專題38 閱讀理解之細(xì)節(jié)理解題（講案）解析版

13/23高考一輪復(fù)習(xí)知識(shí)清單專題38閱讀理解之細(xì)節(jié)理解題（講案）解析版（快問(wèn)快答+思維導(dǎo)圖+考法點(diǎn)撥+真題再練+名校模擬）目錄一、閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題快問(wèn)快答P1二、閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題高考考情P2三、閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題命題特點(diǎn)P2四、閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題命題規(guī)律P2五、閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題考法點(diǎn)撥P3考法一：直接信息題P3考法二：間接信息題P6考法三：數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算題P8六、閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題同義替換歸納P10七、閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題真題再練P12八、閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題名校模擬P17一、閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題快問(wèn)快答Q1：閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題有什么特點(diǎn)？A1：一是屬于閱讀基礎(chǔ)題型，占比大，難度低，需要有滿分意識(shí)，二是正確答案和原文是同義替換關(guān)系。Q2：閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題做題步驟如何？A2：一是“找詞”--先從題干中提取關(guān)鍵性(題眼)，二是“定位”--尋找與此關(guān)鍵詞相關(guān)的段落、語(yǔ)句做好標(biāo)記，三是“比對(duì)”--仔細(xì)比對(duì)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)與文中細(xì)節(jié)的細(xì)微區(qū)別，最后確定答案。Q3：如何把握選項(xiàng)與原文同義替換關(guān)系？A3：同義替換有三種情況：一是同義詞或近義詞替換，二是主被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)替換，三是單詞與短語(yǔ)替換。不管如何替換，終極目標(biāo)是“形式改變，意思相同”。Q4：如何提高閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)題正答率？A4：一要掌握閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題命題規(guī)律和選項(xiàng)特征，二要不斷練習(xí)實(shí)踐，積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)，摸索出一套行之有效的個(gè)性化做題模式，三要重視糾錯(cuò)，探尋錯(cuò)誤原因，防止出現(xiàn)類似錯(cuò)誤。二、閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題高考考情綜合最近三年高考考情統(tǒng)計(jì)，高考15道四選一選擇題以細(xì)節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題為主，兼顧猜測(cè)詞義題和主旨大意題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題有時(shí)比較直接，理解字面意思即可答題；有時(shí)則較為間接，需要?dú)w納、概括和推理才能答題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題占閱讀理解總題量的60%左右，是最重要的得分點(diǎn)。2022-2024高考閱讀理解考點(diǎn)統(tǒng)計(jì)卷別細(xì)節(jié)理解題猜測(cè)詞義題推理判斷題主旨大意題2024新課標(biāo)I卷91412024新課標(biāo)II卷91412023新課標(biāo)I卷61712023新課標(biāo)II卷61712022新課標(biāo)I卷82412022新課標(biāo)II卷82412024全國(guó)甲卷71612023全國(guó)甲卷81512023全國(guó)乙卷51812022全國(guó)甲卷81332022全國(guó)乙卷10131三、閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題命題特點(diǎn)特殊疑問(wèn)句形式:以when、where、what、which、who、why、how等疑問(wèn)詞開(kāi)頭引出的問(wèn)題;通常涉及與主題有關(guān)的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)，或就文中的數(shù)字進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。33.WhatdoesDaru’sstudyfocuson? （2024新課標(biāo)I卷）21.Whichwalktakestheshortesttime? （2024新課標(biāo)II卷）29.Whatinformationdoestheconvenientappoffer? （2024新課標(biāo)II卷）25.WhydidJohnputthesludgeintothetanks? （2023新課標(biāo)I卷）23.WherewilltheparticipantsmeetfortheJuly10photographyworkshop? （2023新課標(biāo)II卷）四、閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題命題規(guī)律1.高考閱讀理解正確選項(xiàng)規(guī)律同義替換(1)替換關(guān)鍵詞。把原文的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義替換，如把loseone’sjob換成了beoutofwork(2)改變?cè)~性。把原文中的一些詞變換了一下詞性，如把important變換成ofimportance(3)改變語(yǔ)態(tài)。把原文主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如restoredthebridge變換成thebridgewasrestored信息歸納用精煉的語(yǔ)言來(lái)概括原文中比較分散或復(fù)雜的信息正話反說(shuō)把原文中的意思反過(guò)來(lái)表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)原文原詞用原文原詞作為正確選項(xiàng)2.