英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法入門(mén)筆記崔榮容

...wd......wd......wd...英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法入門(mén)崔榮容第一講語(yǔ)序和五種基本句式HelearnsEnglisheveryday.他每天學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)?！仓杏⒄Z(yǔ)序不同〕英語(yǔ)五種基本句式一、主+謂二、主+系+表系動(dòng)詞：起到聯(lián)系作用的動(dòng)詞，連接主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)。表語(yǔ)：描述主語(yǔ)的身份、性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)三、主+謂+賓主語(yǔ)：動(dòng)作發(fā)出者謂語(yǔ)：作出的動(dòng)作賓語(yǔ)：動(dòng)作的對(duì)象四、主+謂+間賓+直賓間賓：通常是人直賓：通常是物五、主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)：對(duì)賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明一、主+謂Theuniverseremains.宇宙長(zhǎng)存中英文語(yǔ)序一致二、主+系+表Thefoodisdelicious.這個(gè)食物很好吃中英文語(yǔ)序一致三、主+謂+賓Hetookhisbagandleft.〔left是第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)〕他拿著他的包離開(kāi)了中英文語(yǔ)序一致四、主+謂+間賓+直賓Herfatherboughtheradictionary.buysbsth〔雙賓語(yǔ)〕她爸爸給她買(mǎi)了一本詞典〔her與adictionary，兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，一個(gè)是人、一個(gè)是物〕中英文語(yǔ)序一致五、主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)Wemadehimourmonitor.我們選他當(dāng)班長(zhǎng)〔him與ourmonitor，都是指同一個(gè)人，ourmonitor是對(duì)him的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明〕中英文語(yǔ)序一致Nothingisimpossibletoawillingheart!有志者事竟成！第二講be動(dòng)詞的形式和用法一、be動(dòng)詞的形式：be、am、is、are、was、were、being、beenThemanisback.Theyareback.Hewasback.Theywereback.Theyhavebeenback.I’llbeback.上述“back〞是副詞，構(gòu)成主系表構(gòu)造。二、be動(dòng)詞的用法：起到聯(lián)系前后的作用(一般翻譯為“是〞，或無(wú)實(shí)意而不作翻譯)，多用于主系表構(gòu)造。后面接名詞、形容詞、地點(diǎn)副詞或短語(yǔ)作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)成分。Themanisateacher.ateacher是名詞Mary’snewdressesarecolorful.colorful是形容詞Mymotherwasinthekitchen.inthekitchen是地點(diǎn)副詞。Iam20.數(shù)詞也可做表語(yǔ)It’sme.代詞也可做表語(yǔ)三、be動(dòng)詞的練習(xí)他們是教師Theyareteachers.他曾是一名教師Hewasateacherbefore.他已經(jīng)當(dāng)了3年的教師Hehasbeenateacherfor3years.第三講be動(dòng)詞的否認(rèn)/提問(wèn)/答復(fù)一、be動(dòng)詞的否認(rèn)在am、is、are、was、were后面加not縮略式amnot，isn’t,aren’t,wasn’t,weren’tThemanisn’tback.Iamnotback.Theyaren’tback.Hewasn’tback.Theyweren’tback.二、使用be動(dòng)詞提問(wèn)和答復(fù)IsheateacherYes,heis./No,heisn’t.Areyouateacher?Yes,Iam./No,Iamnot.Weretheyteachers?Yes,theywere./No,theyweren’t.三、be動(dòng)詞的練習(xí)：他是醫(yī)生嗎Isheadoctor?不，他不是No,heisn’t.他們昨天在教室嗎Weretheyintheclassroomyesterday?Yes,theywere./No,theyweren’t.他們昨天不在教室Theyweren’tintheclassroomyesterday.第四講代詞的主格和賓格主格代詞：Ihesheityouwethey1、Iamateacher.2、Heisateacher.3、Youareteachers.賓格代詞：mehimherityouusthemHelikesme.Welikeher.Ilikethem.練習(xí)我喜歡它Ilikeit.2、他們認(rèn)識(shí)他Theyknowhim.第五講名詞性/形容詞性物主代詞形容詞性物主代詞：〔后接名詞〕單數(shù)形式：myyourhis/her/itsone’s復(fù)數(shù)形式：ouryourtheirThisismybook.Weloveourmotherland.Thoseareyoursocks.名詞性物主代詞：?jiǎn)螖?shù)形式：mineyourshis/hers/itsone’s復(fù)數(shù)形式：oursyourstheirsThebookisours.Theappleishers.練習(xí)我的教師是中國(guó)人MyteacherisChinese.這個(gè)電腦是他們的Thiscomputeristheirs.我們的書(shū)在書(shū)架上Ourbookisontheshelf.主格賓格形容詞性物主代詞名詞性物主代詞反身代詞Imemyminemyselfyouyouyouryoursyourselfhehimhishishimselfsheherherhersherselfitititsitsitselfweusouroursourselvesyouyouyouryoursyourselvestheythemtheirtheirsthemselves第六講反身代詞單數(shù)myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself復(fù)數(shù)ourselvesyourselvesthemselves反身代詞的用法：〔指某人自己，通常是主語(yǔ)的“自己〞〕Pleasehelpyourselftosomefish.請(qǐng)隨便吃些魚(yú)吧yourself在動(dòng)詞help后作賓語(yǔ)。Weenjoyedourselveslastnight.我們昨晚玩得很開(kāi)心ourselves在動(dòng)詞enjoyed后作賓語(yǔ)。Thethingitselfisnotimportant.這件事本身不重要反身代詞itself在名詞Thething后作同位語(yǔ)，起到解釋、說(shuō)明名詞的作用。練習(xí)Takegoodcareof〔yourself〕照顧好……Shegainedcontrolof(herself)控制住了……第七講實(shí)意動(dòng)詞的特征實(shí)意動(dòng)詞comegoreadwatchplayfly1、HecomesfromShenyang.實(shí)意動(dòng)詞comes作謂語(yǔ)，后接介詞短語(yǔ)fromShenyang作賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞come有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)“單三〞的變化2、Sheisreadingstorybooks.實(shí)意動(dòng)詞reading作謂語(yǔ)，后接動(dòng)詞storybooks作賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞read有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)展時(shí)的變化3、TheywenttoAmericayesterday.動(dòng)詞go有一般過(guò)去時(shí)“went〞的變化4、Wehavewatchedthegameforthreetimes.動(dòng)詞watch有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“watched〞的變化現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在造成影響5、MymotherwillflybacktoChinanextmonth.