2024年人教版高二英語(yǔ)講義（選擇性必第三冊(cè)）Unit 1 Art：Period 3 Grammar-Infinitives(2) as the predicative（學(xué)案）（解析版）

Unit1ArtPeriodThreeGrammar—Infinitives(2)asthepredicative■觀察todo在句子中的成分及其各種形式1.Itisterribletoseetheshipsinkingintothesea.（成分：）2.Doyouthinkitnecessaryforustolearntowait?（成分：）3.Theoldman’sjobistotakecareoftheflowersinthegarden.（成分：）4.Hetoldmenottobringyouanything.（成分：）5.InmydreamsIalwayshaveverydifficultjobstodo.（成分：）6.Inhisthirdyear,heleftHarvardtoworkforacompanycalledMicrosoft.（成分：）7.ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby.（形式：）8.AIDSissaidtohavebeenthebiggesthealthchallengetobothmenandwomeninthatareaoverthepastfewyears.（形式：）9.Hurryup!Heissuretobewaitingforus.（形式：）答案：1.todo做賓語(yǔ)；2.todo做賓語(yǔ)；3.todo作表語(yǔ)；4.todo否定式nottodo，做賓補(bǔ)；5.todo做后置定語(yǔ)；6.todo做目的狀語(yǔ)；7.形式：nottodo；8.形式：tohavedone；9.形式：tobedoing；語(yǔ)法精析動(dòng)詞不定式是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種，它沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化，動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等，但不能作謂語(yǔ)。本單元主要復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ)的用法。一、按todo在句中的用法動(dòng)詞不定式可以放在be，become，sound，taste等系動(dòng)詞后面作表語(yǔ)。具體用法如下：1.表示目的。Thenextstepistomakesurethatyouknowexactlywhatisrequired.下一步是確保你確切知道需要什么。Thepurposeofeducationistodevelopafinepersonalityinchildren.教育的目的是發(fā)展兒童美好的品格。2.表示事態(tài)發(fā)展的結(jié)果、預(yù)期的結(jié)果、不幸的命運(yùn)或預(yù)言。Thatexperiencewastochangehiswholelife.那次經(jīng)歷會(huì)改變他的整個(gè)生活。Youmustspeakout，ifwearetoremainfriends.如果我們要繼續(xù)做朋友，你必須直言不諱。Youaretodieatninety-eight.你會(huì)在98歲時(shí)去世。3.用于第一人稱疑問(wèn)句，表示征求意見(jiàn)。WhatamItosayiftheyaskmethequestion?要是他們問(wèn)我這個(gè)問(wèn)題，我該怎么回答呢？WhatamItodoifIhavenomoney?如果沒(méi)有錢(qián)，我該怎么辦呢？4.用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，相當(dāng)于can/could，should，oughtto，must，具有情態(tài)意義。Youaretoberewarded.你應(yīng)該受到獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。(should)It’snowheretobefound.哪兒也找不到它。(can’tbe)Thesebooksarenottobesold.這些書(shū)不應(yīng)該賣掉。(oughtnottobe)5.表示“同意、安排、命令、決定、勸告、意愿、禁止”等。Theyaretomarrynextweek.他們將在下周結(jié)婚。(安排)Childrenarenottosmoke.兒童不準(zhǔn)吸煙。(禁止)Youmustbepatientifyouaretosucceed.想要成功，就必須有耐心。(愿望)6.不定式作表語(yǔ)，可用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。Sheistoblame.她應(yīng)該受到責(zé)備。Agreatdealisyettodo.還有許多事要做。Somethingisstilltofindout.有些東西還有待查明。按todo在句中的成分■it作形式主語(yǔ)，代替“todo”1.Itis/was+adj.+forsb.todo…（形容詞表示不定式的重要性，必要性和難易程度等基本情況：important,necessary,easy,natural,common,unusual,rare,impossible,pleasant,meaningful等）2.Itis/was+adj.+ofsb.todo…（形容詞表示不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)的品質(zhì)或特征屬性：good,kind,nice,polite,honest,modest,wise,bad,careless,lazy等）3.Itis+a+名詞+todo…Itisapity/apleasure/apleasantthing/one’sduty/anhonor/ashame/acrime/noeasyjob…todo4.Ittakes(sb.)sometime/courage/patience…todo…Itrequirescourage/patience/hardwork…todo…例如：Tosavemoneynowseemsimpossible.現(xiàn)在想省錢(qián)似乎是不可能的Itisnecessaryformetomakespecificrulesandregulationsassoonaspossible.我有必要盡快制定具體的規(guī)章制度。Itisfoolishofyoutofinishthetaskinsuchway.你以這種方式完成任務(wù)是愚蠢的。I’mgladtojointheEnglishsummercamp.我很高興參加英語(yǔ)夏令營(yíng)。