高考閱讀理解干擾選項(xiàng)規(guī)律張冠李戴是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容無(wú)中生有符合常識(shí)，但不是文章的內(nèi)容曲解文意與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似，只是在某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)處有些變動(dòng)顛倒是非在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反正誤參半部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤五、閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題考法點(diǎn)撥考法一：直接信息題直接信息題常以應(yīng)用文的形式出現(xiàn)在考題中，涉及的話題有：廣告類、活動(dòng)安排類、書(shū)籍或電影介紹類、演出信息類等?！皫е鴨?wèn)題找答案”先從題干中提取關(guān)鍵性詞語(yǔ)(題眼)，然后以此為線索，運(yùn)用略讀及尋讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此關(guān)鍵詞相關(guān)的段落、語(yǔ)句，快速定位該題與哪一段哪一句有關(guān)，然后仔細(xì)推敲，仔細(xì)比較所給選項(xiàng)與文中細(xì)節(jié)的細(xì)微區(qū)別，在準(zhǔn)確理解細(xì)節(jié)的前提下，最后確定答案。簡(jiǎn)言之，可采用“一找二定三比對(duì)”的方法。【思維導(dǎo)圖】調(diào)研01調(diào)研01(2024新課標(biāo)I卷第23題)AGE,SKILLS,WHATTOBRINGVolunteersaged10andoverarewelcome.ReadourYouthPolicyGuidelinesforyouthundertheageof15.BringyourcompletedVolunteerAgreementForm.Volunteersundertheageof18musthavetheparent/guardianapprovalsectionsigned.We’llbeworkingrainorshine.Wearclothesthatcangetdirty.Bringlayersforchangingweatherandaraincoatifnecessary.Bringapersonalwaterbottle,sunscreen,andlunch.Noexperiencenecessary.Trainingandtoolswillbeprovided.Fulfills(滿足)communityservicerequirements.23.Whatarethevolunteersexpectedtodo?A.Bringtheirowntools. B.Workeveninbadweather.C.Wearateamuniform. D.Doatleastthreeprojects.【解答思路】第一步：掃描題干，找關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞:volunteers,expectedtodo。第二步：根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞，定位信息。定位原文信息:根據(jù)文章第五段“We’llbeworkingrainorshine.(我們將風(fēng)雨無(wú)阻地工作)”可知，身為志愿者，即使天氣不好也要工作。調(diào)研02第三步：比對(duì)選項(xiàng)信息。A項(xiàng)攜帶自己工作與原文(Trainingandtoolswillbeprovided.)不一致；C項(xiàng)未提及，原文是Wearclothesthatcangetdirty.Bringlayersforchangingweatherandaraincoatifnecessary.；D項(xiàng)未提及。調(diào)研02(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷第23題)PhotographyWorkshops(June19&July10)Enhanceyourphotographyskills—joinYellowstone’sparkphotographerforahands-onprogramtoinspirenewandcreativewaysofenjoyingthebeautyandwonderofYellowstone.6/19—Waterfalls&WideAngles:meetatArtistPoint.7/10—Wildflowers&WhiteBalance:meetatWashburnTrailheadinChittendenparkingarea.23.WherewilltheparticipantsmeetfortheJuly10photographyworkshop?A.ArtistPoint. B.WashburnTrailhead.C.CanyonVillageStore. D.VisitorEducationCenter.【解答思路】第一步：掃描題干，找關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞:fortheJuly10photographyworkshop第二步：根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞，定位信息。定位原文信息:PhotographyWorkshops(June19&July10)部分中的“7/10—Wildflowers&WhiteBalance:meetatWashburnTrailheadinChittendenparkingarea.”第三步：比對(duì)選項(xiàng)信息。7月10日的攝影研討會(huì)將在WashburnTrailhead舉行。故選B。

調(diào)研調(diào)研03(2022·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷第23題)LateWorkAnessaynotsubmittedinclassontheduedatewilllosealettergradeforeachclassperioditislate.Ifitisnotturnedinbythe4thdayaftertheduedate，itwillearnazero.Dailyassignmentsnotcompletedduringclasswillgetazero.Shortwritingsmissedasaresultofanexcusedabsencewillbeaccepted.23.Whatwillhappenifyousubmitanessayoneweekaftertheduedate?A.Youwillreceiveazero.B.Youwilllosealettergrade.C.Youwillbegivenatest.D.Youwillhavetorewriteit.【解答思路】一、在題干中標(biāo)注定位詞：submitanessayoneweekaftertheduedate，二、在原文中找出信息句，即LateWork部分“Ifitisnotturnedinbythe4thdayaftertheduedate，itwillearnazero”，三、比對(duì)選項(xiàng)與信息句，如果推遲上交作業(yè)，到第四天該學(xué)科記為0分?？芍鸢笧锳。