一般將來(lái)時(shí)：will+動(dòng)詞原形總結(jié)：實(shí)意動(dòng)詞有時(shí)態(tài)與數(shù)量〔三單〕上的變化練習(xí)：1、他昨天來(lái)上海了HecametoShangHaiyesterday.2、我們正在寫(xiě)作業(yè)Wearewritinghomework.3、他們讀這本書(shū)已經(jīng)讀3遍了Theyhavereadthisbookthreetimes.第八講實(shí)意動(dòng)詞的否認(rèn)/提問(wèn)/答復(fù)(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí))使用助動(dòng)詞進(jìn)展否認(rèn)在助動(dòng)詞dodoesdid后面加notdonot/don’tdoesnot/doesn’tdidnot/didn’t例句：1.Idon’tgotoschoolbybus.2.Shedoesn’twatchTVeveryday.3.Theydidn’tswimlastnight.使用助動(dòng)詞進(jìn)展提問(wèn)Heoftenplaysgolf.Doesheoftenplaygolf?Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn’t.Theygotoschoolbybus.Dotheygotoschoolbybus?Yestheydo./No,theydon’t.Samhadbreakfastyesterday.DidSamhavebreakfastyesterday?Yes,hedid./No,hedidn’t.練習(xí)：他每天都學(xué)英語(yǔ)嗎DoeshelearnEnglisheveryday?是的，他每天都學(xué)英語(yǔ)Yes,hedoes.Tom昨天沒(méi)吃早飯Tomdidn’thavebreakfastyesterday.第九講使用疑問(wèn)詞進(jìn)展提問(wèn)和答復(fù)〔1〕(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí))使用疑問(wèn)詞進(jìn)展提問(wèn)when,where,who,what,how時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、干什么、若何例句Heboughtthreebooksyesterday.123Whoboughtthreebooksyesterday?對(duì)主語(yǔ)提問(wèn)，原語(yǔ)序不變Whatdidhebuyyesterday?對(duì)賓語(yǔ)提問(wèn)時(shí)，將助動(dòng)詞提前，并復(fù)原動(dòng)詞。Whendidhebuythreebooks?對(duì)狀語(yǔ)提問(wèn)時(shí)，將助動(dòng)詞提前，并復(fù)原動(dòng)詞。TheywantedtogotoShangHaibyair.123WhowantedtogotoShangHaibyair?Wheredidtheywanttogobyair?HowdidtheywanttogotoShangHai?第十講使用疑問(wèn)詞進(jìn)展提問(wèn)和答復(fù)〔2〕使用疑問(wèn)詞進(jìn)展提問(wèn)howlong,howfar,howoften,why多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，多遠(yuǎn)，多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間一次，為什么TheyhavebeeninChinaforthreeyears.HowlonghavetheybeeninChina?對(duì)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)提問(wèn)2.Itisabout4000kilometersfromBeijingtoXi’an.HowfarisitfromBeijingtoXi’an?3.Theycometovisitmeonceaweek.Howoftendotheycometovisitme?Shecamelate,becauseshemissedthebus.Whydidshecomelate?練習(xí)：他們學(xué)漢語(yǔ)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了HowlonghavetheylearnedChinese?你多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間看一次電影Howoftendoyouwatchmovies?你的家離學(xué)校多遠(yuǎn)Howfarisitfromyourhousetoyourschool?第十一講名詞代表事物的詞，包括具體和抽象的事物名詞分兩類(lèi)：可數(shù)名詞：是指數(shù)得過(guò)來(lái)的概念。如apple\pencil\student可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分apple-applespencil-pencilstomato-tomatoes不可數(shù)名詞：無(wú)法計(jì)算的數(shù)量或抽象概念。如salt\coffee\water\(history\love抽象)不可數(shù)名詞無(wú)復(fù)數(shù)，只用單數(shù)表示salt-saltcoffee-coffeewater-water可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則：一般末尾加后綴-s，friend-friends以s\z\x\ch\sh結(jié)尾的詞，在該詞末尾加后綴-es，bus-buses輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的名詞，將y改變?yōu)閕,再加es，candy-candies(除aeiou以外的字母為輔音字母)以-o結(jié)尾的名詞，如果不是外來(lái)詞或縮寫(xiě)，就加-es.tomato-tomatoes,hippo-hippos縮寫(xiě)(從非英語(yǔ)國(guó)家引進(jìn)的詞匯為外來(lái)詞，如madam是從法國(guó)引進(jìn)的外來(lái)詞)可數(shù)名詞前可加a(an)或量詞，有復(fù)數(shù)變化以元音開(kāi)頭的名詞前加an，以輔音開(kāi)頭的名詞前加a，表示一個(gè)。apple——anapple——apples——aboxofapples量詞Tomato——atomato——tomatoes——abagoftomatoes量詞不可數(shù)名詞前不可加a(an)，沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)，但前面可以加量詞。Coffee——acupofcoffee練習(xí)：Heboughtme(aboxofchocolate)一盒巧克力(abike)一輛自行車(chē)第十二講代詞：指示代詞和不定代詞指示代詞〔特指〕：標(biāo)識(shí)人或事物的代詞，用來(lái)代替前面已提到的名詞。常用的：this\these\that\thoseThisishisbook.Thoseappleswerehis.不定代詞〔泛指〕：指代不確定的人或事物。常用的：one\theother\some\any\something\nothing例：Nooneknowswhereheis.沒(méi)人知道他在哪兒SomeoftheboyswanttogotoShanghai,buttheotherswanttogotoXi’an.一些男孩想去上海，其他人想去西安Eachofthestudentshasgotabook.每個(gè)學(xué)生都有一本書(shū)。練習(xí)1.〔These〕teachersarefromChina.這些教師都是中國(guó)來(lái)的。2.Iknow(nothing)aboutthisperson.我對(duì)這個(gè)人一無(wú)所知3.Ihave(something)totellyou.我有事要告訴你第十三講形容詞1、形容詞通常形容人或事物的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、大小等，通常用在名詞前，be動(dòng)詞后beautiful-beautifulgirlThegirlisbeautiful.2、The+形容詞=復(fù)數(shù)名詞〔表示一類(lèi)〕，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面的動(dòng)詞使用復(fù)數(shù)的相應(yīng)格式。old-theold老的—老年人〔一類(lèi)人、復(fù)數(shù)名詞〕young-theyoung年輕的—年輕人〔一類(lèi)人、復(fù)數(shù)名詞〕Theoldneedmorecarethantheyoung.Theold是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，后面的動(dòng)詞need不能用三單的格式。3、練習(xí)：〔1〕Sheisa(good)student.她是一個(gè)好學(xué)生。(2)Thisbikeis(expensive)這輛自行車(chē)很貴〔3〕〔Therich〕sometimescomplaintheiremptylife.富人有時(shí)抱怨他們空虛的生活第十四講副詞1、副詞可以修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、其它副詞以及其他構(gòu)造。一般表程度。Herunsfast.Sheisverybeautiful.very修飾形容詞beautifulTheyworkveryhard.