英語國家概況(修訂版)Chapter-18

AGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries英語國家概況NewZealand

SocietyandCulture

英語國家概況Chapter18GEOGRAPHYGeographicalfeaturesclimateMajorcitiesI.GeographyGeographicalFeaturesArethefollowingstatementsaboutNewZealandcorrect?NewZealandisanislandcountry.NewZealandiscomprisedoftwomainisland:theNorthIslandandtheSouthIsland.CookStrait,whichseparatesthetwomainislands,connectstheTasmanSeainthewestwiththeSouthPacificOceanintheeast.ThemountainousSouthIslandisthelargestlandmassofNewZealand.TheNorthIslandismarkedbyvolcanism.ClimateWhatarethetwomaingeographicalfeaturesthatdominateNewZealand'sclimate?Mountainchainsdividethecountryintodramaticallydifferentclimateregions.Whichpartdoyouthinkisthewettestareaandwhichpartthedriest?WhenisthecoldestmonthandthewarmestmonthinNewZealand?AretheredramaticvariationsbetweensummerandwintertemperaturesinNewZealand?

MajorCities—WellingtonthecapitalofNewZealandthecountry'ssecondlargesturbanareathemostpopulousnationalcapitalinOceaniathesouthernmostcapitalcityintheworldatthesouthwesterntipoftheNorthIslandonCookStraitNewZealand'spolitical,cultural,commercialandcosmopolitancentrewiththe12thbestqualityoflivingintheworldMajorCities—WellingtonRoyalNewZealandBalletbasedinWellingtonestablishedin1953acompanyof32dynamicdancers,performinganeclecticrepertoire(折衷的曲目)ofoutstandingdance,fornationalandinternationalaudiencesMajorCities—WellingtonNationalSymphonyOrchestraacrownentityownedbytheGovernmentofNewZealand,with90full-timeplayersfoundedin1946currentlybasedintheMichaelFowlerCentre(邁克爾-福勒中心)MajorCities—AucklandintheNorthIslandofNewZealandthelargestandmostpopulousurbanareainthecountrystraddlesthevolcanoesoftheAucklandVolcanicFieldawarmtemperateclimateranksthe5thinasurveyofthequalityoflifeDiscoveryofNewZealandNewZealandasaColonyNewZealandasaDominionNewZealandasaRealmII.HistoryDiscoveryofNewZealandWhowerethefirstsettlersinNewZealand?WhowerethefirstEuropeanstoreachNewZealandbutwithoutlandingonit?WhofirstmappedtheentirecoastlineofNewZealand?NewZealandasaColonyWhatistheTreatyofWaitangi?WhatsignificancedidithaveonNewZealand’shistory?DidtheTreatyofWaitangiprovideanabsolutelysoundbasisforBritishsovereignty?NewZealandasaDominionin1907,anindependentdominionin1947,afullyindependentnationinWWI:enthusiasticallybackedBritain;sufferedgreatlossinWWII:sufferedlargecasualties;stimulateditseconomyNewZealandasaRealmmid-1980sdeclareditsantinuclearpolicymid-1980s—mid-1990sradicaleconomicreformsauniqueblendofSouthPacificandEuropeancultureswithastrongnationalidentityofitsownIIIGovernmentTheLegislatureTheExecutiveTheJudiciaryPoliticalPartiesIII.GovernmentGovernmentWhatisNewZealand’spoliticalsystem?HowcanalawbepassedinNewZealand?HowmanypartsisNewZealand’sParliamentcomposedof?Whatisthepolicy-makingbodyinNewZealand?Whatdoesthejudiciaryconsistof?WhatarethetwomainpartiesinNewZealand?Whichpartyisleadingthegovernmentcurrently?PoliticalPartiesMaoriParty(毛利黨)apoliticalpartyinNewZealandformedon7July,2004TheMaoriPartybelieves：MaoriownedtheforeshoreandseabedbeforeBritishcolonization；TheTreatyofWaitangi(《懷唐伊條約》)madenospecificmentionofforeshoreorseabed；Noonehassubsequentlypurchasedorotherwiseacquiredtheforeshoreortheseabed;MaorishouldthereforestillowntheseabedandtheforeshoretodayPoliticalPartiesUnitedFuture(聯(lián)合未來黨)anunregisteredNewZealandpoliticalpartyfoundedin2000policy:UnitedFutureisamoderncentreparty,focusedonNewZealand'sbestinterests.Wepromotestrongfamiliesandvibrantcommunities.Weseekafairandopensociety,freefrompoverty,ignoranceandprejudice,andbasedoninnovation,self-reliance,justiceandintegrityinbusinessandpersonaldealings.Wepromoteasustainableenvironment,andacompetitiveeconomywhichencouragesgrowth,prosperity,ownershipandopportunitythroughmarketpolicieswherepossible,andgovernmentwherenecessary.WewantallNewZealanders,whatevertheirbackground,raceorcreed,tohavethechancetoenjoyeverythingthatisgoodinourcountryPoliticalPartiesACTNewZealand(新西蘭行動黨)afreemarketpoliticalpartyinNewZealandfoundedin1994Itsphilosophyisbasedonindividualfreedomandonpersonalresponsibility.Politicalposition:rightwingPrinciples:Individualsaretherightfulownersoftheirownlivesandthereforehaveinherentfreedomsandresponsibilities.Theproperpurposeofgovernmentistoprotectsuchfreedomsandnottoassumesuchresponsibilities.PoliticalPartiesManaParty(馬納黨)aNewZealandpoliticalpartyformedinApril,2011ideology:Indigenousrightssocialismpoliticalposition:leftwingIV.

Peopleamulticulturalsocietywithdiversepopulationtotalpopulation:4.4million —Europeandescent:68%;—Maoris:14.6%;—otherethnicgroups:PacificIslandPolynesians;Chinese;IndiansIV.

PeopleCultureoftheMaorisbeliefandreligion:Christianityperformingart:Kapahakalanguage:Maorisports：Thenationalrugbyunion,rugbyleagueandnetballteamshavefeaturedmanyMaoriplayers.IV.

PeopleMaoriartsincludetraditionalandcontemporaryartsExcellentexamplesofweavingandcarvingcanbefoundintoday’smuseums,shopsandonmaraethroughoutthecountry.CraftsmanshipoftheMaorisisfamousforitsvarieddesignsandrichforms.V.Economyoneofthemostdevelopedcountriesranking5thintheEconomistIntelligenceUnit’s2012quality-of-lifeindextrade-orientedeconomynicknamedtheworld’slargestfarmvulnerabletochangesinworldeconomyVI.LanguageofficialLanguages:English,Maori,andsignlanguageNewZealandSignLanguageorNZSL:themainlanguageofthedeafcommunityinNewZealand.ItbecameathirdofficiallanguageofNewZealandinApril2006.NewZealandbecamethefirstcountrytodeclaresignlanguageasanofficiallanguage.VI.LanguageMaorilanguage(毛利語)thelanguageoftheindigenouspopulationofNewZealandanofficiallanguageinNewZealandEstimatesofthenumberofMaorispeakersrangefrom100,000to150,000.NewZealandSignLanguagethemainlanguageoftheDeafcommunityinNewZealandbecameanofficiallanguageofNewZealandinApril2006,mak