考法二：間接信息題間接信息題常在記敘文、說(shuō)明文或議論文中考查，會(huì)涉及“人與自我”“人與社會(huì)”和“人與自然”三大主題語(yǔ)境。解此類試題常用“同義轉(zhuǎn)換”法。該類題的特點(diǎn)是試題題干或選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)通常使用同義詞或近義詞甚至反義詞來(lái)替換文中的相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)信息,例如,使用book對(duì)文中的reserve進(jìn)行同義轉(zhuǎn)換,用lessdifferent對(duì)文中的moreincommon進(jìn)行同義轉(zhuǎn)換?！舅季S導(dǎo)圖】調(diào)研調(diào)研04(2024新課標(biāo)I卷第24題)“Iamnotcrazy,”saysDr.WilliamFarber,shortlyafterperformingacupuncture(針灸)onarabbit.“Iamaheadofmytime.”Ifheseemsalittledefensive,itmightbebecauseevensomeofhiscoworkersoccasionallylaughathisunusualmethods.ButFarberiscertainhe’llhavethelastlaugh.He’soneofasmallbutgrowingnumberofAmericanveterinarians(獸醫(yī))nowpracticing“holistic”medicine–combiningtraditionalWesterntreatmentswithacupuncture,chiropractic(按摩療法)andherbalmedicine.24.WhatdosomeofFarber’scoworkersthinkofhim?A.He’sodd. B.He’sstrict. C.He’sbrave. D.He’srude.【解答思路】一、在題干中標(biāo)注定位詞：someofFarber’scoworkersthinkofhim，二、在原文中找出信息句，即Ifheseemsalittledefensive,itmightbebecauseevensomeofhiscoworkersoccasionallylaughathisunusualmethods.，三、比對(duì)選項(xiàng)與信息句，句意：如果他看起來(lái)有點(diǎn)自衛(wèi)，那可能是因?yàn)樗囊恍┩屡紶枙?huì)嘲笑他不尋常的方法。原句是同義替換：unusual=odd,奇怪的。結(jié)合原文可知，F(xiàn)arber的同事們有時(shí)會(huì)嘲笑他不尋常的方法，他們認(rèn)為他很奇怪。可知答案為A。調(diào)研05你(2023新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷第24題調(diào)研05Turningsoil,pullingweeds,andharvestingcabbagesoundliketoughworkformiddleandhighschoolkids.Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlow-incomeschools.Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.24.WhatdoweknowaboutAbbyJaramillo?A.Sheusedtobeahealthworker.B.Shegrewupinalow-incomefamily.C.Sheownsafastfoodrestaurant.D.SheisaninitiatorofUrbanSprouts.【解答思路】第一步:掃描題干,找關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞:What,knowabout,AbbyJaramillo第二步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞,定位信息。定位原文信息:Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlow-incomeschools.原句是同義替換：initiator=started，UrbanSprouts的發(fā)起者就是創(chuàng)辦UrbanSprouts的人。第三步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞和定位信息可知,AbbyJaramillo是UrbanSprouts的發(fā)起者。故選D。調(diào)研調(diào)研06(2022新課標(biāo)I卷第22題)GradingPoliciesforIntroductiontoLiteratureGradingScale90-100,A;80-89,B;70-79,C;60-69,D;Below60,E.Essays(60%)Yourfourmajoressayswillcombinetoformthemainpartofthegradeforthiscourse:Essay1=10%;Essay2=15%;Essay3=15%;Essay4=20%.GroupAssignments(30%)Studentswillworkingroupstocompletefourassignments(作業(yè))duringthecourse.AlltheassignmentswillbesubmittedbytheassigneddatethroughBlackboard,ouronlinelearningandcoursemanagementsystem.DailyWork/In-ClassWritingsandTests/GroupWork/Homework(10%)…22.Howmanypartsisastudent’sfinalgrademadeupof?A.Two. B.Three. C.Four. D.Five.【解答思路】第一步:掃描題干,找關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞:Howmanyparts,astudent’sfinalgrademadeupof第二步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞,定位信息。定位原文信息:“Essays(60%)”、“GroupAssignments(30%)”和“DailyWork/In-ClassWritingsandTests/GroupsWork/Homework(10%)”。同義轉(zhuǎn)換：finalgrade=Essays(60%)+GroupAssignments(30%)+DailyWork/In-ClassWritingsandTests/GroupWork/Homework(10%)。第三步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞和定位信息可知,可知，學(xué)生的最終成績(jī)由3部分組成。故選B?？挤ㄈ簲?shù)據(jù)計(jì)算題數(shù)字計(jì)算題一般會(huì)涉及時(shí)間、年齡、價(jià)錢、數(shù)量、距離等的簡(jiǎn)單計(jì)算。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，計(jì)算量都比較小，容易計(jì)算。但是英語(yǔ)閱讀中的數(shù)字計(jì)算必須要找出計(jì)算背后所隱含的信息。