學術英語(理工)(第二版)-U5課件 Writing a Discussion Section and an Abstract

學術英語理工

AcademicEnglishforScienceandEngineering

第二版byYuNingningInthisunit,youwilllearnhowto:1.examineevidence;2.writeadiscussionsection;3.writeanabstract;4.usecorrecttense,voiceandlanguageinabstracts;5.followtheappropriateacademicwritingstyle;6.usehedginglanguage(模糊語言);7.writeanend-of-textreferencelist.Unit5WritingaDiscussionSection

andanAbstract1Criticalreading2Academicwriting3Literacyskills

UnitContents

Criticalthinking(examiningevidence)UnderstandingthetextEnhancinglanguageability

DoingresearchprojectsWritingadiscussionsectionWritinganabstractUsingcorrecttense,voiceandlanguageinabstractsAttitudemarkersWritinganend-of-textreferencelistEvidenceincludesintuition,personalexperience,testimonies,appealstoauthorities,personalobservations,cases,examples,researchstudiesandanalogies.1.CriticalReading

Criticalthinking(examiningevidence)Task1.ThereisconsensusontheprevalenceofscientificfraudbothinChinaandinotherpartsoftheworld.Manytypesofevidencecanbeusedtoproveit.RereadtheCriticalReadingtextanddiscussthefollowingquestions.(P193)Whattypesofevidencedidtheauthoruseinthepaper?Whatreasonsdidtheyprovidefortheuseoftheparticulartypesofevidence? Aninvestigationofaninternatinalsocietyforbiostatisticiansbecausetheycouldprovideuniqueandreliableinformationonthecharacteristicsoffraudinmedicalresearch.

1.CriticalReading

Criticalthinking(examiningevidence)Task1.ThereisconsensusontheprevalenceofscientificfraudbothinChinaandinotherpartsoftheworld.Manytypesofevidencecanbeusedtoproveit.RereadtheCriticalReadingtextanddiscussthefollowingquestions.(P195)Whattypesofevidenceismoreconvincingifyouwanttoillustratetheincreaseintheworldwidescientificmisconduct?Why? Asurveyofscientiststhemselveswhoknowmoreofscientificmisconductintheirdisciplinesbothathomeandabroad.1.CriticalReading

Criticalthinking(examiningevidence)Task2.Readthefollowingsourcesandtellwhatevidenceisusedineachsourceandwhichoneismoreconvincing.(P195)Source1:Fraudisanimportantissuethataffectsresearchofbothscientificandclinicalfieldsbecauseofitspotentialtoadverselyaffectpatientcare.Fraudcantakemanyforms,eachwithvaryingprevalenceandimplications.Anumberofethicalinstitutionshavebeencreatedtoinvestigateandregulatethismalpractice.Usingcaseexamples,wedescribethevariousformsoffraudandtheirpotentialimplications.Theincreasingimportanceofeditorialresponsibilityishighlightedanddiscussed.Finally,wesuggestsolutionsforhowtoeffectivelyregulateanderadicatethispractice.Caseexamples1.CriticalReading

Criticalthinking(examiningevidence)Source2:Thedegreeofscientificmisconductandwhetheritisincreasingisdifficulttoestimate.Ameta-analysispublishedin2009covering18fraudsurveys,sixofwhichtargetedbiomedicalscientists,suggeststhatitmaybemorecommonthanwesuspect.Although2%ofthoseparticipatingadmittedtohavingfalsified,fabricatedormodifieddataatleastoncethemselves,analarming14%reportedtohavenoticedthisbehaviourincolleagues.

