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第十三講定語從句

【知識銜接】

初高中課程解讀

初中課程高中課程

初中英語中,要求了解定語從句的相關(guān)高中英語中,要求了解代詞和關(guān)系副詞

概念。握關(guān)系代詞的基本用法,會根據(jù)引導(dǎo)定語從句的區(qū)別。掌握介詞+關(guān)系詞

從句的成分選擇合適的關(guān)系副詞。初步引導(dǎo)定語從句的用法。掌握非限制性定

了解非限制性定語從句。語從句的引導(dǎo)詞用法。

-----初中知識回顧-----

定語從句的相關(guān)概念

(1)定語從句:在主從復(fù)合句中用作定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊接在先行詞后

面。

(2)先行詞:被定語從句修飾的成份。先行詞可以為一個詞,短語,或整個主句。

(3)引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞,分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。

關(guān)系詞的作用:

1)引導(dǎo)定語從句,連接主句和從句,相當(dāng)于一個連詞;

2)必在從句中作某個句子成份(可以做主語,賓語,表語,定語,狀語)

常用的關(guān)系代詞:that、which、who、whom>as,在從句中作主語,賓語,whose定語)

常用的關(guān)系副詞(在從句中只作狀語):when、why、where

ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.

Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.

Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.

rdlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.

定語從句三步:

第一找出先行詞;

第二看先行詞在定語從句中的語法功能(做主語、賓語或狀語);

第三選擇合適的關(guān)系詞。

二.幾個關(guān)系代詞的基本用法

1.that:可指人或物;在定語從句中作主語,賓語,表語。(指人時,相當(dāng)于who或whom;

指物時,相當(dāng)于which)(一般不用于非限制性定語從句;不可置于介詞后作賓語)如:

1.Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?

2.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.

3.Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?

4.Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.

5.She'snolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.

2.which:指物;在定語從句中作主語,賓語,表語,定語。如:

1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.

2.Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.

3.Thefactoryinwhichhisfatherworksisfarfromhere.

3.who,whom,whose:

who:主格,在從句中作主語,在口語或非正式用法中作賓語;只可指人

whom:賓格,在從句中作賓語;只可指人

whose:屬格,在從句中作定語,可指人也可指物。

1.Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.

2.Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.(代詞如he,they,any,those,all,one

等后多用who.)

3.He,samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.二He'saman(whom/who/that)weshouldlearn

from.

4.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.

5.rdlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.=1'dlikearoomofwhichthewindow

facessouth.

-I"dlikearoomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.

三.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

1.When指時間,在定語從句中作時間狀語。其先行詞是表時間的名詞(如:time,day,week,tear,

month,etc.)

HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.

Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.

2.Where指地點(diǎn),在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。其先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞,如:place,school,

factory,

room,etc.

ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.

Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.

3.Why指原因,在定語從句中作原因狀語。先行詞為reason時,可用forwhich指代;當(dāng)關(guān)系詞

在從句中作主語或賓語時,則用which或that引導(dǎo)。如:

1.Thereasonwhy/forwhich/(that)hedidn'tattendthemeetingwasthathewasill.

2.Idon'tbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.(作賓語)

3.Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhissuccess?(作主語)

四.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別

1.形式上,非限制性定語從句往往用逗號隔開。

2.語法上,非限制性定語從句一般不用that.

3.語義上,限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系緊密,起限定作用,如果去掉了這個定語從句,整個句

子就不完整或者會改變意思;而非限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系不是很緊密,對先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明

或描述的作用。

ThisisthebookIlikebest,這就是我最喜歡的那本書。

Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800years,isrichinculturaland

historicrelics.

北京是中國八百年之久的古都,它有著豐富的文化和歷史遺產(chǎn)。

4.翻譯時,限制性定語從句可譯為一句(較短的一般譯為〃的〃字結(jié)構(gòu));而非限制性定語從句可譯

為兩句。(見上句翻譯)

比較:Hehasasister,whoisamusician.

Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.