副詞的位置根據(jù)情況，放在助動(dòng)詞之后，實(shí)意動(dòng)詞之前或之后形容詞之前，其它副詞之前或之后多個(gè)助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，副詞一般放在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞后Hespeaksveryfast.fast在實(shí)意動(dòng)詞speak之后,在其它副詞very之后。Theyhavealreadyleft.already在助動(dòng)詞have后Theyhavealreadybeenrepaired.already在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞have后常用的頻度副詞〔always\usually\often\sometimes\never……〕的位置通常放在實(shí)意動(dòng)詞前面，be動(dòng)詞后面，助動(dòng)詞和實(shí)意動(dòng)詞之間。Theyalwayscomeearly.Samoftenwriteshomeworkat7:00.練習(xí)：1、Pleasewritetheword(slowly)(慢慢地)2、They(sometimes)comehere.(有時(shí))3、Thetreeis(very)tall.(非常)第十五講不定量表達(dá)法〔1〕不確定數(shù)量的表達(dá)法，用不確定的數(shù)量詞來(lái)限定名詞Someanymosteveryallsome,any都表示“一些〞，后面接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。some主要用于肯定句，希望得到肯定答復(fù)時(shí)，也可用在疑問(wèn)句中。any主要用在否認(rèn)和疑問(wèn)句中。I’dbeenexpectingsomelettersthewholemorning,butthereweren’tanyforme.most作形容詞時(shí)表示“大局部的〞，后面接復(fù)數(shù)名詞MostpeopleherearefromChina.every表示“每一個(gè)、所有〞，后面接單數(shù)名詞。Everyonelikesthefilm.all表示“所有〞，后面接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。Allthecarsareparkedintheparkinglot.Allthecoffeeisservedontime.練習(xí)：Someboyswentcampingyesterday.(一些)Allthechildrenliketoplayfootball.(所有的)Mostteacherswanttoworkhere.〔大多數(shù)〕第十六講不定量表達(dá)法〔2〕both表示“兩者都〞，可作形容詞、代詞和副詞，either是“兩者之一〞，neither是“兩者都不〞。Bothhiseyeswereseverelyburned.Therearetreesoneithersideofthestreet.Neitheransweriscorrect.many修飾可數(shù)名詞，表示“許多〞；much修飾不可數(shù)名詞，表示“許多〞。alotof(lotsof)、plentyof均可修飾可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞。manybooksmuchwateralotof/lotsofbooks/water練習(xí)：Boththehandsarewashed.(兩個(gè)都)Xiaowangdrankmuch(alotof)coffeelastnight.(很多)第十七講不定量表達(dá)法〔3〕1.afew,為肯定含義“幾個(gè)〞；few，為否認(rèn)含義“沒(méi)幾個(gè)〞，以上兩個(gè)詞均和可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)連用。Afewbooksareputintothebox.Fewbooksareputontothebox.2.alittle為肯定含義“一點(diǎn)兒〞，little為否認(rèn)含義“沒(méi)多點(diǎn)〞，以上兩個(gè)詞均可和不可數(shù)名詞連用。Thereisalittlewaterinthebottle.Thereislittlewaterinthebottle.none和noone的意思一樣，主要作代詞，翻譯為“一個(gè)也不，一點(diǎn)也不〞，用法稍有區(qū)別。none可以接of短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù)。noone不能接of短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞只能用單數(shù)。Nooneknowstheanswer.Noneofushave(has)arrived.練習(xí)：Afewbooksareputintothebox.(幾本)Thereisalittlewaterinthebottle.(一點(diǎn)兒)Noneofushave(has)arrived.(沒(méi)有一個(gè))第十八講There/Herebe句型1.There/Here+be，根據(jù)上下文，有多種翻譯方法，可以翻譯成“有〞、“是〞，be動(dòng)詞根據(jù)后面的名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)變化。Thereisabookonthebookshelf.有……Therearesomebooksonthebookshelf.有……Hereisthebusstop.這兒是……Hereareyourbooks.這兒是……如Hereareyourbooks的正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)閅ourbooksarehere，主語(yǔ)是Yourbooks，are是be動(dòng)詞，here就表語(yǔ)，所以，There/Here+be為倒裝句，實(shí)質(zhì)為主系表構(gòu)造。練習(xí)：Thereisalotofwaterinthebottle.(有)Hereisyourcar.(這是)Therearemanystudentsintheroom.(有)第十九講一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)展時(shí)1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：表示通常性、規(guī)律性、習(xí)慣性的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)第三人稱，動(dòng)詞有單三的變化，主語(yǔ)是非第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞為原形。Theyoftengetupat7:00.Heoftengetsupat7:00.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的單三變化:(1)在動(dòng)詞尾直接加-s，如：play—plays(2)以字母s、x、ch或o結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞加-es，如:guess—guesses(3)以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，先變y為i,再加-es，如：Study—studies一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)否認(rèn)和疑問(wèn)句用do、does幫助構(gòu)成Hedoesn'tlikethecar.Doeshelikethecar?Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn't.Theydon'tlikethecar.Dotheylikethecar?Yes,theydo./No,theydon't.2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)展時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)展或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。句中通常有now等時(shí)間副詞照應(yīng)，基本構(gòu)成形式為be+doing。TheyarewatchingTV.HeiswatchingTV.IamwatchingTV.動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞的變化規(guī)則：〔1〕一般情況下，直接在動(dòng)詞后加-ing，如work-working(2)動(dòng)詞以不發(fā)音的-e結(jié)尾，要去e加ing，如take-taking(3)重讀閉音節(jié)的動(dòng)詞，要雙寫(xiě)詞尾字母，再加-ing，如:cut-cutting(4)以-ie結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，變y再加-ing，如:lie-lying現(xiàn)在進(jìn)展時(shí)變否認(rèn)句和疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，將be動(dòng)詞否認(rèn)或提前?！?