2.Statisticevidencefromasurvey1.CriticalReading

Criticalthinking(examiningevidence)Source3:AtBellLabs,aseriesofextraordinaryclaimsthatseemeddestinedtowinaNobelPrize,includingthecreationofmolecular-scaletransistors,suddenlycollapsed.Twooftheworld'smostprestigiousjournals,ScienceandNature,hadpublishedmanyofthefraudulentpapers,underscoringtheneedforbettersafeguardsdespitetwodecadesofattemptedrepairs

3.Exmples1.CriticalReading

Criticalthinking(examiningevidence)Source4:Dr.RichardS.Smith,aformereditorofTheBritishMedicalJournalsaidinaninterviewthatfraudwasbecomingincreasinglydifficulttorootoutbecausemostcountries’protectivemeasureswereeitherpatchyoraltogetherabsent.“It’shardenoughtodosomethingnationally,andtodoitinternationallyisstillharder,”hesaid.“Butthat'swhatisneeded.”4.Quotationsfromtheexperts1.CriticalReading

Criticalthinking(examiningevidence)Task3.ReadthefollowingparagraphandcheckthereliabilityoftwopiecesofevidenceusedtosupportthesafetyofBotoxinjections.(P193)AccordingtoaninterviewwithDr.WorriespublishedinCosmo,therearenodangeroussideeffectsassociatedwithBotoxinjections.Dr.WorriesperformshundredsofBotoxinjectionseachmonth,iswellestablishedasaphysicianinNewYorkCity,andhasherownprivatepractice.Sheclaimsshehasneverhadaseriousproblemwithanyofherinjections,andherpatientshaveneverreportedsideeffects.Furthermore,Hollywood’sAssociationforCosmeticSurgeonsofficiallystatedinapressreleasethatBotoxhasneverbeenshowntocauseanynegativeeffects,despitewhatotherphysiciansmightargue.TheevidenceisnotreliableasbothDr.Worriesandtheassociationofcosmeticsurgeonsarecommerciallyinvolvedinthematter.Theirclaimsarenotobjective.

1.CriticalReading

Criticalthinking(examiningevidence)Task1.SkimtheTextandcompletethetablebelow.(P180)1.CriticalReading

UnderstandingthetextKeywordsObjectiveResearchquestionsMethodsusedfraud,medicalresearch,biostatisticianstoinvestigatefraudinmedicalresearchWhatarethesituationandcharacteristicsoffraudinmedicalresearch?Whyisitprevalent?questionnairesTask2.Readthetextandanswerthefollowingquestions.(P187)1. Whywasthesurveyconductedamongbiostatisticians?

Becausetheyroutinelyworkcloselywithphysiciansandscientistsinmanybranchesofmedicalresearchandhaveuniqueinsightintodata.Inaddition,theyhavethemethodologicalcompetencetodetectfraudandcouldbeexpectedtohaveaspecialprofessionalinterestinthevalidityofresults.Biostatisticiansthereforecouldprovideuniqueandreliableinformationonthecharacteristicsoffraudinmedicalresearch.2. Whyhadfraudbeenclearlydefinedbeforetherespondersansweredthequestionnaires?

Toensurethevalidityandreliabilityofthedata.1.CriticalReading

Understandingthetext1.CriticalReading

Understandingthetext3. Whatwasthechiefmotivationforfraudinscientificresearchaccordingtomostofresponders?

Careerandpowerinsteadoffinancialreward.4. Whatwereexplanationsforthehighproportionofresponderswhoknewoftheoccurrenceoffraud?

Mostrespondershaveexpertiseandopportunitytocontactdata.Theymayjudgecriticallyscientificcollaborators’optimisticinterpretationofdata.Andwecan’tbecertainthatthereportedepisodesoffraudwereatallimportant,orthatthesameepisodewasnotreportedbymultiplerespondents.Task3Matchthefollowingacademicwordswiththeirdefinitionsorsynonyms.(P189)Paras.1-31-5 e c d i a6-10 b f h j gParas.4-81-7 f h a c m d 8-14 k e g l i j nParas.9-151-6 d g b i m k 7-13 h c l j e f a1.CriticalReading

UnderstandingthetextTask4.Matcheachofthefollowingmainideas(summarizedfromofParas.1-15）withtheappropriateparagraphnumberofthetext.(P190)Paras.1-5 3 2 1 4 5Paras.6-10 9 10 8 7 6Paras.11-15 13 15 14 12 111.CriticalReading

UnderstandingthetextTask5.Paraphrasethefollowingsentences.(P189)1.

