetop5,primarilyowingto

1TheWIPOPatentCooperationTreaty(PCT)assistsapplicantsinseekingpatentprotectioninternationallyfor

inventions,helpspatentofficeswithpatentgrantingdecisions,andfacilitatespublicaccesstoawealthoftechnicalinformationrelatingtothoseinventions.ByfilingoneinternationalpatentapplicationunderthePCTSystem,

applicantscansimultaneouslyseekprotectionforaninventioninalargenumberofcountries(

/

pct/en).

2SeeBox2inGII2024Resultsand“WIPOGeneralAssemblies2024–SideEventGlobalInnovationIndex:MeasuringandPromotingSub-nationalInnovationPerformance:TheRoleofRegionalInnovationIndices,”July12,2024,

and“Workshop–GlobalInnovationIndexSharingofExperiencesintheCreation&ImplementationofRegionalInnovationIndices,”June7,2022.

Clusterranking

71

GlobalInnovationIndex2024

72

astronggrowthinPCTfilings.SanJose–SanFrancisco,CA(UnitedStatesofAmerica(US))followsin6thposition.

Map1Top100clustersworldwide,2024

T

N

S&TC

uster

p

sen

n

C

usters

Note:Noisereferstoallinventor/authorlocationsnotclassifiedasbeingwithinacluster.WIPOStatisticsDatabase,April2024.

Thefourremainingtop10clustersareunchangedfromthepreviousyear,withtheexceptionofNanjing(China),replacingSanDiego,CA(UnitedStates),whichis10thandNewYorkCity,NY,whichisnow11th.Nanjing’sgrowthwasspurredbyitsscientificarticleoutput,primarilyfrom authorsaffiliatedwithSoutheastUniversityandNanjingUniversity.

Thisyearfiveclustersenteredthetop100forthefirsttime.Nanchang(China)locatedinthe

easternpartofJiangxiProvincesecuresthe94thposition.Cairo(Egypt)entersthetop100ranked95th.ThismarksthefirsttimethataNorthernAfricanclusterisrepresentedwithinthetop100S&Tclusters.FollowingcloselybehindCairo’sentrancearetwoChineseclustersenteringthe

top100forthefirsttime:Kunming,thecapitalofYunanProvinceChina(98th),andMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionofChina–Zhuhai(MacaoSAR–Zhuhai)(100th).

ForNanchang(NanchangUniversity),Cairo(CairoUniversity)andKunming(KunmingUniversityofScienceandTechnology),theirtotaloutputwasprimarilyintheformofscientificarticles,

whichexperiencedstronggrowthinallthreeclustersandisthereasonfortheirentryintothetop100.MacaoSAR–Zhuhai’sprimaryoutputisPCTpatents,thanksinlargemeasuretothepresenceofGREEElectricAppliances,whichaccountsforalmosthalfofMacaoSAR–Zhuhai’sapplications.Similarlytotheotherthreenewcomerstothetop100,thedriverbehindMacaoSAR–Zhuhai’sincreasedstandingintherankingisagrowthinpublishedscientificarticles.

KualaLumpur(Malaysia)ranked93rdalsoappearsinthetop100S&Tclustersforthefirsttime.KualaLumpurachievedthisstatusthankstoimprovedgeocodingaccuracyassigningmore

authorandinventorlocationstothatcity.3MIMOS(Malaysia'sNationalAppliedResearchandDevelopmentCentre)isKualaLumpur’stoppatentapplicantandactiveinsemiconductor

research,andtheUniversitiMalayathetoppublishingorganization.

ClusterswithinChinaonceagaindemonstratedsignificantincreasesinS&Toutputin2024.Chinahoststhetwofastestgrowingclustersglobally–Hefei(+22.7percent)andZhengzhou(+18.9percent).4Hefei’sgrowthwasdrivenbyastrongPCTapplicationsgrowth,andin

particularthegrowthofapplicationsfiledbyChangXinMemoryTechnologiesheadquarteredinHefei.Zhengzhou’srapidgrowthwasinsteaddrivenbythenumberofscientificarticles

published,thelargestcontributorbeingZhengzhouUniversity.

4NetS&Toutputreferstoachangeincombinedoutputofbothcomponents(PCTfilingsandSCIEarticles)overtime.

3SeethemethodologicalAppendixIV.