這些“暗”信息會(huì)涉及對(duì)某個(gè)難句的理解，從這個(gè)角度上講，理解文中相應(yīng)的復(fù)雜句是解這類題的關(guān)鍵。數(shù)字計(jì)算題的話題有：1.廣告類；2.故事類；3.科普知識(shí)類；4.史地自然類；5.文化教育類。設(shè)問(wèn)方式以when，inwhichyear，howmany/much等疑問(wèn)詞(組)開(kāi)頭引出問(wèn)題。解此類試題常用“整合推算”法。此類題要求考生對(duì)具體細(xì)節(jié)信息,尤其是年齡、時(shí)間、數(shù)量等數(shù)字信息進(jìn)行加工,但此類試題的重點(diǎn)不在于計(jì)算,而在于考查考生對(duì)具體信息的處理能力,故試題設(shè)置的計(jì)算一般比較簡(jiǎn)單?！舅季S導(dǎo)圖】調(diào)研調(diào)研07(2023新課標(biāo)I卷第22題)PricesHandBrake,ThreeGearsFootBrake,NoGears1hour7.505.003hours11.007.501day(24hours)14.759.75Eachadditionalday8.006.0022.Howmuchdoyoupayforrentingabikewithhandbrakeandthreegearsfortwodays?A.15.75.B.19.50.C.22.75.D.29.50.【解答思路】第一步:掃描題干,找關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞:Howmuch,payfor,rentingabike,withhandbrakeandthreegears,twodays第二步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞,定位信息。定位原文信息:Prices...(表格)第三步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞和定位信息可知,第三段的表格中的中間一列,第一行含有題干中的handbrake和threegears,再聯(lián)系第四行和第五行,一天是14.75歐元,再加一天是8歐元,所以是14.75+8=22.75歐元。故選C。調(diào)研08調(diào)研08(2022全國(guó)乙卷第22題)ExhibitionTimesMonday-Saturday10.00-17.45Sunday12.00-17.45Lastadmissiontotheexhibition:17.15.Thereisnore-admission.Closed:24-26Decemberand1January.Admission￡4.Childrenunder12yearsaccompaniedbyanadultareadmittedfree.22.Howmuchwouldacouplewithtwochildrenunder12payforadmission?A.￡4. B.￡8.C.￡12. D.￡16.第一步:掃描題干,找關(guān)鍵詞。尋找關(guān)鍵詞acouplewithtwochildrenunder12，payforadmission，第二步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞,定位信息。在Admission部分中標(biāo)記￡4.Childrenunder12yearsaccompaniedbyanadultareadmittedfree，三用加法推算答案，即一對(duì)夫婦應(yīng)付4＋4＝8(英鎊)，兩個(gè)12歲以下的兒童在成人陪同下免費(fèi)，即入場(chǎng)費(fèi)為8英鎊。故選B。調(diào)研09(2023浙江調(diào)研09ExplorersCamp?Fulldaycampforkidsaged5-13.?Monday-Friday,July8-26,9am-4pm.Week1|July8-12Week2|July15-19Week3|July22-26?Registerforasingleweekormultipleweeks.?Fees:$365perweek.?Thelastdaytocancelregistrationandreceiveafullrefund(退款)isJune15.23.Howmanyhoursofclasswillyouhavealtogetherifyouregisterforasingleweek?A.15. B.21. C.30. D.42.一讀題干尋找關(guān)鍵詞。Howmanyhoursofclass，altogether，registerforasingleweek。二依據(jù)原文信息加工。根據(jù)“?Monday-Friday,July8-26,9am-4pm.(7月8日至26日，星期一至星期五，上午9點(diǎn)至下午4點(diǎn))”可知，每周安排5天的活動(dòng)。根據(jù)CampStructure部分中的“Campershaveathree-hourmorningclassengagingwithamorningtheme(9amto12noon)andaone-hourlunchbreak,followedbyanotherthree-hourclassengagingwithanafternoontheme(1pmto4pm).(露營(yíng)者有一個(gè)三小時(shí)的上午課程（上午9點(diǎn)到中午12點(diǎn)）和一個(gè)小時(shí)的午休時(shí)間，然后是另一個(gè)三個(gè)小時(shí)的下午課程（下午1點(diǎn)到下午4點(diǎn)）)”可知，全天有6個(gè)小時(shí)的課程。5*6=30。三合理計(jì)算定答案。由此可知，如果你注冊(cè)一周，你總共有30小時(shí)的課程。故選C。六、閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題同義替換歸納高頻同義轉(zhuǎn)換（動(dòng)詞類）book=reserve=orderconduct=carryoutplease=amuse=entertainimprove=promoteguarantee=ensuredocument=recordruin=destroy=damage=violatedeclare=announce=informdivide=separate=partwithcomplete=fulfill=accomplish=achievedelay=putoff=postponegive=supply=provide=offerencourage=motivate=stimulate=spurreject=refuse=turndown=declinereceive=acceptsee=observe=notice=spotsearch=exploreconnect=link=relate=associatediscourage=frustraterent=hireprove=turnoutremove=getridofadmire=appreciatepossess=owndecide=determine=resolvetodoget=obtain=acquire=gain=possess高頻同義轉(zhuǎn)換（名詞類）data=statisticsnovel=fictionfeature=characteristicscareer=occupationmanners=etiquettegratitude=appreciationexperiment=trialpersonality=characterstress=pressureorigin=pioneercircumstance=environment=atmospherecreation=innovationachievement=recognitionoption=choice=selectionmaterial=resourceluggage=baggage=packagerule=regulation=principledirection=discipline=guidelinecolleague=coworkeressay=passage=article=textapproach=way=method=means高頻同義轉(zhuǎn)換（形容詞副詞類）delicious=tastyattentive=focusedoriginal=initialfinal=eventualobvious=evident=Strikingaccurate=exactauthentic=true=genuinethrilling=frighteningthrilled=excitedtime-honored=hasalonghistorydull=boringdaring=braveextra=additionalglad=pleased=delightedtouched=movedaccessible=available=athandappropriate=proper=suitableappealing=attractivecomplex=complicatedsafe=secure高頻同義轉(zhuǎn)換（高頻短語(yǔ)類）aheadoftime=inadvance=previousplacesofinterest=touristattractionresultin=leadto=contributetobeaccustomedto=beusedtodoingprevent...from=keep...from=stop...fromjoinin=takepartin=participatein=involvein=beengagedingetreadyfor=bepreparedforfocuson=concentrateontransformAintoB=turnAintoBinthelongterm=inthelongrunholdonto=insisttakeaction=takemeasures=takestepstokeepintouchwith=contactdealwith=copewith=handlewith=addressatthesametime=meanwhileonthespot=onthescenebeproudof=takeprideinheadinto=leaveforarriveat=reach=getto=approachinspiteof=despitefromone’sperspective=fromone’spointofviewtrydoing=attempttobefilledwith=bechargedwith=befullofruninto=comeacrosstaketheplaceof=replacefromtimetotime=onceinawhilebecaughtin=betrappedinconsistof=bemadeupofforamoment=forawhileacollectionof=aseriesoffigureout=findoutbrightup=lightuprollaround=turnupgive...alecture=deliveraspeechdrawone’sattention=attractone’sattentionbedesperatefor=desirefor=bethirstyforinfavorof=favorable七、閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題真題再練演練01演練01(2024新課標(biāo)II卷B篇)Doyouevergettothetrainstationandrealizeyouforgottobringsomethingtoread?Yes,weallhaveourphones,butmanyofusstillliketogooldschoolandreadsomethingprinted.Well,there’sakiosk(小亭)forthat.IntheSanFranciscoBayArea,atleast.“Youenterthefaregates(檢票口)andyou’llseeakioskthatislitupandittellsyoucangetaone-minute,athree-minute,orafive-minutestory,”saysAliciaTrost,thechiefcommunicationsofficerfortheSanFranciscoBayAreaRapidTransit—knownasBART.“Youchoosewhichlengthyouwantanditgivesyouareceipt-likeshortstory.”It’sthatsimple.Ridershaveprintednearly20,000shortstoriesandpoemssincetheprogramwaslaunchedlastMarch.Someareclassicshortstories,andsomeareneworiginalworks.Trostalsowantstointroducelocalwriterstolocalriders.“WewantedtodosomethingwherewedoacalltoartistsintheBayAreatosubmitstoriesforacontest,”Trostsays.“Andasofrightnow,we’vereceivedabout120submissions.Thewinningstorieswouldgointoourkioskandthenyouwouldbeapublishedartist.”Ridershipontransit(交通)systemsacrossthecountryhasbeendownthepasthalfcentury,socouldshortstoriessavetransit?Trostthinksso.“Attheendofthedayalltransitagenciesrightnowaredoingeverythingtheycantoimprovetheriderexperience.SoIabsolutelythinkwewillgetmoreridersjustbecauseofshortstories,”shesays.Andyou’llneverbewithoutsomethingtoread.24.WhydidBARTstartthekioskprogram?A.Topromotethelocalculture. B.Todiscouragephoneuse.C.Tomeetpassengers’needs. D.Toreduceitsrunningcosts.25.Howarethestoriescategorizedinthekiosk?A.Bypopularity. B.Bylength.C.Bytheme. D.Bylanguage.26.WhathasTrostbeendoingrecently?A.Organizingastorycontest. B.Doingasurveyofcustomers.C.Choosingaprintpublisher. D.Conductinginterviewswithartists.27.WhatisTrost’sopinionaboutBART’sfuture?A.Itwillclosedown. B.Itsprofitswilldecline.C.Itwillexpandnationwide. D.Itsridershipwillincrease.