However,theclandestinecharacterandconsequentiallackofreliableinformationmakeitdifficulttostudyscientificfraud.Thecharacteristicsandfrequencyofscientificfraud,therefore,aregenerallyunknown,anditsimpactonmedicalresearchisunclear.

Itisdifficulttoinvestigatescientificfraudwhichischaracterizedbyitssecrecyandlackofreliableevidence.Thereforenotmanypeoplearefamiliarwithitscharacteristics,frequencyandimpactonmedicalresearch.1.CriticalReading

Understandingthetext2. Biostatisticiansroutinelyworkcloselywithphysiciansandscientistsinmanybranchesofmedicalresearchandhaveuniqueinsightintodata.Inaddition,theyhavethemethodologicalcompetencetodetectfraudandcouldbeexpectedtohaveaspecialprofessionalinterestinthevalidityofresults.

Biostatisticianscooperatefrequentlywithphysiciansandscientistsinmanybranchesofmedicalresearchandhaveauniqueopportunitytounderstanddata.Furthermore,theyhaveexpertisetodiscoverfraudandinterestincheckingthevalidityofresults.1.CriticalReading

Understandingthetext3. BiostatisticiansareoftenprivytoconfidentialdataandareknowledgeableenoughtounderstandtheirimplicationsThereforetheymaybeinauniquepositiontoobservescientifictransactionsintheprepublicationstages. Asbiostatisticianscanaccessinsideinformationandconfidentialdata,theyhaveabetterunderstandingoftheimplicationsofdata.Hencetheyknowthedetailedprocessbeforetheresultispublished.1.CriticalReading

UnderstandingthetextTask6.Summarizethemainideaofthefollowingparagraphwhichiscloselyrelatedtothetextintheme,usingonesentenceonly.Readthemodelcarefullybeforetheexercise.(P189)Therecentexamplesofpapersretractedfromhighimpactjournals,aswellastheresignationofwellknownscientistsandresearchersaftersuspicionsofscientificmisconduct,hashighlightedagaintheneedtopromoteethicalstandardsinscientificresearch.Sciencefraudorscientificmisconductcanresultinhonestresearchersbeingdisfavoredinthecompetitionforgrants,andcareersmaybetaintedthroughassociationwithfraudulentresearch.Moreover,itcreatesabottleneckaspublishedfabricatedorfalsifieddataareidentifiedanddisregarded.Casesofresearchermisconduct,particularlyinareaswithpotentialsocietalimplications,suchasstemcells,cancerresearch,orclimatechange,canalsoleadtoextensivenegativecoverageinthepressandhasthepotentialtoreduceconfidenceinthescientificprocess.1.CriticalReading

UnderstandingthetextSciencefraudorscientificmisconductisdetrimentaltoscientificprogressinmanyways.1.CriticalReading

UnderstandingthetextTask7.Writeaparagraphabout120wordstosummarizethemainideasofthetext.Remembertoincludetheobjective,themethodsusedandthemajorfindings.(P192)Thepaperistoconductasurveyofbiostatisticians,whoweremembersoftheInternationalSocietyforClinicalBiostatistics.Theobjectiveistoassessthecharacteristicsoffraudinmedicalresearch.[theobjective]

ThesurveywasperformedbetweenAprilandJuly1998.Theparticipationratewasonly37%.Wereporttheresultsbecauseamajority(51%)oftheparticipantsknewaboutfraudulentprojects,andmanydidnotknowwhethertheorganizationtheyworkforhasaformalsystemforhandlingsuspectedfraudornot.Differentformsoffraud(e.g.,fabricationandfalsificationofdata,deceptivereportingofresults,suppressionofdata,anddeceptivedesignoranalysis)hadbeenobservedinfairlysimilarnumbers.[themethodsused]

Weconcludethatfraudisnotanegligiblephenomenoninmedicalresearch,andthatincreasedawarenessoftheformsinwhichitisexpressedseemsappropriate.[themajorfindings]

Task2.Replacetheunderlinedexpressionswiththeacademicwordsorphrasesintheboxonthepreviouspage.Chagentheirformswherenecessary.(P191)Thesuggestionisthatacademicdishonestywilldamageone’sacademicreputation.