73

Clusterslocatedinothermiddle-incomeeconomiesbesidesChinaalsoexperiencedstrongS&Toutputgrowth.Cairo(Egypt)hadthehighestgrowthrateforthisgroupat10.9percent.Chennai(India)with7.8percentandIstanbul(Türkiye)with7.5percentalsohadahighrateofgrowthforthisgroup.

High-incomeeconomyclustersgenerallygrewataslowerpacethanclustersinmiddle-incomeeconomies,with37outofthe63high-incomeclusterswitnessingnegativenetS&Toutputfortheperiod.Nevertheless,notableexceptionstothistrendexistamonghigh-incomeeconomyclusters.Daejeon(RepublicofKorea,+6.9percent),Seoul(+4.1percent)andSanDiego,CA(+4.2percent)onceagainhadstronggrowthyears.Warsaw(+3.1percent)inPolandalsoexperiencedstronggrowth.

ThetopS&Tclustersforeacheconomyorcross-borderregionareshowninTable5.Theleadingclusterspercountryremainunchangedfromlastyear,exceptforSydneyovertakingMelbournetobecometheleadingAustralianS&Tcluster,withtheUniversityofSydneypublishingthemostscientificarticlesandCochlear,themedicaldevicecompany,filingthemostpatentapplications.ItisnotablethatSamsungElectronics(RepublicofKorea)isalsotheleadingpatenteein,

BengaluruMoscowandWarsaw(beyondSeoul).

Table5TopS&Tclusterbyeconomyorcross-borderregionrankedamongthetop100,2024

ToP

organization

Rank

Clusterranking

changeToPaPPlicant

RankclusternameEconomy

1

Tokyo–Yokohama

JP

0

MitsubishiElectric

UniversityofTokyo

2

Shenzhen–HongKong–

Guangzhou

CN/HK

0

Huawei

SunYatSenUniversity

3

Beijing

CN

1

BOETechnology

TsinghuaUniversity

4

Seoul

KR

?1

SamsungElectronics

SeoulNationalUniversity

6

SanJose–SanFrancisco,CA

US

0

Google

StanfordUniversity

12

Paris

FR

?1

L'Oréal

SorbonneUniversité

21

London

GB

?1

NicoventuresTrading

UniversityCollegeLondon

22

Munich

DE

?1

BMW

Technical

UniversityofMunich

25

Taipei–Hsinchu

TW*

2

Hewlett-Packard

NationalTaiwanUniversity

26

Amsterdam–Rotterdam

NL

?1

TNO

UtrechtUniversity

30

TelAviv–Jerusalem

IL

0

TelAvivUniversity

HebrewUniversityofJerusalem

31

Moscow

RU

0

SamsungElectronics

Lomonosov

MoscowStateUniversity

33

Singapore

SG/MY

1

National

UniversityofSingapore

NationalUniversityofSingapore

38

Tehran

IR

?3

Abdolahad,Mohammad

UniversityofTehran

40

Stockholm

SE

?2

LMEricsson

KarolinskaInstitutet

44

Sydney

AU

0

Cochlear

UniversityofSydney

48

Madrid

ES

?1

LMEricsson

ComplutenseUniversityofMadrid

74Table5TopS&Tclusterbyeconomyorcross-borderregionrankedamongthetop100,2024

–continued

RankclusternameEconomy

Rank

changeToPaPPlicant

ToP

organization

50

Zürich

CH

?1

ETHZürich

ETHZürich

52

Milan

IT

?1

PirelliTyre

UniversityofMilan

53

Brussels–Antwerp

BE

?3

Agfa

KULeuven

54

Toronto,ON

CA

?2

DHTechnologiesDevelopment

UniversityofToronto

56

Bengaluru

IN

1

SamsungElectronics

IISC–Bangalore

57

Copenhagen

DK

?2

Novozymes

UniversityofCopenhagen

59

Istanbul

TR

1

Arcelik

IstanbulTechnicalUniversity

71

Helsinki

FI

1

Nokia

UniversityofHelsinki

73

S?oPaulo

BR

?2

Braskem

UniversidadedeS?oPaulo

74

Vienna

AT

1

Technische

UniversitatWien

MedicalUniversityofVienna

90

Warsaw

PL

?1

SamsungElectronics

UniversityofWarsaw

93

KualaLumpur

MY

0

MIMOSBerhad

UniversitiMalaya

95

Cairo

EG

8

Si-WareSystems

CairoUniversity

96BaselCH/DE/FR?1DSMIPAssetsUniversityofBasel

ChinaandtheUnitedStateshavethemostS&Tclustersinthetop100S&T

In2024,asinpreviousyears,thetop100S&Tclusterscontinuetobepredominantlylocatedinthreeregions:NorthAmerica,Europe,andAsia,withaparticularconcentrationintwokeyeconomies:ChinaandtheUnitedStates(seeMap1).