〕Theyaren'twatchingTV.AretheywatchingTV?(2)Heisn'twatchingTV.IshewatchingTV?(3)AmIwatchingTV?Yes,youare./No,youaren't.練習(xí)：Heworks(work)verylateeveryday.DoyoustudyEnglishyourself?Yes,Ido.Theyareplaying(play)soccernow.第二十講一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)展時(shí)1.一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)；過(guò)去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的行為。基本構(gòu)造：主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式+其他，一般動(dòng)詞在動(dòng)詞后面加ed，還有一些不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞有不規(guī)則變化。Play—playedcome—cameHeworkedveryhardlastnight.Theycameherebycar.動(dòng)詞一般過(guò)去時(shí)變化規(guī)則：一般在動(dòng)詞后加-ed。如：play—played在以字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后，只加-d。如：like—liked在以“輔音字母+y〞結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后，改y為i,再加-ed。如：supply—supplied在以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞后，雙寫(xiě)最后一個(gè)輔音字母，再加-ed。如：plan—planned2.過(guò)去進(jìn)展時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)展或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。其形式為was/were+doingTheywerewaitingforyou.Hewastalkingwithhisfriendsjustnow.練習(xí)：Theywent(go)swimmingyesterday.Samwaswatching(watch)TVat7:00lastnight.第二十一講將來(lái)時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，或?qū)?lái)某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常常和表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：tomorrow〔明天〕nextweek〔下周〕inthefuture(將來(lái))1.“助動(dòng)詞will或shall+動(dòng)詞原形〞，表示將要發(fā)生的事情。TheywillgotoShanghaibyshiptomorrow.WeshallleaveforShanghainextmonth.離開(kāi)去上海2.“begoingto+動(dòng)詞原形〞用來(lái)表示近期或事先考慮過(guò)的將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作以及已有跡象說(shuō)明必將發(fā)生某事，意為“打算、就要〞。Theyaregoingtoplayfootballthisafternoon.SheisgoingtolearnFrenchnextyear.3.“bedoing〞表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞。如：go,come,leave,start,arrive,可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)展時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)。〔1〕TheyareleavingforJapan.離開(kāi)去日本(2)Sheisarrivingtomorrow.練習(xí)：Theyarecoming(come)heresoon.Samisgoingtolearn(learn)Chinesenextmonth.willlearn也可以PeterandMikewillfinish(finish)thejobtomorrowmoring.第二十二講完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)〔have+p.p.〕，動(dòng)作過(guò)去發(fā)生，已經(jīng)完成，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成影響或后果，動(dòng)作可能還會(huì)持續(xù)，可使用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為：already(已經(jīng))和yet〔還〕。TheyhavealreadyarrivedinShanghai.Shehasplayedsoccerfor3hours.Shehasn’tfinishedthehomeworkyet.過(guò)去完成時(shí)〔had+p.p.〕，表示句中的動(dòng)詞發(fā)生在過(guò)去之前，即過(guò)去的過(guò)去，已經(jīng)完成，對(duì)過(guò)去造成了一定的影響或后果。TheyhadarrivedinShanghai.Shehadplayedsoccerfor3hours.Shehadn’tfinishedtheworkyet.練習(xí)：Hehasstopped(stop)thecaroutside.Shehasn’tbeen(notbe)toSichuanyet.Havetheyplanned(plan)tostayhere?第二十三講動(dòng)詞的用法1.動(dòng)詞根據(jù)功能分為四類(lèi)：實(shí)意動(dòng)詞〔NotionalVerb〕：有實(shí)際意義的動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞〔LinkVerb〕：起聯(lián)系作用的動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞〔AuxiliaryVerb〕：幫助構(gòu)成句子成分的動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞〔ModelVerb〕：有情態(tài)含義的動(dòng)詞，后接實(shí)意動(dòng)詞原形?！?〕動(dòng)詞有數(shù)量和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，時(shí)態(tài)通常有三大時(shí)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去和將來(lái)時(shí)?！?〕根據(jù)動(dòng)作進(jìn)展的狀態(tài)可分為：一般時(shí)、進(jìn)展時(shí)和完成時(shí)〔3〕使用動(dòng)詞時(shí)通常將〔1〕和〔2〕結(jié)合，如:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)；現(xiàn)在進(jìn)展時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)展時(shí)；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)………Hegoestoschooleveryday.Hewenttohospitallastnight.動(dòng)詞形態(tài)變化總結(jié)：動(dòng)詞原形單三現(xiàn)在分詞過(guò)去式過(guò)去分詞playplaysplayingplayedplayedhavehashavinghadhadgogoesgoingwentgone第二十四講情態(tài)動(dòng)詞〔1〕can/could/may/mightcan/could：①“能若何〞，表示“現(xiàn)在/過(guò)去〞的能力，可用beableto代替；②“可能若何〞，表示客觀可能性〔can的可能性大〕；③“可以若何〞，通常用“can/couldI〞表示請(qǐng)求和允許的語(yǔ)氣，could更委婉。Hecan/could/isabletoswim.能Hecan/couldcometomorrow.可能來(lái)Can/couldIstayhere?可以留下嗎CanhesinganEnglishsong?Yes,hecan./No,hecan’t.may/might：①表示可能性〔may的可能性大〕；②通常用“may/mightI〞表示請(qǐng)求、允許的語(yǔ)氣，might更委婉?？谡Z(yǔ)中常用的答復(fù)：(1)MayIsmokehere?Yes,please.No,youcan’t/mustn’t.