Manystudentshavebeenexposedtomisleading

casesofmisconductoncampus.

Itissecretsothattheyrefusetoprovidefurtherinformationofthecase.

Theyareabletodealwithsuchaborderlinecase.

Peoplewhorespondtothequestionssaythatsomeresearchersgivewronginformationtotheircompetitorstoimprovetheirchanceofgettingfirst.

1.CriticalReading

Enhancinglanguageabilitydeceptive,episodesconfidential,discloseinaposition

Respondents,mislead

implication,undermine1.CriticalReading

EnhancinglanguageabilityThewarningisrepeatedthatmoneysupplycouldnotberegulatedifthegovernmentdoesnotinterfere.Sciencemisconductiswidespreadinsomeareas.Researchersroutinelymanipulateexperiments.Iamconfidentthattheresultsaretestedbythemostrigorousinvestigation.Wecouldnotfindthereason.Butone’snaturaltendencyistohideanyfindingswhichdonotinsomewaysupportone’shypothesis.Theorganizationtellsthepublicthatcheatingseemsoffrequenteventsinthisuniversityreiterated,interveneendemic,fabricateoptimistic,areamenabletomotive,suppressoccurrencesTask3.Groupthewordsintheboxaccordingtotheirsimilarityinmeaningstothewordsinbold.Payattentiontothevarietyofexpressionsinwriting.(P191)endemic

widespread,rife,pervasive,common,sweeping,extensive,prevalentepisode

event,experience,happening,incident,occurrencedetect ascertain,uncover,discover,trackdownmotive purpose,intention,motivation,grounds,reason,causeborderline ambiguous,indefinite,doubtful,inexact,indeterminate,marginal,problematic1.CriticalReading

Enhancinglanguageability1.CriticalReading

Enhancinglanguageabilitydisclose publish,reveal,

unveil,

expose,unmask,exhibit,

uncover,makepublicdeceptive treacherous,fraudulent,deceiving,unreliable,false,misleading,fakemethodology method,techniques,approachexplanation analysis,exposition,reason,interpretationundermine worsen,damage,compromise,harm,jeopardize,endangerTask1.WatchLecture5andanswerthequestions.(P194)Whywas“fraud”replacedby“misconduct”?Whatismisconductinscientificresearch?Whatdoesmisconductinpublicationpracticesinvolves?Whatdoesthecartoononthelastslidetellus?1.CriticalReading

DoingresearchprojectsTask1.WatchLecture5andanswerthequestions.(P194)1. Whywas“fraud”replacedby“misconduct”?

Misconductwasmoretightandrigiddefinitionwhichdidnotneeddefineorinterpretation.2. Whatismisconductinscientificresearch?

Itinvolvesthreeareassuchasfabrication,falsificationandplagiarism.1.CriticalReading

DoingresearchprojectsTask1.WatchLecture5andanswerthequestions.(P194)3. Whatdoesmisconductinpublicationpracticesinvolves? Citingpreviousworks,accessingandsharingdata,andcollaborativeandauthorship.4. Whatdoesthecartoononthelastslidetellus? Thereisgrowingattentionpaidtotheethicsproblems.1.CriticalReading

DoingresearchprojectsThediscussionsectiondiscussestheissuesarisingfromfindingsofyourresearchbecauseyourresultsmakelittlesensetomostreaderswithoutinterpretation.Thediscussionsectionshouldbriefly:restateobjectivesandsummarizemajorfindingsmakecomparisonofferexplanationsanddiscusslimitationsdiscussimplications/contributionsandsuggestfurtherresearch2.AcademicWriting