Table6Economieswiththreeormoretop100S&Tclusters,2024

EconomyEconomynameTop100clusters

CNChina26USUnitedStates20DEGermany8INIndia4KRRepublicofKorea4

FRFrance3

GBUnitedKingdom3JPJapan3CACanada3

AUAustralia3

GlobalInnovationIndex2024

Source:WIPOStatisticsDatabase,April2024.

China,forthesecondconsecutiveyear,leadswiththemostclusters(26)inthetop100(Map2).TheUnitedStatesfollowscloselybehindwith20clusters.Germanyranksthirdwitheightclustersinthetop100,withMunich(22nd),Cologne(27th)andStuttgart(29th)itstopthree

clusters.India,withitstopclusterofBengaluru(56th)insouthernIndia,andtheRepublicof

75

Koreabothhavefourclustersinthetop100.France,theUnitedKingdom(UK),Japanand

Canadaeachhavethreeclustersinthetop100.Paris(12th)leadsFrance'sranking,whileLondon(21st)representstheUnitedKingdom'stopcluster.Canada'stopclusterisToronto,Ontario(54th).

InadditiontoChina,sevenothermiddle-incomeeconomieshaveclustersamongthetop100.Theyare:

Brazil(1cluster),withS?oPaulo,thesoletop100S&TclusterwithinLatinAmerica;Egypt(1),withCairo,thesoletop100S&TclusterwithinAfrica(seeMap2);

India(4),withBengaluru,Delhi,ChennaiandMumbai;IslamicRepublicofIran(1),withTehran;

Malaysia(2),withKualaLumpuranditscross-borderclusterssharedwithSingapore(seeMap2);

RussianFederation(1),withMoscow;andTürkiye(2),withIstanbulandAnkara.

Map2TopS&Tclusters,EastAsia,UnitedStates,MiddleEast,MalaysiaandSingapore,2024(a)EastAsia

Beijing

ToKYo-

Qingdao

D

xi'an

Nanj

chengduwuhan

Hangzhou

shenzhen-Hongkong-

Guanazhou

saka-yokohama

shanghai-suzhou

aipei-sinchu

clusterrank:ToP100

.1-25

26-5051-7576-100

Clusterranking

Source:WIPOStatisticsDatabase,May2024.

76(b)UnitedStates

seattle,WA

Minneapolis,MN

Nel

chicago,1LA

elphia,

washington,DiA

cisco,CA

Baltimore,MD

LoSAngeles,CA

sanDiego,CA

TX

4

:rrank:ToP1001-25

26-50.51-75.76-100

Source:WIPOStatisticsDatabase,May2024.

(c)MiddleEast

tanbul

Ankara

Tehran

TelAviv-Jerusalem

cairo

GlobalInnovationIndex2024

clusterrank:ToP100

o1-25

26-5051-7576-100

Source:WIPOStatisticsDatabase,May2024.

(d)MalaysiaandSingapore

kualaLumpur

singapore

clusterrank:ToP100

.1-25

一26-5051-7576-100

Source:WIPOStatisticsDatabase,May2024.

Clusterranking

77

78Beyondthetop100,Bangkok,BuenosAires,Cairo,KualaLumpurand

MexicoCityaretopmiddle-incomeeconomyS&Tclusters

Basedonthesameparametersappliedtoproducethetop100rankingS&Tclustersglobally,anadditional132clusterswereidentifiedbeyondthetop100,including24clustersbasedintheUnitedStates,15inChinaand11ineachofFranceandGermany.

Table7identifiestopS&Tclustersineconomiesnotpreviouslyrepresentedinthetop100,includingPortugalandSaudiArabia,whicheachhadtwoclusters.

Middle-incomeeconomies,Argentina,Mexico,Pakistan,SerbiaandThailandallhostatop

S&Tclusterintheextendedlist,namely,BuenosAires,MexicoCity,Islamabad,BelgradeandBangkok,respectively.