〔制止、不準(zhǔn)〕(2)Hemay/mightcomeherebybus.(3)May/mightIjoinyou?Yes,please./No,youcan’t./No,youmustn’t.對(duì)may/mightI開(kāi)頭的提問(wèn)，肯定答復(fù)時(shí)，通常用“Yes,please.〞。否認(rèn)答復(fù)時(shí)，通常用“can’t(不能)〞,慎用制止性的“mustn’t(不準(zhǔn))〞，一般不用“maynot〔可能不〕表猜想，語(yǔ)氣很弱〞。練習(xí)：ShecouldspeakFrenchbefore,butnowshecan’t.Might/May/Could/Can〔按語(yǔ)氣程度排序〕Icomein?Yes,please.第二十五講情態(tài)動(dòng)詞〔2〕must/haveto/should/oughttomust/haveto：“必須若何〞，表示必須、必要〔must主觀多一些、haveto客觀多一些，表“不得不〞〕haveto有時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)量的變化，而must無(wú)此變化。Must和haveto二者的否認(rèn)意義不大一樣。如：Youmustn’tgo.你不準(zhǔn)去。Youdon’thavetogo.你不必去。Youneedn’tgo.你不必去。Youmustgetupearly.主觀必須It’sgoingtorain,Ihavetogohomenow.不得不對(duì)must和haveto提問(wèn)的否認(rèn)答復(fù)，須用“needn’t和don’thaveto〞,表示“不必〞：MustIcomehereearlytomorrow?No,youneedn’t./No,youdon’thaveto.Should/oughtto：“應(yīng)該若何〞，表示勸告、建議、命令，其同義詞是oughtto；should強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀看法，而oughtto強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀要求。在疑問(wèn)句中，通常用should代替oughtto.Youshould/oughttodothejobrightnow.Shouldtheystayherenow?練習(xí)：1.Imust〔必須〕goandseemymotherinhospitaltomorrow.2.Youshould〔應(yīng)該〕workharderthanthat.第二十六講情態(tài)動(dòng)詞〔3〕needneed：“需要〞作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞Heneedcomehereearly.Heneedn’tcomehereearly.Needhecomehereearly?Yes,heneed./No,heneedn’t.作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，有第三人稱單數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，可用作不定式needtodosth。Heneedstocomehereearly.Hedoesn’tneedtocomehereearly.Doesheneedtocomehereearly?Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn’t.練習(xí)：Youneedn’t/don’tneedtodoitagain.你不需要重復(fù)做了Heneedn’t/doesn’tneedtoworryaboutit.這件事他無(wú)需擔(dān)憂Doesheneedtodohomeworkfirst?他需要先做作業(yè)嗎第二十七講情態(tài)動(dòng)詞〔4〕hadbetter/wouldratherhadbetter表示“最好做某事〞，had雖然是過(guò)去式，但不表征過(guò)去，better后接動(dòng)詞原形。Hehadbettereatmore.You’dbetterfinishitrightnow.wouldrather表示“寧愿、寧可、最好、還是……為好〞，語(yǔ)感比“hadbetter〞要輕。Youwouldratherdealwithitnow.處理否認(rèn)形式分別為：hadbetternot+動(dòng)詞原形wouldrathernot+動(dòng)詞原形Hehadbetternoteatmore.Youwouldrathernotdealwithitnow.練習(xí)：Youhadbatterstayhere.你最好待在這兒Iwouldrathernotsayit.我還是不說(shuō)的好第二十八講情態(tài)動(dòng)詞〔5〕usedto+v/would+vusedto，would表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，可譯為“過(guò)去常?！晆sedto可指過(guò)去的狀態(tài)或情況，would指過(guò)去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Thenovelusedtobepopular.這小說(shuō)過(guò)去很流行。would表示過(guò)去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如果某一動(dòng)作無(wú)反復(fù)性，就不能用would，只能用usedto.HewouldpracticeEnglisheveryweek.IusedtoliveinBeijing.usedto表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完畢，would則表示有可能再發(fā)生。Peopleusedtobelievethattheearthwasflat.平的Hewouldgototheparkassoonashewasfree.練習(xí)：Thewindowsusedtobeopen.過(guò)去一直開(kāi)著Theywouldgathertogethereveryweek.聚在一起Samusedtoplaygolf,buthedoesn’tnow.第二十九講情態(tài)動(dòng)詞〔6〕否認(rèn)和疑問(wèn)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否認(rèn)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+not+v原形Hecan’tsinganEnglishsong.Hemaynotknowher.可能不……Hemustn’tgothere.不準(zhǔn)Hedoesn’thavetogothere.使用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞進(jìn)展提問(wèn)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)+v原形CanhesinganEnglishsong?Yes,hecan./No,hecan’t.Musthegothere?Yes,hemust./No,heneedn’t.〔不必〕Doeshehavetogothere?Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn’t.MayIsmokehere?Yes,please.No,youcan’t〔不能〕/mustn’t.〔不準(zhǔn)〕練習(xí)：MayIstayhere?Yes,please.Mustshegobacknow?No,sheneedn’t.Doeshehavetogetupat9:00?Yes,hedoes.第三十講情態(tài)動(dòng)詞〔7〕情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have+p.p.〔+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)〕1.“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have+p.p.〞：表達(dá)過(guò)去的事實(shí)；或推測(cè)的含義，表“可能已經(jīng)……〞。〔但助動(dòng)詞should例外〕Hemay/mighthavearrived.他可能已經(jīng)到了〔可能性最小〕Hecan/couldhavearrived.他可能已經(jīng)到了〔可能性小〕Hemusthavearrived.他準(zhǔn)是已經(jīng)到了〔可能性大〕可能性大小排序：must、can、could、may、might2.“should+have+p.p.〞本應(yīng)該……“needn’t+have+p.p.〞本不需要……Heshouldhavearrived.他本應(yīng)該到了〔但沒(méi)到〕Theyshouldhavefinishedthework.他本應(yīng)該已經(jīng)完成工作〔但沒(méi)完成〕Youneedn’thavedoneso.你本不需要那么做3.must+have+p.p.準(zhǔn)是已經(jīng)……Can’t+have+p.p.不可能已經(jīng)……Hemusthavearrived.他準(zhǔn)是已經(jīng)到了。Hecan’thavearrived.他不可能已經(jīng)到了。