WritingadiscussionsectionTask1.ComparethediscussionsectionofCriticalReadingtext(Text1)withthatofthefollowingarticle(Text2),intermsoftheirsimilaritiesanddifferences,andthencompletethetablebelow.(P198)2.AcademicWriting

WritingadiscussionsectionContentsTextITextIIObjective/HypothesisPara(s).1Tense(s)used:SimplepastPara(s).3Tense(s)used:Simple

presentRepetitionoftheobjectiveintheDiscussionsection:Para.1Tense(s)used:Simple

presentMajorfindingsPara(s).9Tense(s)used:SimplepastPara(s).1Tense(s)used:SimplepresentandpastComparisonwithotherstudiesPara(s).10Tense(s)used:SimplepresentPara(s).2Tense(s)used:SimplepresentTask1.ComparethediscussionsectionofCriticalReadingtext(Text1)withthatofthefollowingarticle(Text2),intermsoftheirsimilaritiesanddifferences,andthencompletethetablebelow.(P198)2.AcademicWriting

WritingadiscussionsectionContentsTextITextIIExplanationsoftheresultsPara(s).11Tense(s)used:Presenttensewith“may”;presentandpasttenseswith“might”Para(s).2Tense(s)used:Simplepresentwith“may”ImplicationsPara(s).12and13Tense(s)used:SimplepresentPara(s).4Tense(s)used:SimplepresentLimitationsandfutureresearchdirectionPara(s).14and15Tense(s)used:SimplepresentPara(s).3Tense(s)used:Presentorfuturepossibilityandhypotheticalpastpossibilitywith“could”Task2.Readthefollowingtextwherethediscussionsectionandconclusionsectionareseparate.Andidentifythefunctionofeachparagraph.(P197)Para.2ComparewiththestudiesofEuropeaboutfearsPara.3SuggestionsPara.4MajorfindingsPara.5PossibleimplicationsPara.6Limitationsandfuturedirections2.AcademicWriting

WritingadiscussionsectionTask3.Readthefollowingparagraphsandmatchthemtobethefunctionslistedinthebox.(P199)2.AcademicWriting

WritingadiscussionsectionA.RestatingmajorfindingsB.ComparingwithpreviousstudiesC.PointingoutpossibleimplicationD.OfferingexplanationsE.DiscussingfutureresearchF.DescribingunexpectedresultG.Pointingoutpossiblelimitation1-7 B C G D E F ATask4.Readthefollowingtwodiscussionsectionsandanalyzethefunctionofthesentences.Readthemodelcarefullybeforetheexercise.(P200)AcademicDishonestyAmongCollegeStudentsDiscussion(IntroductionsectionP.124)Para.1explaintheunexpectedresultPara.2restatemajorfindingsandexplaintheresult

Para.3

explaintheresult

Para.4

limitationsandfutureresearch

2.AcademicWriting

Writingadiscussionsection2.AcademicWriting

WritingadiscussionsectionHealth-relatedQualityofLifeandHealthRiskBehaviorsAmongSmokersDiscussionPara.1…frequentactivitylimitations,andfrequentpain.

[Majorfindings]

…frequentanxietysymptoms,andinfrequentvitality.

[Comparisonwithpreviousstudies]Para.3ExplanationoftheresultPara.5

Implication(P201)Anabstractisusuallycomposedafteryourresearchpaperisfinishedandplacedbeforethemaintextifyouwanttopublishinaacademicjournalorpresentinaconference.

2kindsofabstracts:

paperabstractsandconferenceabstracts.

Atypicalabstractwillprovidethefollowinginformation:backgroundofthestudy,researchobjectives,methodsemployed,importantfindingsorresultsobtained,conclusionsdrawn.