■不定式作賓語(yǔ)自愿決定決心學(xué)會(huì)拒絕volunteer,decide,determine,learn,refuse準(zhǔn)備計(jì)劃傾向假裝同意prepare,plan,tend,pretend,agree敢于試圖設(shè)法承擔(dān)承諾dare,attempt,manage,afford,promise選擇提出失敗三重希望choose,offer,fail,wish,hope,expect需要注意的問(wèn)題：1.既可接不定式又可以接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)stoptodo/stopdoing, forget/remember/regrettodo,forget/remember/regretdoing,meantodo/meandoing,trytodo/trydoing,can’thelptodo/can’thelpdoing,beusedtodo/beusedtodoing,goontodo/goondoing,wanttodo/wantdoing(=wanttobedone),needtodo/needdoing(=needtobedone),deservetodo/deservedoing(=deservetobedone),2.it作形式賓語(yǔ)表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞（find,feel,think,consider,believe等）或使役動(dòng)詞（make等）后有名詞或形容詞做賓補(bǔ)，常用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而不定式作真正的賓語(yǔ)Ifounditinterestingtoreadthebook.Ifeltitashamedtotellalietomyparents.Wefounditnogoodmakingfunofothers.3.except,but后跟不定式時(shí)，如果前面有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞do的形式，不用to，否則要帶do但besides常接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。eg: Ihavenochoicebuttowait. （無(wú)do有to） Icandonothingbutwait. （有do無(wú)to）例如：Thetwoworkerspretendedtoworkveryhard,thoughtheydidnothingthisafternoon.這兩個(gè)工人假裝很努力工作，但今天下午他們什么也沒(méi)做。Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.除了等雨停，別無(wú)他法。Ifhetakesonthiswork,hewillhavenochoicebuttomeetanevengreaterchallenge.如果他接受這項(xiàng)工作，他將別無(wú)選擇，只能迎接更大的挑戰(zhàn)。Formallanguageisdifferentfrominformallanguageinseveralways.First,formallanguagetendstobemorepolite.

正式語(yǔ)言與非正式語(yǔ)言在幾個(gè)方面不同。首先，正式語(yǔ)言更傾向于有禮貌?！霾欢ㄊ阶霰碚Z(yǔ)和動(dòng)名詞做表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可以作表語(yǔ)。但用法有區(qū)別：表示一般的、泛指的或習(xí)慣性的行為用動(dòng)名詞；表示具體的、一次性的或?qū)?lái)的動(dòng)作用不定式。Mary’staskistosetthetable.瑪麗的任務(wù)是要去擺桌子。Hisjobislookingaftersheep.他的任務(wù)是照看羊?！@種區(qū)別并不是絕對(duì)的。例外的情況也不少，比如在job，problem等名詞后面就可用不定式或動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)，且意思區(qū)別很小。如：Theproblemisfindingthetimetogetthingsdone.問(wèn)題是要找到完成這些事情的時(shí)間。Theproblemwastofindtherightplacequickly.問(wèn)題是要迅速找到合適的地方?！霾欢ㄊ阶餮a(bǔ)語(yǔ)鼓勵(lì)要求指示命令，迫使提醒期望麻煩encourage,ask/request,instruct,order/command,compel/force/press,remind,expect,trouble允許建議使得警告，激勵(lì)說(shuō)服希望禁止allow/permit,advise,get,warn,urge,inspire,persuade,wish,forbid想要告訴引起乞求，使得訓(xùn)練挑戰(zhàn)幫助want,tell,cause,beg,enable,train,challenge,assist例如：Wewerelefttodecidewhethertohaveapicnicinaparkorgotoamuseum.我們被留下來(lái)決定是去公園野餐還是去博物館。Hetrytospeakasaloudaspossibleinordertomakehimselfheardclearly.他盡量大聲說(shuō)話，使別人聽(tīng)得更清楚。Whenitcomestoachoice,Iprefertotravelratherthanstayathome.如果要選擇的話，我寧愿去旅游而不愿呆在家里?！霾欢ㄊ阶龆ㄕZ(yǔ).不定式作定語(yǔ)，與被修飾的詞之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且其邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)一致，不定式用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)。否則用被動(dòng)式。Ihavealotofworktodo.Motheraskedherson,“Doyouhaveclothestobewashed?”注意區(qū)分：tobedone，beingdone，done都表被動(dòng)，都可作后置定語(yǔ)，區(qū)別在于：過(guò)去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作具有完成意義；現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；不定式的被動(dòng)式表示未來(lái)的動(dòng)作。