【答案】24.C25.B26.A27.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道。主要報(bào)道了舊金山灣區(qū)捷運(yùn)系統(tǒng)(BART)推出自動(dòng)售貨亭提供短篇故事打印服務(wù)，旨在滿足乘客閱讀需求，提升出行體驗(yàn)，Trost認(rèn)為此舉措能吸引更多乘客，對(duì)BART未來(lái)持樂(lè)觀態(tài)度，預(yù)期乘客量將會(huì)增長(zhǎng)。24.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段““Youenterthefaregates(檢票口)andyou’llseeakioskthatislitupandittellsyoucangetaone-minute,athree-minute,orafive-minutestory,”saysAliciaTrost,thechiefcommunicationsofficerfortheSanFranciscoBayAreaRapidTransit-knownasBART.“Youchoosewhichlengthyouwantanditgivesyouareceipt-likeshortstory.”(舊金山灣區(qū)捷運(yùn)系統(tǒng)（BART）首席通訊官AliciaTrost表示：“你進(jìn)入檢票口，會(huì)看到一個(gè)亮著燈的信息亭，它告訴你可以得到一分鐘、三分鐘或五分鐘的報(bào)道。你可以選擇你想要的長(zhǎng)度，它會(huì)給你一個(gè)類似收據(jù)的短篇故事?！?”可知，BART啟動(dòng)信息亭是為了滿足乘客在乘車過(guò)程中的閱讀需求，為他們提供不同長(zhǎng)度的短篇故事或詩(shī)歌來(lái)打發(fā)時(shí)間。故選C項(xiàng)。25.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Youchoosewhichlengthyouwantanditgivesyouareceipt-likeshortstory.(你可以選擇你想要的長(zhǎng)度，它會(huì)給你一個(gè)類似收據(jù)的短篇故事)”可知，信息亭中的故事按長(zhǎng)度分類，乘客可以根據(jù)自己的需求選擇不同長(zhǎng)度的故事。故選B項(xiàng)。26.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段“WewantedtodosomethingwherewedoacalltoartistsintheBayAreatosubmitstoriesforacontest,(我們想做一些事情，呼吁灣區(qū)的藝術(shù)家為比賽提交故事)”以及第六段“Thewinningstorieswouldgointoourkioskandthenyouwouldbeapublishedartist.(獲獎(jiǎng)故事會(huì)進(jìn)入我們的信息亭，然后你就會(huì)成為一名出版藝術(shù)家)”可知，Trost最近在組織一個(gè)故事競(jìng)賽，向?yàn)硡^(qū)的藝術(shù)家征集故事，獲勝作品將被放入售貨亭供乘客閱讀。故選A項(xiàng)。27.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段““Attheendofthedayalltransitagenciesrightnowaredoingeverythingtheycantoimprovetheriderexperience.SoIabsolutelythinkwewillgetmoreridersjustbecauseofshortstories,”shesays.(她說(shuō)：“歸根結(jié)底，所有的交通機(jī)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在都在盡一切努力改善乘客體驗(yàn)。所以我絕對(duì)認(rèn)為，我們會(huì)因?yàn)槎唐≌f(shuō)而吸引更多的乘客。”)”可知，Trost認(rèn)為通過(guò)提升乘客體驗(yàn)，包括提供短篇故事閱讀服務(wù)，BART可以吸引更多的乘客，乘客量將會(huì)增加。故選D項(xiàng)。演練02演練02(2024全國(guó)甲卷B篇)TheSaintLukastraindoesn’tacceptpassengers—itacceptsonlythesick.TheSaintLukasisoneoffivegovernment-sponsoredmedicaltrainsthattraveltoremotetownsincentralandeasternRussia.Eachstoplastsanaverageoftwodays,andduringthattimethedoctorsandnursesonboardproviderural(鄉(xiāng)村)populationswithbasicmedicalcare,X-rayscansandprescriptions.“Peoplestartedqueuingtomakeanappointmentearlyinthemorning,”saysEmileDucke,aGermanphotographerwhotraveledwiththestaffoftheSaintLukasforatwo-weektripinNovemberthroughthevastregions(區(qū)域)ofKrasnoyarskandKhakassia.Russia’spublichealthcareservicehasbeeninseriousneedofmodernization.Thegovernmenthasstruggledtocomeupwithmeasurestoaddresstheproblem,particularlyinthepoorer,ruralareaseastoftheVolgaRiver,includingarrangingdoctor’sappointmentsbyvideochatandexpandingfinancialaidprogramstomotivatedoctorstopracticemedicineinremotepartsofthecountrylikeKrasnoyarsk.TheannualarrivaloftheSaintLukasisanotherattempttoimprovethesituation.For10monthseveryyear,thetrainstopsatabouteightstationsovertwoweeks,beforereturningtotheregionalcapitaltorefuelandrestock(補(bǔ)給).Thenitstartsalloveragainthenextmonth.Moststationswaitaboutayearbetweenvisits.Doctorsseeupto150patientseveryday.Thetrain’sequipmentallowsforbasiccheckups.“Iwasveryimpressedbythedoctorsandtheirassistantsworkingandlivinginsuchlittlespacebutstillstayingfocusedandveryconcerned,”saysDucke.