2.AcademicWriting

Writinganabstract(P207)Task2.Readthefollowingabstractsandanalyzethefunctionsofthesentencesineachabstract.Readthemodelcarefullybeforetheexercise.(P208)AcademicDishonestyAmongCollegeStudentsAbstractThepresentstudyinvestigatedtheeffectsofacademicmotivation,academicintegrity,attitudetowardcheating,andself-efficacyoncheatingbehaviorsofcollegestudents.[theobjective]

Participantscompletedapuzzle-solvingtaskinwhichsomepuzzleswerenotsolvableunlessaparticipantcheated.Onegroupwasoffereda20dollarrewardforthehighestscore,thesecondgroup’sscoresweremadepublic,andthethirdgroupservedasthecontrol.[methodsemployed]

Therewasnotasignificantdifferenceinthecheatingbehaviorsofthethreegroups.Asignificantnegativecorrelationwasfoundbetweenparticipants’self-reportsofcheatingbehaviorsandhowdishonesttheyratedthosebehaviors.Participantswhocheatedonthepuzzletaskhadsignificantlyhigherself-efficacyscoresthanthosewhodidnotcheat.Implicationsforthesefindingsarediscussed.

[majorfindings]

2.AcademicWriting

WritinganabstractLaypeople’sUnderstandingofRadioactivityandRadiationAbstractItmaybearguedthatthepopulationshouldhavesufficientunderstandingofradiationphenomenatosecureindividualsafetyaswellasdemocraticdecisions.Toattainthis,itisnecessaryforthecommunicatorsofradiationinformationtobefamiliarwiththelayperson’sperceptionsofthesephenomena.[theobjective]

Aquestionnairesurveywasconductedtoexaminenon-experts’conceptionsofradiationphenomena.

[themethod]Thesurveyrevealedincompleteunderstandingofconceptssuchasradioactivedecay,half-lifeandabsorptionofradiationandalackofdifferentiationofbetweenradiationandradioactivematerial.Manyrespondentsdidnotdistinguishbetweensourcesofionizingradiationandotherenvironmentalhazards.Nuclearpowerplantsandsubmarineswerethemostfearedsourcesofradiation.Thereareindicationsthatthelayunderstandingofradiationphenomenaandriskistoalargeextentformedbymassmediaandthat“schoolknowledge”ofthesephenomenaisnotappliedinsituationsbelongingtothe“realworld”.

[majorfindings]Toresolvethisproblem,newteachingandinformationproceduresareneeded.Theseshouldtakeintoaccountthelearners’perceptionsandshouldintegrate‘schoolknowledge’withconsiderationsbelongingtothe“realworld”.

[thesuggestion]

2.AcademicWriting

WritinganabstractUsingInteractiveTechnologytoSupportStudents’UnderstandingoftheGreenhouseEffectandGlobalWarmingAbstractInthiswork,weexaminemiddleschoolstudents’understandingofthegreenhouseeffectandglobalwarming.[theobjective]

Wedesignedandrefinedatechnology-enhancedcurriculummodulecalledGlobalWarming:VirtualEarth.Inthemoduleactivities,studentsconductvirtualexperimentswithavisualizationofthegreenhouseeffect.TheyanalyzedataanddrawconclusionsabouthowindividualvariableseffectchangesintheEarth’stemperature.Theyalsocarryoutinquiryactivitiestomakeconnectionsbetweenscientificprocesses,thesocio-scientificissues,andideaspresentedinthemedia.[themethod]

Resultsshowthatparticipatingintheunitincreasesstudents’understandingofthescience.Wediscusshowstudentsintegratetheirideasaboutglobalclimatechangeasaresultofusingvirtualexperimentsthatallowthemtoexploremeaningfulcomplexitiesoftheclimatesystem.[majorfindings]

2.AcademicWriting

WritinganabstractInfluenceofGeneticallyModifiedSoyaontheBirthWeightandSurvivalofRatPubsAbstractInvestigationoftheinfluenceofGMsoyaonthebirthrateandsurvivaloftheoffspringofWistarratswereperformedinthispaper.