練習(xí)：Hecan/could/may/might〔可能〕havearrived.Hemust〔準(zhǔn)是〕havearrived.Youneedn’t〔本不需要〕havedoneso.Theyshould〔本應(yīng)該〕havefinishedthework.Hecan’t〔不可能〕havearrived.第三十一講被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)〔1〕被動(dòng)態(tài)的構(gòu)成和含義1.如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，則用動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)作謂語(yǔ)。2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：be+過(guò)去分詞〔p.p.〕…bysb.他被媽媽帶到了美國(guó)。HeistakentoAmericabyhismother.3.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有各種時(shí)態(tài)：Theinformationisneededbyus.一般時(shí)bedoneThebookwasbeingreadbyhim.進(jìn)展時(shí)bebeingdoneThecomputerhasbeenusedbyher.完成時(shí)have/has/hadbeendoneTheroomwillbecleaned.將來(lái)時(shí)willbedoneThecomputercouldhavebeenusedbythem.可能已經(jīng)被用了情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+完成時(shí)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have/hasbeendone練習(xí)：〔一個(gè)空一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)〕Theinformationisneeded.(need)Thebookwasread.(read)Thedoorhasbeenopened.(open)Thebookwasbeingread.(read)Thecomputerhadbeenused.(use)Thecomputercouldhavebeenused.(use)Theroomwillbecleaned.(clean)第三十二講被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)〔2〕被動(dòng)態(tài)和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞結(jié)合1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)也可以和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞結(jié)合：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+bedone應(yīng)該被……、必須被……等can/could+bedonemay/might+bedonemust/haveto+bedoneshould/oughtto+bedonehadbetter/wouldrather+bedoneusedto/would+bedoneneeddoing需要被……needtobedone需要被……2.和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞結(jié)合的形式：Thefoodcouldbetakenaway.食品可以被帶走Thefoodmightbetakenaway.食品可能被帶走Thefoodmustbetakenaway.食品必須被帶走Thefoodshouldbetakenaway.食品應(yīng)該被帶走Thefoodneedstakingaway.食品需要被帶走Thefoodhadbetterbetakenaway.食品最好被帶走Booksusedtobereturnedintwodays.書(shū)過(guò)去常常在2天之內(nèi)被歸還。練習(xí)：Theroommay/might/can/could〔可能〕becleaned.Thedoormust〔必須〕belocked.Thehouseshould〔應(yīng)該〕befurnished.Thetreehadbetter〔最好〕bewaterednow.第三十三講被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)〔3〕〔by+行為者〕可省略動(dòng)作的行為者不明或不重要，或上下文中提到了行為者時(shí)，“bysb〞可以省略。Theinformationisneeded.Thebooksisbeingread.Thedoorwasopened.練習(xí)：Thedoorisopened.(open)被翻開(kāi)了Thebookisbeingread.(read)正讀著Thecomputerhasbeenused.(use)已經(jīng)被用了Thepencilhadbeensharpened.(sharpen)已經(jīng)被削尖了第三十四講被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)〔4〕被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)疑問(wèn)句1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般疑問(wèn)句：助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)+〔其他助動(dòng)詞〕+過(guò)去分詞Istheinformationneededbyhim?Yes,itis./No,itisn't.Hasthecomputerbeenusedbyher?Yes,ithas./No,ithasn't.Willtheroombecleaned?Yes,itwill./No,itwon't.2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞+助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)+〔其他助動(dòng)詞〕+過(guò)去分詞Theinformationisneededbythem.Whatisneededbythem?ThegirlistakentoShanghai.Whereisthegirltaken?Thebookhasbeenreadthreetimes.Howmanytimeshasthebookbeenread?練習(xí)：1.Isthebookbeingread(read)byher?她正在讀那本書(shū)嗎2.Hasthecomputerbeenused(use)bythem?他們用過(guò)那臺(tái)電腦嗎3.HowoftenistheEnglishclasstaken〔take〕?英語(yǔ)課多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間上一次第三十五講非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞〔1〕“不作謂語(yǔ)成分的動(dòng)詞〞to+動(dòng)詞原形VS動(dòng)詞原形+ing1.動(dòng)詞不定式：由todo構(gòu)成，可以做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)6種。Togettherebybikewilltakeusanhour.作主語(yǔ)，騎自行車(chē)到那，將花掉我們一小時(shí)Thedriverfailedtoseethecarintime.作賓語(yǔ)，司機(jī)沒(méi)及時(shí)看見(jiàn)那輛小轎車(chē)Webelievehimtobeguilty.作賓補(bǔ)〔對(duì)him的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明〕，我們相信他是有罪的Mysuggestiongistoputoffthemeeting.作表語(yǔ)〔be動(dòng)詞后〕，我的建議是推遲會(huì)議。ThenexttraintoarriveisfromSeoul.作定語(yǔ)，將到達(dá)的下一列火車(chē)是來(lái)自首爾的。Icomehereonlytosaygoodbyetoyou.作狀語(yǔ)，我來(lái)這目的是和你說(shuō)再見(jiàn)2.動(dòng)名詞：doing，具有動(dòng)詞的特征和變化形式，但在句子中作名詞用?？梢宰鲋髡Z(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)，也可以被副詞修飾或者支配賓語(yǔ)〔與動(dòng)詞同〕。Readingisanart.作主語(yǔ)，閱讀是一門(mén)藝術(shù)Theywentonwalkingandneverstoppedtalking.作賓語(yǔ)〔動(dòng)詞后〕，他們一直往前走，未停頓交談Yourtaskisquicklycleaningthewindows.作表語(yǔ)〔be動(dòng)詞后〕，你的任務(wù)是趕快把窗戶擦干凈Thisisareadingroom.作定語(yǔ)，這是個(gè)閱讀室練習(xí)：1.Tofinishtheworkwilltakeusanhour.