注意:引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞,指人時用who,whom,whose,指物時用which,whose;

關(guān)系副詞when,where,why,etc.

1.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislater

life.

2.Tom,sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.

--------高中知識鏈接--------

一.關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語:(介詞+whom/which)

關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中用作介詞賓語時,介詞可放于從句之首,也可放于從句之末.但以放于

句首較為正式.(介詞前置,必須注意不影響動詞詞組的含義。)

1.Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.

2.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands?

二Doyouknowtheperson(whom/who/that)Ishookhandswith?

3.Isthisthefactorytowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?

4.Isthisfactorytheonetowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?

5.Thisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter.(介詞after與look構(gòu)成固定詞組,不可

前置。lookat,lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等)

二.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句重點(diǎn)

1.When

先行詞為〃時間名詞〃,可用when引導(dǎo)定語從句,when在定語從句中作狀語;還可以用which或

that引導(dǎo),which或that在從句中作主語或賓語。

比較:1.Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.(作狀語)

2.Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.(作賓語)

3.IshallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouVwaslaunched,whichhasagreateffect

onmylife.

2.Where

先行詞是〃地點(diǎn)名詞〃,定語從句可用where引導(dǎo),還可用which或that引導(dǎo),which/that在從

句中作主語或賓語。

比較:※上Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.(作狀語)

2.Ithinkyouhavegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,oryouwouldfail.

3.He'sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwherehe,slikelytolosecontrol

oftheplane.

4.Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.(作賓語)

3.Why

注意:當(dāng)先行詞為way時,theway在從句中作狀語時,定語從句常用that,inwhich,或how

引導(dǎo),that??梢允÷?。theway在從句中作主語或賓語時,則用which或that引導(dǎo)。如:

Thisistheway(that)/inwhichIdosuchthings.

比較:Pleasedotheexperimentintheway(that/which)Ihaveshownyou.

三.用that不用which的情況

在定語從句中,which和that在指代事物時,一般可以互換使用,但并非在任何情況下都是

這樣,這里介紹宜用that,而不宜用which的情況.

①先行詞為不定代詞,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone

等。

1.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.

2.There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.

3.Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday?

②先行詞被0nly,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof等詞修飾時。

1.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.

2.That,stheverywordthatiswronglyused.

3.Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthechemicalworks.

比較*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.

*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear.

③先行詞是序數(shù)詞時或被序數(shù)詞修飾時。

1.WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisTaiLake.

2.Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.

④先行詞是最高級或被最高級修飾時。

1.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.

2.Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowishowtostophimfromgoing

on.

⑤先行詞既有人又有物,用which和who都不適合,這時宜用that.如:

1.Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown.

2.Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwomanwereheldupbythepolice.

⑥被修飾詞為數(shù)詞時.

1.YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwo

thatarestillalive.

⑦如果有兩個從句,其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用which,另一個關(guān)系代詞宜用that,以避免語言的單調(diào)

或重復(fù)。

Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.

⑧疑問詞是who或which,關(guān)系代詞宜用that,以避免重復(fù)。

1.Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?

2.Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate?

⑨主句是Therebe結(jié)構(gòu),修飾其主句的定語從句宜用that作關(guān)系代詞.如:

1.Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.

⑩被修飾成分為表語時,或者關(guān)系代詞本身是定語從句的表語時,該關(guān)系代詞宜用that.

1.That'sagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot.

2.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace(that)itusedtobe.

四.用which不用that的情況

①當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞的前面有介詞時.

1.Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.

2.IsthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives?

②在非限制性定語從句中.

1.Crusoe,sdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied.

2.MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,whichisbecomingpopularinour

country,(which指代主句)

③在一個句子中有兩個定語從句,其中一個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞用了that,另一個宜用which.

1.LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopento

us.

④當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后面帶有插入語時.

1.Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.

⑤先行詞本身是that,宜用which.

What'sthatwhichsheislookingat?

⑥先行詞是those+復(fù)數(shù)名詞.

Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.

