高中英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法講義

I.單句語(yǔ)法填空

1.Itis(nature)thatyoungpeopleareoften(comfort)whentheyarewiththeirparents.

2.Today'sexperiencetaughtmesome(value)lessonsinmylife.

3.(obvious),thestoryisnottrue,butthefestivalisinteresting.

4.1wassupposedtoarriveattheairportontime.(fortunate),Iwasheldupbytheheavytrafficjam.

5.Therefore,whentheybecomeoldertheyare(able)todoanyotherkindofwork.

6.The(mystery)lettersentfromTaiwanmadetheprofessorlostinthought.

7.Tomakemyself,Iwoulddosomeexerciseafterwork,(relax)

8.Freshfruitsandvegetablescanprovidemuchofourdaily(require).

9.Itisyour(free)todowhatyouwantafterclass.

10.However,most(science)agreethatEQhasalottodowith(educate),

n.單句改錯(cuò)

1.Inspiteofrepeatedwrongsdonetohim,helooksfriendtopeoplegreetinghim.

2.1mustbegettingfat——Icanharddomytrousersup.

3.Theydiveddeepintotheforestandfeltdeepfrightened.

4.Personal,Idon'tlikehimatall,butifsstrangethatheshouldbesopopularamongthekids.

5.1wasn'tblaminganyone;Imeresaiderrorslikethiscouldbeavoided.

6.Weapologizedforanyconveniencecausedbythedelay.

7.Peoplewithdisabilitiesarenowdoingmanythingstorichtheirlives.

8.Thefive-years-oldboycansingthesongverywell.

9.AustraliaisanEnglish-spokencountry.

10.Shelookedanxious.Itseemsthatshehasbeeninvolvedinproperbusinessdeals.

HL語(yǔ)法填空

AgroupofrobbersdugtheirwayintothebasementofabankinParisandemptiedalmost200private

1.(safety).TheyenteredtheCreditLyonnaisbranchusingbuilding2.(equip)todigholesand

destroywallsonSaturdaynight.Theytiedupa3.(secure)guardandspentthenextninehoursrobbing

thebank.One4.(investigate)describedthe5.(rob)asa"6.(profession)]ob,\The

robberscameinatabout22：00onSaturdayandleftat7：00onSunday.Theyenteredthroughthebasementsof

the7.(neighbour)building,diggingthroughaseriesoftunnelsandmakingaholeintoawallof80cm

thicktogetintothebank,whichwashavingbuildingworksatthetime.Whentheyleft,therobberssettheplace

onfireto8.(move)anytraceofevidence,switchingontheanti-firesystemandfloodingthe

building.9.(fortune),theguardescaped10.(harm).Itisdifficulttoestimatethetotalvalueof

whatwasstolenasonlythebanksclients(儲(chǔ)戶)knowthecontentoftheirprivatesafes.

構(gòu)詞法

派生詞由詞根(Base)加后綴(Suffixes)構(gòu)成。

構(gòu)成名詞的后綴常用的有下面這些：

后綴例詞

-erthinkerharvesterpain-killereye-opener

-oractorsailortransistorsemi-conductor

-istMarxistscientistdentistBuddhist

-eeemployeetraineerefereetrustee

-esshostessactresswaitresslioness

-ianmagicianmusiciantechnicianphysician

-eseChineseJapanesePortuguesePekinese

-eerengineermountaineerauctioneerprofiteer

-ismsocialismracismheroismoptimism

-nessillnesshappinessgreatnesscoldness

-(a)tiondictationpreparationexceptionrepetition

-mentmovementargumentjudgmentgovernment

-ionexpansiondiscussionrevisiondecision

-ingbuildingfeelingpaintingwedding

-shipleadershipfriendshipscholarshiphardship

-hoodchildhoodfalsehoodlikelihoodmotherhood

-ageshortagemarriageleakageshrinkage

-urefailurepressurepleasureseizure

-domfreedomkingdommartyrdomofficialdom

-tyloyaltycrueltysafetypenalty

-ityactivityrealityhumiditypossibility

-ymodestydifficultydiscoveryinquiry

-thtruthwarmthhealthlength

-alrefusaldenialapprovalarrival

-anceacceptanceallowanceassistancereliance

-encedependenceconfidencedifferencereference

-fulmouthfulhandfulplatefulbusful

構(gòu)成形容詞的后綴常用的有下面形式：

后綴例詞

-fulcheerfulusefulgratefulfaithful

-lesscarelesshomelessfearlessmotherless

-ishchildishreddishSwedishselfish

-iveactivecollectivedecisivedestructive

-OUScourageousfamouscontinuouserroneous

-ableacceptableagreeableapplicablecomfortable

-iyfriendlyleisurelylivelydaily

-alcriticalaccidentalcontinualexceptional

-yrainyhandythirstydirty

-entdifferentdependentconsistentobedient

-aryimaginaryrevolutionaryhonorarysecondary

-likechildlikewomanlikewarlikemanlike

-engoldenwoodenearthenwoolen

-edlandedmoneyedculturedtalented

-atefortunateaffectionatecollegiatepassionate

-anEuropeanIndianAmericanCanadian

動(dòng)詞后綴例詞

-izerealizenormalizemodernizemechanize

-enwidenhastenstrengthenlengthen

-ifybeautifysimplifyamplifydiversify

副詞

-iyreallyhappilysimplyterribly

-wardonwardbackwardeastwardhomeward

前綴（prefiles）一般不造成詞類的轉(zhuǎn)變，而只是引起意思上的變化。前綴中有相當(dāng)一部分可構(gòu)成反義詞:

前綴例詞

un-不unhappyuntrueuncomfortable

做相反動(dòng)作undressundounpack

dis-不dislikedishonestdisagree

做相反動(dòng)作disowndisinfectdisconnect

in-不informalinaccurateinconvenient

im-不immoralimpoliteimpossible

ir-不irregularirresistibleirresponsible

il-不illegalillogicalillegitimate

non-不，非non-existentnon-conductornon-interference

de-向相反方向發(fā)展defrostdecentralizedemobilize

另外還有一些表示其他意思的前綴:

前綴例詞

re-重新retellredesignrewrite

mis-錯(cuò)誤地misspellmisinformmisunderstand

co-共同co-existco-operateco-editor

anti-反（對(duì)）,防anti-tankanti-fascistanti-clockwise

over-過于overdoover-esitimateoversimplify

pre-預(yù)先，之前的prefabricatepre-liberationpre-school

post-在...之后的post-warpost-electionpost-graduate

fore-預(yù)先，前foretellforelegforefront

self-自動(dòng)，自我self-starterself-serviceself-correcting

super-超級(jí)，上層supermansupermarketsuperstructure

sub-下面的subwaysubdividesubconscious

inter-之間的，互相internationalinteractinter-continental

tele-遠(yuǎn)距離的telescopetelephonetelevision

trans-跨越，移transatlantictransplanttransSiberian

micro-微型，縮微microfilmmicrobiologymicrocomputer

mini-特小的minibusminiskirtminicab

multi-多multi-racialmulti-nationalmultilateral

有個(gè)別前綴可引起詞類的變化。en-可以和名詞或形容詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞：enslaveendangerenlarge

此外，前綴a-可以：

1）和名詞構(gòu)成形容詞或副詞：asleepaboardasideashoreabase

2）和一動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成另一動(dòng)詞，意思有少許變化：ariseawakearouseabide

轉(zhuǎn)化詞由一個(gè)詞類轉(zhuǎn)換為另一詞類或幾種詞類，產(chǎn)生新的詞義。

（一）、轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞

1、動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞

LetmehaveaQy_.Westoppedthereforaswim.Thisisforwinterwear.Don'tmakeittootight.

這類名詞?？珊鸵粍?dòng)詞構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作，如：

havealook（chat,talk,wash,swim,rest,try,quarrel,smoke,lie,read,dream,run,fight,walk,ride,drink,laugh,

dance,bathe,wish,win,fear,love,shave,debate,interview,taste,etc.）

makeastudy（guess,visit,call,survey,jump,slip,change,search,stay,start,answer,reply,remark,fight,arrest,

appeal,purchase,sacrifice,demand,show,deal,anattempt,anattack,anadvance,etc.）

2、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞

部分形容詞特別是表示顏色的形容詞?？赊D(zhuǎn)換為名詞;某些形容詞如old,young,poor,rich,wounded,injured

等與the連用，表示一類人，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。

Youshouldbedressedinblackatthefuneral.Heisanaturalforthejob.

Itisnecessarytomakeadistinctionbetweenrightandwrong.They'rerunninginthefinal.

（二）、轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞

1、名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞。也有相當(dāng)多名詞可以用作動(dòng)詞。

①許多表示物件的名詞可以用作動(dòng)詞來(lái)表示動(dòng)作：

Haveyoubookedyourticket?Whochairedthemeeting?Itcanseatathousandpeople.

ItpicturesthelifeofoverseasChinesestudents.Hehammeredanailintothewall.

②一些表示身體某部分的名詞也可用來(lái)作動(dòng)詞：

Handinyourexercise-books,please.We'llbackyouup.

Whoheadedthedelegation?Weshouldshouldertheseresponsibilities.

③一些表示某類人的名詞也可用作動(dòng)詞：

Ifso,weshallbebadlyfooled.Ouraimistosavethepatientandnottodoctorhimtodeath.

Heinsistedonstayinguptonursethechild.Theequipmentwasmannedbythreeworkerspershift.

④一些表示其他實(shí)物的名詞也可用作動(dòng)詞:

Eachapartmentcanhouseafamilyofsix.Thishelpedtobridgeoverourdifficulties.

2.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞有少部分形容詞也可用作動(dòng)詞：

Thetrainsloweddowntohalfitsspeed.Thisisthechiefwayofnarrowingthedifferencebetweenthem.

Pleasewaraiupthedishoverthestove.Theroomgraduallyquieteddown.

合成構(gòu)詞法