Table7TopS&Tclustersinextendedranking,economiesnotcoveredbythetop100S&Tclusters,2024

EconomyEconomyname

Clustersbeyondtop

100Clustername(s)

PT

Portugal

2

LisbonandPorto

SA

SaudiArabia

2

DammamandRiyadh

AR

Argentina

1

BuenosAires

CL

Chile

1

Santiago

CZ

CzechRepublic

1

Prague

GR

Greece

1

Athens

HU

Hungary

1

Budapest

IE

RepublicofIreland

1

Dublin

MX

Mexico

1

MexicoCity

NZ

NewZealand

1

Auckland

NO

Norway

1

Oslo

PK

Pakistan

1

Islamabad

RO

Romania

1

Bucharest

RS

Serbia

1

Belgrade

THThailand1Bangkok

Source:WIPOStatisticsDatabase,April2024.

TopscienceorS&TclustersinAfrica

TheGII2024hassoughttoidentifythetopS&TclusterswithinAfricathatwouldnototherwisehavebeencapturedbytheGIImethodologydeterminingtheglobal100topS&Tclusters.

Tobegin,asimilarclusteringmethodologyusedatthegloballevelwasappliedtoauthorsandinventorslocatedwithintheregionofAfrica.Byloweringthedensityparametersufficiently(seeAppendixIVformoredetails),thetop50Africanclusterswereidentified(Map3andTable7fortheresults).

GlobalInnovationIndex2024

InadditiontoCairo,whichhasalreadybeenhighlightedasaGIIS&Ttop100rankingcluster,Johannesburg(SouthAfrica),CapeTown(SouthAfrica),Tunis(Tunisia)andAlexandria(Egypt)comprisethetop5S&TclusterswithinAfrica.

Egypthasthemostclusters(11,withCairoleading),followedbySouthAfrica(8,with

Johannesburgleading),Morocco(5,withRabatleading),Nigeria(4,withIbadanleading),Tunisia(4,Tunisleading),Ethiopia(2,withAddisAbabaleading),Ghana(2,withAccraleading),Kenya(1,withNairobileading),followedbyAlgeria,Benin,BurkinaFaso,Cameroon,theCongo,C?ted'Ivoire,theDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,Malawi,Senegal,Sudan,Uganda,theUnited

RepublicofTanzania,ZambiaandZimbabwewitheachonecluster.AppendixTable6shows

79

thetoppatenteesandpublishingorganizationsforsaidclusters,withthemajorityoftopinstitutionsactiveinmedicaltechnology,andcivilengineering,forexample.

Itisnoteworthy,thatmany,butnotall,AfricanclustersareprimarilydrivenbyscientificarticlesandnotPCTpatentingactivity.Henceincertaincasesitismoreappropriatetolabelthemas

Africantopscienceclusters,ratherthanAfricanS&Tclusters.Thatsaid,itwouldbewrongto

assumethatAfricanS&Tclustersdonotpatentatall.Firstly,theclustersinEgypt,SouthAfrica,Morocco,andTunisia,butalsoAlgeriaandKenya,showsignificantinternationalpatentfiling

activity.Secondly,itisusefultorecallthattheGIImethodologytodeterminetopS&Tclusters

onlycapturespatentsfiledunderthePCTSystem.PCTpatentstendtobepatentsthatseek

protectioninmorethanonejurisdiction,andthereforedoesnotincludethemorenumerous

setofpatentsthatonlyseekprotectioninasinglejurisdiction,usuallytheapplicantsdomesticjurisdiction(nationalpatents).WhilesomeclustershavemodestPCTfilingactivityasofyet,

thesesameclustersoftenstillshowhealthydomesticpatentingactivity.FutureeditionsoftheGIIwillunpacksomesuchclustersingreaterdetail,includingforotherworldregionsinadditiontoAfrica.

Map3TopscienceorS&TclusterswithinAfrica

Algiers

Rabat

casablanca

Isoura

Marrakesh

Alexa

cail

khartoum

Gondar

Dakar

ouagadougou

AddisAbaba

dan

kl

Nsukka

Abidjan

Accra

yaound

Co

kampala

Nairobi

kinshasa-Brazzaville

Daressalaam

Lusaka

Blantyre

Harare

Johannesburg

'.)

yDurban

capeTown

Clusterranking

Source:WIPOStatisticsDatabase,April2024.