五.用who不用that的情況

who和that指代人時,有些情況宜用who,而不宜用that

①先行詞為anyone,anybody,those,all,one,ones,they,he,people時.如:

1.ThepersonIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudieshardandworkswell.

2.Anyonewho(=Whoever)failedtocometothemeetingyesterdaymustgivehisreason.

3.Thosewhoarenotfitfortheirworkshouldleaveofficeatonce.

②在Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中,修飾主語的定語從句宜用關(guān)系代詞wh。指代人.如:

1.Thereisagentlemanwhowantstoseeyou.

2.Thereareseveralstudentsinourclasswhoarestillnotsureabouttheuseofattributive

clauses.

③當(dāng)先行詞有較長的后置定語時.如:

1.ImetaforeignerintheparkyesterdayafternoonwhocouldspeakChineseverywell.

六.常見as的固定用法

asweallknow正如我們都知道的那樣asyouknow正如你知道的那樣

asisknowntoall眾所周知asyousee正如你看到的那樣

aswecansee正如我們能看到的那樣ashasbeenexpected正如人們期待的那樣

aswehaveimagined正如我們想象的那樣

【經(jīng)典題型】

初中經(jīng)典題型

1.Thebridgeabigshipcangohasbeenbuilt.

A.underwhichB.underthatC.inwhichD.onwhich

【答案】A

【解析】考查定語從句。定語從句也可由介詞+which:whom構(gòu)成。先行詞指人用前者,先行

詞指事/物用后者。此句中,先行詞為thebridge;從句為abigshipcango,二者構(gòu)成的完整

句為Abigshipcangounderthebridge.故選A.

2.Thebookistornismine.

A.thecoverofwhichB.thecoverofthat

C.whichthecoverD.whosecoverof

【答案】A

【解析】考查定語從句。此句中先行詞為thebook,從句應(yīng)為coveristorn,二者構(gòu)成

的完整句為thecoverofthebookistorn.因此關(guān)系引導(dǎo)詞結(jié)構(gòu)為thecoverofwhich

或所屬關(guān)系引導(dǎo)詞結(jié)構(gòu)whosecover.故選A.

3.Hetalkedabouttheclassmatesandtheschoolhehadvisited.

A.whoB.thatC.whichD.aboutwhich

【答案】B

【解析】考查先行詞即指人又指物的定語從句引導(dǎo)詞。此句中,先行詞為theclassmatesand

theschool,從句為hehadvisited,二者構(gòu)成的完整句為Hehadvisitedtheclassmatesandthe

school.所以不難發(fā)現(xiàn)先行詞在限定性定語從句中作visited的賓語使用,先行詞既指人又指

物。故選B.

4.YouhaveseenthegirlsisterisaChineseteacher.

A.whomB.ofwhomC.whoseD.ofwhich

【答案】C

【解析】考查定語從句所屬關(guān)系引導(dǎo)詞。此句先行詞為thegirl,定語從句為sisterisa

Chineseteacher,二者構(gòu)成的完整句為ThegirTssisterisaChineseteacher.先行

詞的's所有格構(gòu)成的所屬關(guān)系結(jié)構(gòu)在從句中作定語。故選C.

5.Weshoulddoall___isusefultopeople.

A./B.thatC.itD.which

【答案】B

【解析】考查限定性定語從句中先行詞為不定代詞的引導(dǎo)詞。此句中先行詞all為不定代

詞,從句為isusefultopeople,從句缺主語,二者構(gòu)成的完整句為Allisusefultopeople.

故選B.

高中經(jīng)典題型

1.You'11findtaxiswaitingatthebusstation____youcanhiretoreachyour

hostfamily.

A.whichB.whereC.whenD.as

【答案】A

【解析】考查定語從句。先行詞為thebusstation,從句中謂語動詞hire后差賓語,故

用關(guān)系代詞which。分析可知youcanhiretoreachyourhostfamily為定語從句,

其先行詞taxis在從句中作canhire的賓語,所以選關(guān)系代詞which。故選A.