“Theywerethebestchanceformanyruralpeopletogetthetreatmenttheywant.”28.HowistheSaintLukasdifferentfromothertrains?A.Itrunsacrosscountries. B.Itreservesseatsfortheseniors.C.Itfunctionsasahospital. D.Ittravelsalongariver.29.Whatcanweinferfromparagraph3aboutKrasnoyarsk?A.Itisheavilypopulated. B.Itofferstrainingfordoctors.C.Itisamoderncity. D.Itneedsmedicalaid.30.HowlongcantheSaintLukasworkwithonesupply?A.Aboutayear. B.Abouttenmonths.C.Abouttwomonths. D.Abouttwoweeks.31.WhatisDucke’sattitudetowardtheSaintLukas’services?A.Appreciative. B.Doubtful C.Ambiguous. D.Cautious.【答案】28.C29.D30.D31.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是說(shuō)明文。文章主要講述政府贊助了五輛名為圣盧卡斯的醫(yī)療列車為俄羅斯中部和東部偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)每年提供為期10個(gè)月的巡回醫(yī)療服務(wù)，為鄉(xiāng)村居民提供基本醫(yī)療檢查和治療，改善當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)療條件。28.細(xì)節(jié)理解題，根據(jù)文章第一段“TheSaintLukasisoneoffivegovernment-sponsoredmedicaltrainsthattraveltoremotetownsincentralandeasternRussia.Eachstoplastsanaverageoftwodays,andduringthattimethedoctorsandnursesonboardproviderural(鄉(xiāng)村)populationswithbasicmedicalcare,X-rayscansandprescriptions.(圣盧卡斯號(hào)是五列政府資助的醫(yī)療列車之一，前往俄羅斯中部和東部的偏遠(yuǎn)城鎮(zhèn)。每一站平均停留兩天，在此期間，船上的醫(yī)生和護(hù)士為農(nóng)村人口提供基本醫(yī)療服務(wù)、X光掃描和處方。)”可知，圣盧卡斯號(hào)與其他火車的不同之處在于它是政府資助的醫(yī)療火車，充當(dāng)醫(yī)院。因此選C。29.推理判斷題，第三段提到“Russia’spublichealthcareservicehasbeeninseriousneedofmodernization.Thegovernmenthasstruggledtocomeupwithmeasurestoaddresstheproblem,particularlyinthepoorer,ruralareaseastoftheVolgaRiver,includingarrangingdoctor'sappointmentsbyvideochatandexpandingfinancialaidprogramstomotivatedoctorstopracticemedicineinremotepartsofthecountrylikeKrasnoyarsk.(俄羅斯的公共衛(wèi)生保健服務(wù)迫切需要現(xiàn)代化。政府一直在努力提出解決這一問(wèn)題的措施，特別是在伏爾加河以東較貧窮的農(nóng)村地區(qū)，包括通過(guò)視頻聊天安排醫(yī)生預(yù)約，擴(kuò)大財(cái)政援助計(jì)劃，激勵(lì)醫(yī)生到克拉斯諾亞爾斯克等偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)行醫(yī)。)”可以推斷，Krasnoyarsk需要醫(yī)療援助，故選D。30.細(xì)節(jié)理解題，根據(jù)第四段“For10monthseveryyear,thetrainstopsatabouteightstationsovertwoweeks,beforereturningtotheregionalcapitaltorefuelandrestock(補(bǔ)給).”(每年有10個(gè)月，火車在兩周內(nèi)?？看蠹s八個(gè)車站，然后返回地區(qū)首府進(jìn)行補(bǔ)給和重新裝貨。)”可知，圣盧卡斯號(hào)一份補(bǔ)給可以工作大約兩周，故選D。31.推斷判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的““Iwasveryimpressedbythedoctorsandtheirassistantsworkingandlivinginsuchlittlespacebutstillstayingfocusedandveryconcerned,”saysDucke.“Theywerethebestchanceformanyruralpeopletogetthetreatmenttheywant.”(“醫(yī)生和他們的助手在這么小的空間里工作和生活，但仍然保持專注和非常關(guān)注，這給我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke說(shuō)。這是許多農(nóng)村人獲得他們想要的治療的最好機(jī)會(huì)?！?”可知，Ducke對(duì)SaintLukas的服務(wù)持贊賞的態(tài)度，故選A。演練03演練03(2023新課標(biāo)I卷B篇)WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria(細(xì)菌)?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?Withtherightcombinationofanimalsandplants,hefigured,maybehecouldcleanupwastethewaynaturedid.Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge(污泥).First,heconstructedaseriesofclearfiberglasstanksconnectedtoeachother.Thenhewentaroundtolocalpondsandstreamsandbroughtbacksomeplantsandanimals.Heplacedtheminthetanksandwaited.Littlebylittle,thesedifferentkindsoflifegotusedtooneanotherandformedtheirownecosystem.Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested,andallthatwasleftwaspurewater.Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse—likefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”24.