Thisisaproblemdiscussed(＝Thisisaproblemwhichwasdiscussed.)這是一個(gè)已討論了的問(wèn)題。Thisisaproblembeingdiscussed.(＝Thisisaproblemwhichisbeingdiscussed.)這是一個(gè)正在被討論的問(wèn)題。Thisisaproblemtobediscussed.(＝Thisisaproblemwhichistobediscussed.)這是一個(gè)將要討論的問(wèn)題?！霾欢ㄊ阶鰻钫Z(yǔ)，表目的例如：Toearnsomemoneytopaythedailyexpense,Istartedtoworkinalocalcaféasawaiter.為了掙一些錢(qián)來(lái)支付日常開(kāi)支，我開(kāi)始在當(dāng)?shù)匾患铱Х瑞^當(dāng)服務(wù)員?！稣n后習(xí)題單句填空：1.Itisnotalwayseasyforme(refuse)invitations.2.Itisrudeyoutorefuseinvitationswithoutsayingthankyou.3.Aswejoinedthebigcrowd,Igot(separate)frommyfriends.4.Heagreed(help)butbackedoutwhenheheardhowdifficultitwas.5.Maxpretended(be)angry,butshewas.6.Pricesofdailygoods(buy)onlinecanbelowerthanstoreprices.7.Thegirlappearedso(frighten).Shemusthaveseensomething(frighten)onherownhome.8.Wedon’tallow(smoke)duringofficehours.9.Iappreciate(give)thisopportunity.10.Thenursetellthepatients(seat)and(wait)fortheirturntocomeintothedoctor’soffice.11.Theyhavenowanchance(go)abroadtostudyfurther.12.IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtime(catch)thelastbus.13.Themanagerhassomanyagreements(sign).14.Thesecretaryhassomanyagreements(sign).15.Therearestillmanyproblems(solve)beforewearereadyforalongstayontheMoon.16.His(be)latemadetheteacherangry.17.Thegirlglancedoverhershoulderandfoundherself(follow)byayoungmaninblack.18.Whetheritwilldousharmremains(see).19.Lijiang,acity(locate)inYunnanProvince,hasseengreatprogressinitstourismindustryoverthelastdecade.20.(do)wellinaninterviewwillbeanimportantpartofgettingaplaceatuniversity.21.(separate)fromothercontinentsformillionsofyears,Australiahasmanyuniqueplantsandanimals.22.Haveyoulistenedtothemusic(compose)byJayChou?23.Look!Thenewhighway(construct)isalmostfinished.24.Theplan(discuss)attomorrow’smeetingisveryimportant.25.(lose)inthought,healmostranintoacarinfrontofhim.26.(throw)yourselfintoyourstudy,youwillfinditpleasantandproductive.27.Withsomanypeople(help)us,wearesuretofinishitintime.28.(judge)bywhathewears,heisafarmer.29.(see)theactorssinginganddancing,thelittlebabydidlikewise.30.Myworkis(clean)theroomeveryday.31.Todotwothingsatatimeis(do)neither.32.Thenextstepis(make)surethatyouknowexactlywhatisrequired.33.Youmustbepatientandpersistentifyouare(succeed).34.WhatamI(do)ifIhavenomoney?答案：1-10：torefuse,ofyou,separated,tohelp,tobe,bought,frightened,frightening,smoking,beinggiven,seated,waiting11-20：togo,tocatch,tosign,tobesigned,tosolve,being,followed,tobeseen,located,Doing,21-30：Havingbeenseparated,composed,beingconstructed,tobediscussed,lost,throwing,tohelp,Judging,seeing,towork31-34：todo,tomake,tosucceed,todo單句寫(xiě)作：1.他想做的事情是讓兒子與眾不同。(setapartfrom)2.這個(gè)女孩的工作就是每天回復(fù)郵件。(answer)3.這個(gè)年輕人的小說(shuō)將會(huì)表達(dá)美好的情感。(convey)4.那個(gè)淘氣的男孩應(yīng)該因?yàn)閻毫拥男袨槭艿脚u(píng)。(criticize)5.那次采訪注定會(huì)影響他的整個(gè)事業(yè)。(influence)答案：1.Whathewantstodois(to)sethissonapartfromothers.2.Thegirl’sjobisanswering/toansweremailseveryday.3.Theyoungman’snovelsaretoconveynicefeelings.4.Thenaughtyboyistobecriticizedforhisbadbehavior.5.Theinterviewistoinfluencehiswholecareer.短文語(yǔ)法填空：Howdidthedreamend?1.(tired)of