2.Theschoolsthemselvesadmitthatnotallchildrenwillbesuccessfulinthejobs

theyarebeingtrained.

A.thatB.forwhichC.whichD.aboutwhich

【答案】B

【解析】考查定語從句。定語從句theyarebeingtrained與先行詞thejobs可

連成theyarebeingtrainedforthejobs。trainsb.forsth.為固定搭酉己。故選B.

3.Lifeislikealongracewecompetewithotherstogobeyondourselves.

A.whyB.whatC.thatD.where

【答案】D

【解析】考查定語從句。wecompetewithotherstogobeyondourselves為定語

從句,其先行詞為race。因?yàn)閺木淙鄙俚攸c(diǎn)狀語intherace,故用where。故選D.

4.Onthesecondfloortherearetworooms,isusedasameetingroom.

A.thelargerofwhichB.oneofthem

C.thelargeroneofthatD.thelargestofwhich

【答案】A

【解析】考查定語從句。句意:在二樓有兩個房間,其中較大的那個被用作會議室。句中沒

有連接詞,可知逗號后為定語從句,thelargerofwhich=andthelargerofthem=andthelarger

oftworoomsoB項(xiàng)變?yōu)閍ndoneofthem才正確:定語從句中,若介詞置于引導(dǎo)詞前,則不

能用that而用which,所以C項(xiàng)也不正確。故選A.

5.Alltheneighborsadmirethisfamily,theparentsaretreatingtheirchild

likeafriend.

A.whyB.whereC.whichD.that

【答案】B

【解析】考查定語從句。句意:所有的鄰居都對這個家庭贊賞不已,在這個家庭里,父母對

待他們的孩子就像對待朋友一樣。先行詞family后跟非限制性定語從句,此處缺少地點(diǎn)狀

語inthisfamily,故用where。故選B.

【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練】

--------先做初中題一一夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)--------

1.Wecametoaplacetheyhadneverpaidavisitbefore.

A.whichB.inwhichC.onwhichD.towhich

【答案】D

【解析】考查定語從句隨意性關(guān)系引導(dǎo)詞。此句先行詞為aplace,從句為theyhadnever

paidavisitbefore,二者構(gòu)成的完整句為Theyhadneverpaidavisittotheplace

before.故選D.

2.Thosefinisheddoingitputupyourhands.

A.whohaveB.whohasC.whichhaveD.have

【答案】A

【解析】考查定語從句。此句中those為定語從句的先行詞,相當(dāng)于thosestudenWclerks,

fiEisheddiongii為定語從句成分,從句缺主語以及謂語動詞的完成時態(tài)助I動詞。主語指人,

用一般引導(dǎo)詞who,引導(dǎo)詞數(shù)量與先行詞一致為復(fù)數(shù)。故選A.

3.Themanwasafriendofmine.

A.thatyoujusttalkedtoB.whomyoujusttalkedtohim

C.whoyoujusttalkedtohimD.whichyoujusttalkedto

【答案】A

【解析】考查定語從句。此句中先行詞theman在從句中作介詞to的賓語,先行詞指人,

所以用that、whom引導(dǎo)。故選A.

4.Iwenttotheschool____myfatheronceworked.

A.thatB.whichC.whereD.onwhich

【答案】C

【解析】考查定語從句。此句先行詞theschool,定語從句為myfatheronceworked,Z2

者構(gòu)成的完整句為Myfatheronceworkedintheschool,intheschoolo先行詞在定

語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語,所以用where或inwhich表示。故選C.

5.IshallneverforgetthoseyearsIlivedinthecountrywiththefarmers,

hasagreateffectonmylife.

A.that;whichB.when;whichC.which;thatD.when;who

【答案】B

【解析】考查定語從句。前一定語從句的完整句為Ilivedinthecountiywiththefarmersthose

years.先行詞thoseyears在從句中作時間狀語,用when引導(dǎo)。后一定語從句的完整句在理

解基礎(chǔ)上的意思轉(zhuǎn)換為Theexperiencehasagreateffectonmylife.TheexperiencesIlivedin

thecountiywiththefannersthoseyearso所以為先行詞為前面整句話,在從句中作主語,用

which引導(dǎo)。故選B.