80Table8TopscienceorS&TclusterswithinAfrica

EconomynameClustercountClustersnames

Egypt

11

Cairo,Alexandria,Mansoura,Zagazig,Banha–ShibinElKom,Asyut,Tanta,BeniSuef,Minya,KafrEl-Shaikh,Ismailia

SouthAfrica

8

Johannesburg,CapeTown,Durban,Bloemfontein,Pietermaritzburg,

Potchefstroom,Grahamstown,PortElizabeth

Morocco

5

Rabat,Casablanca,Marrakesh,Fès,Oujda

Nigeria

4

Ibadan,Nsukka,Lagos,Abuja

Tunisia

4

Tunis,Sfax,Monastir,Sousse

Ethiopia

2

AddisAbaba,Gondar

Ghana

2

Accra,Kumasi

Algeria

1

Algiers

Benin

1

Cotonou

BurkinaFaso

1

Ouagadougou

Cameroon

1

Yaoundé

Congo

1

Kinshasa–Brazzaville

C?ted'Ivoire

1

Abidjan

DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo

1

Kinshasa–Brazzaville

Kenya

1

Nairobi

Malawi

1

Blantyre

Senegal

1

Dakar

Sudan

1

Khartoum

Uganda

1

Kampala

UnitedRepublicofTanzania

1

DaresSalaam

Zambia

1

Lusaka

Zimbabwe1Harare

Source:WIPOStatisticsDatabase,April2024.

S&Tintensityofthetop100clusters:EuropeandtheUnitedStatesoccupythetop5spots,withCambridge(UnitedKingdom)andSanJose–SanFrancisco,CA(UnitedStates)outinthelead

GlobalInnovationIndex2024

Since2020,theGIIhasalsopresentedthetop100clustersrankedbyS&Tintensity.Thisrankingisbasedonthesumofpatentandscientificpublicationsharesdividedbypopulation.Thisworkdrawsongeospatialimageryinordertoestimatetheunderlyingpopulationlevel(seeAppendixIV).

81

Table9Top25S&TclustersbyS&Tintensity,2024

TopScienti?corganization

Rankper-

capitacluSternameEconomyTopapplicant

1

Cambridge

GB

ARM

CambridgeUniversity

2

SanJose–SanFrancisco,CA

US

Google

StanfordUniversity

3

Eindhoven

NL

PhilipsElectronics

EindhovenUniversityofTech.

4

Oxford

GB

OxfordUniversity

OxfordUniversity

5

Boston–Cambridge,MA

US

MIT

MIT

6

SanDiego,CA

US

Qualcomm

UniversityofCaliforniaSanDiego

7

Daejeon

KR

LGChem

KAIST

8

AnnArbor,MI

US

UniversityofMichigan

UniversityofMichigan

9

Seattle,WA

US

Microsoft

Universityof

WashingtonSeattle

10

Munich

DE

BMW

TechnicalUniversityofMunich

11

Beijing

CN

BOETechnology

TsinghuaUniversity

12

G?teborg

SE

LMEricsson

UniversityofGothenburg

13

Raleigh,NC

US

DukeUniversity

DukeUniversity

14

Stockholm

SE

LMEricsson

KarolinskaInstitutet

15

Tokyo–Yokohama

JP

MitsubishiElectric

UniversityofTokyo

16

Copenhagen

DK

Novozymes

UniversityofCopenhagen

17

Helsinki

FI

Nokia

UniversityofHelsinki

18

Zürich

CH

ETHZürich

ETHZürich

19

Basel

CH/DE/FR

DSMIPAssets

UniversityofBasel

20

Stuttgart

DE

RobertBosch

EberhardKarls

UniversityofTübingen

21

Nuremberg–Erlangen

DE

Siemens

UniversityofErlangenNuremberg

22

Seoul

KR

SamsungElectronics

SeoulNationalUniversity

23

Qingdao

CN

QingdaoHaierAir

ConditionerGeneral

QingdaoUniversity

24

Minneapolis,MN

US

3MInnovativeProperties

UniversityofMinnesotaTwinCities

UniversityofPittsburgh

25Pittsburgh,PA

US

UniversityofPittsburgh

Notes:KAIST,KoreaAdvancedInstituteofScience&Technology;MIT,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.

Source:WIPOStatisticsDatabase,April2024.

CambridgeintheUnitedKingdomandSanJose–SanFrancisco,CA,intheUnitedStateswerethetwomostS&T-intensiveclusters,globally,followedbyEindhoven(KingdomoftheNetherlands),Oxford(UnitedKingdom),andBoston–Cambridge,MA(UnitedStates)(Table9).

Cambridge’spositionasthetopclusterbyS&T-intensivenesswasonceagainthankstothe

Clusterrankin