[theobjective]

AgroupoffemaleratswerefedGMsoyaflourbeforematingandpregnancy.Thecontrolgroupoffemaleswerefedtraditionalsoyaandthethirdgroupoffemales,thepositivecontrolgroup,receivedfeedwithoutanysoya.Theweightandthemortalityrateofthenewbornpupswereanalyzed.

[themethodsemployed]

Thestudyshowedthattherewasaveryhighrateofpupmortality(55.6%)intheGMsoyagroupincomparisonwiththecontrolgroupandthepositivecontrolgroup(9%and6.8%respectively).Moreover,deathinthefirstgroupcontinuedduringlactation,andtheweightsofthesurvivorsarelowerthosefromtheothertwogroups.[findings]Itwasrevealedintheseexperiments,thatGMsoyacouldhaveanegativeinfluenceontheoffspringsofWistarrats.[theconclusion]

2.AcademicWriting

WritinganabstractTheImpactofUrbanizationandSocioeconomicStatusonInfant-feedingPracticesinLagos,NigeriaAbstractBreast-feeding,atraditionalinfant-feedingpracticeinNigeria,hasundergoneaseriousdeclinerecently.

[thebackground]Inordertoexplorethefactorsresponsibleforthenegativechangeandoffersomesuggestionsbasedontheresult,asurveywasconductedamongNigerianwomenresidentinSurulere

[theobjective].Thefeedingpracticeandattitudesof558motherswereexaminedviaquestionnairesandpersonalinterview.[themethodsemployed]Theresultshowedthatdespitethewomen’sawarenessoftheimportanceofbreast-feedingpracticewhichshouldcontinueforuptooneyear(38%)accordingtotheirexpressedopinion,onlyabout24.6%ofthemotherspracticedbreast-feedingforthatlongand81%usedsupplementaryfoodsforinfantsfrombirthtothreemonths.Itissuggestedthateconomicandsocialpressureswereresponsibleforthechangeintraditionalinfantfeedingpractices.[findings]

Henceunlessthepovertyofurbanwomenwassolvedanynutritioneducationprogramwasmeaningless.[theconclusion]

2.AcademicWriting

WritinganabstractBoththepresenttenseandsimplepasttensewillbeusedinabstracts.Generallyspeaking,presentandpresentperfecttensesarepreferableunlessthehypothesesareoutlined,andmethodologyandfindingsarereportedwhenthesimplepastisused.

Astheresultsareimportantinthepaper,passivevoiceisoftenusedwhenreportingthemethod,data,subject,proceduresandfindings.However,thisisnotarule.

Theabstractshouldbewrittensuccinctlyandavoidsredundancysuchadjectivesandadverbs.

2.AcademicWriting

Usingcorrecttense,voiceandlanguageinabstracts(P213)Task1.RereadthesixabstractsonPages208-209andcompletethetablewiththetensesusedintheabstracts.(P210)2.AcademicWriting

Usingcorrecttense,voiceandlanguageinabstractsContent/VerbtensesAbstract1Abstract2Abstract3Abstract4Abstract5BackgroundSimplepresentSimplepresentObjectivesSimplepastSimplepresentSimplepresentSimplepastSimplepastMethodologySimplepastSimplepastSimplepastSimplepastSimplepastResults/FindingsSimplepastSimplepastSimplepastSimplepastSimplepastConclusionSimplepresentSimplepresentSimplepresentSimplepastSimplepastTask2.readthefollowingsentencepatternsandmatchthemtothefunctionslistedinthebox.(P214)2.AcademicWriting

Usingcorrecttense,voiceandlanguageinabstractsIntroducingtheproblemMakingrecommendationsDescribingthemethodsStatingtheobjectiveorpurposeOutliningchiefresultsorfindingsStatingthewritingprocess1.A2.D3.C4.F5.E6.B

Attitudemarkers,oneofthemetadiscoursefeatures,refertothewordswhichcanreflectthewriter’sattitudetowardsthefindings,contributionsandconclusionstheypresent.Hedginglanguageisacommunicativestrategyforreducingtheforceofstatements.