6.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,wasmorethanwecouldexpect.

A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it

【答案】B

【解析】考查非限制性定語從句。非限定性定語從句在意思理解基礎(chǔ)上的完整句為This

naturalphenomenonwasmorethanwecouldexpect.先行詞為前面整句話。Thisnatural

phenomenon=Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood.先行詞在從句中作主語。故選

B.

7.Haveyouseenthefilm〃Titanic”,leadingactorisworldfamous?

A.itsB.it'sC.whoseD.which

【答案】C

【解析】考查非限定性定語從句。先行詞thefilm,放入從句為Theleadingactorofthe

filmisworldfamous,先行詞放入從句為of所有格作后置性定語,用whose引導(dǎo)。故選

C.

8.Thefamousbasketballstar,triedtomakeacomeback,attractedalotof

attention.

A.whereB.whenC.whichD.who

【答案】D

【解析】非限定性定語從句考點(diǎn)。先行詞為thefamousbasketballstar,放入從句為the

basketballstartriedtomakeacomeback.先行詞在從句中作主語,相同意思引導(dǎo)詞,

先行詞指人。故選D.

9.RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase,wasveryreasonable.

A.whichpriceB.thepriceofwhichC.itspriceD.thepriceofwhose

【答案】D

【解析】考查非限定性定語從句。先行詞theancientChinesevase,放入從句為The

ancientChinesevasewasveryreasonable,先行詞在從句中作主語。先行詞指物,引導(dǎo)

詞用which,thepriceoftheChinesevasewasveryreasonable,先行詞的of所有格

在從句中作后置性定語,所屬關(guān)系引導(dǎo)詞結(jié)構(gòu)用whoseprice,也可以用thepriceofwhich,

故選D.

10.ThefilmbroughtthehoursbacktomeIwastakengoodcareofinthat

far-awayvillage.

A.untilB.thatC.whenD.where

【答案】C

【解析】考查限定性定語從句。先行詞thehours,放入從句為Iwastakengoodcareof

inthatfar-awayvillageduringthehours.先行詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)在從句中作時間狀語,所

以用when引導(dǎo),或用duringwhich.故選C.

--------再戰(zhàn)高中題一一能力提升--------

1.rvereadmanystoriesofLeiFeng,thisisthemosttouchingone.

A.whoB.ofwhichC.ofwhomD.that

【答案】B

【解析】考查定語從句。句意:我讀過很多雷鋒的故事,其中這個故事最令人感動。先行詞

為stories,代入定語從句后為:Thisisthemosttouchingoneofthestories.由此可見先行詞在

定語從句中作介詞of的賓語,先行詞{stories)表示“物,排除C項(xiàng)。故選B.

2.Readingbooks,takesthereadertootherworlds,isawonderfulwayto

enjoylife.

A.thatB.whatC.asD.which

【答案】D

【解析】考查非限制性定語從句。句意:讀書是一種享受生活的好方法,它把讀者帶到其他

的世界中。先行詞是readingbooks,代入定語從句后為:Readingbookstakesthereader

tootherworlds.先行詞在定語從句中作主語,且該從句為非限制性定語從句,故用which

引導(dǎo)。故選D.

3.Thiswasreturnedbecausethepersonthisletterwasaddressedhaddiedthree

yearsago.

A.towhomB.towhichC.whichD.whom

【答案】A

【解析】考查定語從句。句意:信件被退回來了,因?yàn)槭占巳昵熬腿ナ懒恕ddressthis

lettertosb.把這封信寄給某人。先行詞為人,所以用whom引導(dǎo)。故選A.

4.TheGreatWallistheplacealmostalltouristswouldliketovisitwhen

theycometoBeijing.

A.whyB.whichC.whenD.where

【答案】B

【解析】考查定語從句。almostalltouristswouldliketovisitwhentheyc

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