完成這項(xiàng)工作2.Icomeheretosaygoodbyetoyou.和你辭別3.Talkingisanart.說(shuō)話第三十六講非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞〔2〕假主語(yǔ)it/真主語(yǔ)假賓語(yǔ)it/真賓語(yǔ)不定式/動(dòng)名詞的否認(rèn)式1.to不定式或動(dòng)名詞可以在主語(yǔ)的位置上，但一般用it代替它作形式主語(yǔ)。It'sagreathonortobeinvited.被邀請(qǐng)很榮幸。It為假主語(yǔ)，代替真主語(yǔ)“tobeinvited〞重排語(yǔ)序?yàn)椋篢obeinvitedisagreathonor.It'snousecryingoverspiltmilk.覆水難收〔對(duì)著溢出的牛奶哭是沒(méi)用的〕It為假主語(yǔ)，代替真主語(yǔ)“cryingoverspiltmilk〞在真主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)的情況下，英語(yǔ)常先用it放在句首代替真主語(yǔ)，之后再引出真主語(yǔ)。2.在賓語(yǔ)的位置上，用it代替它作形式賓語(yǔ)WethinkitimportanttolearnEnglish.我們認(rèn)為學(xué)英語(yǔ)很重要。it為假賓語(yǔ)，代替真賓語(yǔ)“tolearnEnglish〞Ifounditpleasantwalkinginthepark.我發(fā)現(xiàn)在公園里散步是件樂(lè)事。it為假賓語(yǔ)，代替真賓語(yǔ)“walkinginthepark〞3.對(duì)動(dòng)名詞或不定式進(jìn)展否認(rèn)時(shí)，在不定式或動(dòng)名詞前加not就可以了。nottodo、notdoingHepretendednottoseeher.他假裝沒(méi)有看見(jiàn)她。Heregretsnotjoiningthem.他懊悔沒(méi)有參加他們。練習(xí)：Itisnousecrying(cry)overspiltmilk.Wethinkitimportanttolearn(learn)English.Hepretendednottosee(notsee)her.第三十七講非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞〔3〕to不定式表示目的的用法inorderto+動(dòng)詞原形：表示目的soasto+動(dòng)詞原形：表示目的由inorderto引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)，置于句首、句尾均可。由soasto引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)，只能置于句尾。I’vewrittenitdowninordertorememberit.我寫(xiě)下來(lái)了，目的是為了記住它。也可以寫(xiě)成：Inordertorememberit，I’vewrittenitdown.Heshoutedandwavedsoastobenoticed.他又叫又揮手，目的是為了被注意到。它們的否認(rèn)形式分別在to前加notI’vewrittenitdowninordernottoforgetit.Hesaidnothingsoasnottobenoticed.練習(xí)：Hegetsupearlyinorderto/soasto〔目的是〕arriveatschoolontime.Hewroteitdowninordernotto/soasnotto〔目的是不〕forgetit.第三十八講非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞〔4〕常見(jiàn)的不定式和動(dòng)名詞包含不定式和動(dòng)名詞的一些固定構(gòu)造too…to…：太…而不能…Theroomistoosmalltolive.“too…to〞中間加形容詞或副詞。enough+n+todo/adj+enoughtodo足夠……可以……Thereisenoughfoodtoeat.有足夠的食物可以吃Theboxisbigenoughtocontainsixapples.足夠大可以裝6個(gè)蘋(píng)果ondoing：一……就……Onseeingthesnake,thegirlwasveryfrightened.一看到那條蛇，女孩就非常害怕〔作狀語(yǔ)〕Thereisnohopeofdoing：沒(méi)希望……Thereisnohopeofseeinghim.沒(méi)希望看見(jiàn)他feellikedoing：想要……Ifeellikeeatingicecreamnow.haveahardtimedoing：做……很困難Theyhaveahardtimesolvingtheproblemthemselves.他們自己解決那個(gè)問(wèn)題很困難練習(xí)：Thereareenoughbookstoread(read).Ifeellikedrinking(drink)coffeenow.Theroomistoosmalltolive(live).第三十九講非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞〔5〕現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞，分詞句1.doing可稱之為動(dòng)名詞；用在進(jìn)展時(shí)中，稱之為現(xiàn)在分詞Writingbooksishisjob.動(dòng)名詞Heiswritingabook.進(jìn)展時(shí)“現(xiàn)在分詞〞2.done用在完成時(shí)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，稱之為過(guò)去分詞。Hehaswrittenthehomework.完成時(shí)已經(jīng)完成作業(yè)Thehomeworkiswritten.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)作業(yè)被寫(xiě)好3.分詞句：是包含現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的分句。Thestudentswentoutoftheclassroom,laughingandtalking.作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，邊說(shuō)邊笑Accompaniedbyhisfriend,hewenttotherailwaystation.作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，他被朋友陪伴著去了火車(chē)站。練習(xí)：Helikesdrinking(drink)coffee.Thedoorwaslocked(lock).Given(give)betterattention,theplantscouldgrowbetter.第四十講原形不定式〔1〕使役動(dòng)詞使役動(dòng)詞，表示“使/讓……〞1.make,let，have做使役動(dòng)詞，構(gòu)成形式為：“have/make/let+賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形〞〔動(dòng)詞前不加to〕Hemademelaugh.Ilethimgo.Pleasehavehimcomehere.2.get和help做使役動(dòng)詞，get的使役動(dòng)詞句為“get+賓語(yǔ)+to+動(dòng)詞原形〞，help的使役動(dòng)詞句為“help+賓語(yǔ)+(to)+動(dòng)詞原形〞Ican’tgetanyonetodotheworkproperly.準(zhǔn)確地完成工作Ihelpedhim(to)repairthecar.3.make/let/have/get/help+賓語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞，表示“讓某物/人被別人……〞〔表被動(dòng)〕Imustgetmyhaircut.Hecouldn’tmakehimselfheard.Canyougettheworkfinishedintime?練習(xí)：Hemademelaugh(laugh).Ilethimgo(go).Imustgetmyhaircut(cut).第四十一講原形不定式〔2〕感官動(dòng)詞1.“感官動(dòng)詞see/watch觀看/observe/notice/hear/smell/taste/feel+賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形或現(xiàn)在分詞〞〔動(dòng)詞前不加to〕表示：感知到某物或人若何了+動(dòng)詞原形，表示動(dòng)作的真實(shí)性+現(xiàn)在分詞，表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)展性。Isawhimworkinthegardenyesterday.看到他昨天在花園里工作Isawhimworkinginthegardenyesterday.看到他昨天一直在花園里工作2.“感官動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞〞，表示：感知到某物或人被若何了Johnsawthemanknockeddownbythecar.