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.Hewasfondoftraveling. B.Heenjoyedbeingalone.C.Hehadaninquiringmind. D.Helongedtobeadoctor.25.WhydidJohnputthesludgeintothetanks?A.Tofeedtheanimals. B.Tobuildanecosystem.C.Toprotecttheplants. D.Totesttheeco-machine.26.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?A.ToreviewJohn’sresearchplans. B.ToshowanapplicationofJohn’sidea.C.TocompareJohn’sdifferentjobs. D.ToerasedoubtsaboutJohn’sinvention.27.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?A.Naturecanrepairitself. B.Organismsneedwatertosurvive.C.LifeonEarthisdiverse. D.Mosttinycreaturesliveingroups.【答案】24.C25.D26.B27.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇記敘文。文章講述了JohnTodd從小就很愛(ài)思考且好學(xué)，他建造了一個(gè)生態(tài)機(jī)器，利用自然可以自我修復(fù)的原理來(lái)凈化污水。24.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.(當(dāng)約翰·托德還是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，他喜歡探索房子周圍的樹(shù)林，觀察大自然是如何解決問(wèn)題的。例如，一條骯臟的小溪流經(jīng)植物和微小生物居住的巖石后，往往會(huì)變得清澈。長(zhǎng)大后，約翰開(kāi)始思考這個(gè)過(guò)程是否可以用來(lái)清理人們制造的混亂)”以及第二段“Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria(細(xì)菌)?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?(在大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)了農(nóng)業(yè)、醫(yī)學(xué)和漁業(yè)之后，約翰又回到了觀察自然和提出問(wèn)題的生活中。為什么某些植物能捕獲有害細(xì)菌？哪些魚(yú)類會(huì)食用致癌化學(xué)物質(zhì)？)”可知，約翰聰穎好學(xué)、好奇心很強(qiáng)。故選C。25.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.(幾個(gè)星期后，約翰把污泥加了進(jìn)去)”以及倒數(shù)第三段“Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested,andallthatwasleftwaspurewater.(他對(duì)結(jié)果感到驚訝。生態(tài)機(jī)器里的動(dòng)植物把污泥當(dāng)成了食物，開(kāi)始吃了起來(lái)！幾周之內(nèi)，它就被消化了，只剩下純凈水)”可知，約翰把污泥放進(jìn)罐子里是為了測(cè)試生態(tài)機(jī)器。故選D。26.推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse—likefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.(這些年來(lái)，約翰承擔(dān)了許多重大工作。他開(kāi)發(fā)了一個(gè)類似溫室的設(shè)施，可以處理來(lái)自南伯靈頓1600戶家庭的污水。他還設(shè)計(jì)了一種生態(tài)機(jī)器來(lái)清潔中國(guó)東南部城市福州的運(yùn)河水)”可推知，作者提到福州的目的是展示約翰想法的應(yīng)用。故選B。27.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.(你把生物體放在新的關(guān)系中，觀察會(huì)發(fā)生什么。然后讓這些新系統(tǒng)自行發(fā)展自我修復(fù)的方式)”可知，約翰工作的基礎(chǔ)是自然可以自我修復(fù)。故選A。八、閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題名校模擬【模擬01】（2024·四川達(dá)州·二模）STEMCompetitionsforStudentsNSTAExploraVisionAreyouinterestedinwhatthefutureholds?ConsiderExploraVision’sSTEM(science,technology,engineering&mathematics)competition.Workinginteamsoftwotofour,studentswillresearchaparticulartechnologyandassessthewaysinwhichitmayimpactlivesmovingforward.Participantsarerequiredtowriteapaperanddrawwebpagescommunicatingtheirvision.Grades:7th-9thand10th-12thCompetitionType:RegionalandnationaleCyberMissionYoucanparticipateinthiscompetitionwithoutleavingthehouse.eCyberMissionisaweb-basedcontestinwhichparticipants—workinginteamsoftwotofourstudents—usescience,mathandtechnologytosolveproblemsfacingtheircommunities.First-placewinnersreceive$1,000.Grades:9thCompetitionType:Regional,stateandnationalTEAMSCompetitionHeldannually,TEAMSinvitesstudentstousetheirengineeringtalenttocontributetothecommunity.Workingingroupsoftwotofourstudents,participantscompletereal-lifeengineeringchallenges.Thecompetitionincludesmultiple-choicequestions,anessayandadesign-buildcomponent.Grades:9th-12thCompetitionType:StateandnationalTheConradChallengeInthischallenge,participantsworkinteamsoftwotofivestudentstodevelopproductsorservicesinresponsetokeyissuesfacingpeoplearoundtheworld.TheConradChallengeempowersstudentstotakecontroloftheirlearningandapplyittoreal-lifesituations.Winnersareeligi