看到一人被轎車(chē)撞倒了練習(xí)：Iwatchedadogrunning(run)inthegardenyesterday.IheardSamsent(send)tothehospital.第四十二講假設(shè)〔1〕單純表示假設(shè)1.條件狀語(yǔ)從句：用“if〞引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，從句為現(xiàn)在時(shí)，則主句為將來(lái)時(shí)，通常譯作“如果……〞,Ifyougetupearly,youwillcatchupwiththetrain.2.if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾。Ifyouaskhim,hewillhelpyou.Shewillbeupsetifyoufailtheexam.如果你沒(méi)考好，她會(huì)失望。練習(xí)：Ifheruns,hewillget〔get〕thereintime.如果他跑得快，他就會(huì)及時(shí)趕到那兒。Thecatwillscratch(scratch)youifyoupullitstail.如果你拉貓的尾巴，它就會(huì)抓你。第四十三講假設(shè)〔2〕與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣1、if從句是一種虛擬的條件或假設(shè)，與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。主從句時(shí)態(tài)具體如下：從句：動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式〔be用were〕主句：would/could/should/might+動(dòng)詞原形IfIwereyou,Iwouldjointhem.與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反：“我不可能是你〞Shewouldcomewithyouifyouinvitedher.與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反：說(shuō)明“沒(méi)有邀請(qǐng)〞已經(jīng)發(fā)生。虛擬語(yǔ)氣：是在事實(shí)發(fā)生后，做出的與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。Shewillcomewithyouifyouinviteher.單純假設(shè)：說(shuō)明“邀請(qǐng)〞還未發(fā)生2、練習(xí)：IfIknew(know)histelephonenumber,Iwouldtell(tell)you.IfIhad(have)anymoneywithme,Iwouldlend(lend)yousome.IfIwere(be)you,Iwouldtake(take)anumbrella.第四十四講假設(shè)〔3〕與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣1、if從句是一種虛擬的條件或假設(shè)，和過(guò)去事實(shí)相反。主從句的時(shí)態(tài)具體如下：從句：haddone主句：would/could/should/might+havedoneIfIhadgotthereearlier,Ishouldhavemether.Ifhehadtakenmyadvice,hewouldnothavemadesuchamistake.2、練習(xí)：Ifhehadstudied(study)harder,hemighthavepassedtheexam.Iftherehadbeen(be)aheavysnow,weshouldnothavegone(notgo)skating.IfIhadgot(get)thereearlier,Iwouldhavemet(meet)her.第四十五講假設(shè)〔4〕wish〔愿望、希望〕/asif〔看上去〕+過(guò)去時(shí)/過(guò)去完成時(shí)/would/should/could+動(dòng)詞原形1、wish后面的從句，譯為：“希望……就好了〞，是不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的假設(shè)。a.與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的愿望IwishIwereastallasyou.Iwish+一般過(guò)去時(shí)現(xiàn)在許的愿，且與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反〔事實(shí)已發(fā)生〕b.與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的愿望Hewishedhehadn’tsaidthat.Iwished+過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去許的愿，且與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反〔事實(shí)已發(fā)生〕c.將來(lái)不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望Iwishitwouldraintomorrow.Iwish+would/should/could+動(dòng)詞原形現(xiàn)在許的愿，且將來(lái)不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)〔事實(shí)尚未發(fā)生〕小結(jié)：wish后面的從句：與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反則用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，將來(lái)不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望則用“would/should/could+動(dòng)詞原形〞。wish主句則根據(jù)許愿的時(shí)間分別用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)。2、asif，翻譯為“看起來(lái)好似……〞a.從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)Youlookasifyoudidn’tcare.你看起來(lái)一點(diǎn)也不在乎?！矊?shí)際在乎的〕b.從句表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)HetalksaboutRomeasifhehadbeentherebefore.他談?wù)摿_馬好似他以前去過(guò)。〔實(shí)際沒(méi)去過(guò)〕c.從句表示將來(lái)不大可能發(fā)生，用“would/should/could+動(dòng)詞原形〞Heopenedhismouthasifhewouldsaysomething.他張開(kāi)嘴好似要說(shuō)點(diǎn)什么〔說(shuō)的可能性很小〕3、練習(xí)：IwishIwere(be)astallasyou.Hetalksasifheknew(know)whereshewas.Iwishitwouldrain(rain)tomorrow.第四十六講定語(yǔ)從句〔關(guān)系代詞〕which,that,who,whom,whose定語(yǔ)從句：修飾或限定一個(gè)名詞或代詞的從句，被修飾的名詞叫先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系詞〔關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞〕引出。1、關(guān)系代詞：在從句中做一定的成分，代替先行詞，起到連接先行詞和從句的作用。常用關(guān)系代詞：which,that,who,whom,whose，只起連接作用，無(wú)實(shí)義，不用翻譯。如：Thegirlwhom/thatIspoketoismycousin.a.先行詞是人的話用that,who,whom,whose來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。“whom〞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)“who〞和“that〞在從句中可作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)Theyarethepeoplethat/whowereseenyesterday.昨天那些人被看見(jiàn)了〔在從句中作主語(yǔ)〕Theyarethepeoplewhom/that/whoIsawyesterday.他們是昨天我看見(jiàn)的那些人〔在從句中作賓語(yǔ)〕Theyarethepeoplewhosewalletswerelostyesterday.他們是昨天喪失人民幣包的那些人〔屬格〕b.先行詞是動(dòng)物/事物的話，用which,that,whose來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。which,that在從句中可作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可