weber and spirit of capitalism 2017與資本主義精神

MaxWeber(1864-1920)MaxWeberBornErfurt1864.FatheradeputyforNationalLiberalPartyMotheraveryreligiousevangelicalProtestantDescribeshimselfas‘a(chǎn)classconsciousbourgeois.’TeenageletterscommentonKant,Hegel,Spinoza.LearntHebrew.ForaStrongGermanyFamilyconflictafterreturnhomefromuniversity.VereinfurSocialpolitikandEvangelicalSocialCongressPanGermanLeagueWeber’sNationalismTheConditionsofAgriculturalWorkersinEastElbianRegionsofGermany’1892Strongnationalistsentiments–anti-PolishremarksConcern:PrussiaheartlandofGermanynationalismWeakeningduetoflight

intocitiesWeber’simperialoutlook‘ThepreservationandadvancementofGermany’spositionasagreatpowerwasnotonlyadutydictatedbythepastbutalsoapre-requisiteforadecentlifeofthemasses.’CareerAppointedprofessorFreiburgAddress1895‘TheNationalStateandEconomicPolicy’1897NervousbreakdownReturnstoteaching1914Keytexts1904visitsAmerica–’deeplyimpressedbylife-formingeffectsofProtestantreligioussects’1905TheProtestantEthicandSpiritofcapitalismEconomyandSocietypublishedafterhisdeath.Weber’sConcernsSPDPaper1.FightingMarxistinfluenceofGermanSocialDemocraticPartyAgloomydefenderofcapitalismWeber’sconcernsGermanempire1871-19142.WhichclasswouldleadGermanempire?TheJunkersortheliberalbourgeoisie?OttovonBismarckUnitedGermanyby‘bloodandiron’.FoughtaculturalwaragainstCatholicism.FoughtthesocialistsButpreventedemergenceofa‘liberaldemocracy’Weber’skeyBookWritten1904Influentialbookthataskskeyquestionaboutpathofdevelopment.TwokeyquestionsTheQuestion:WhydidcapitalismgrowintheWest?WhydidWesterncultureedominant?TheLegacyoftheProtestantEthicAcomparativeanalysisSetsofdebateonmodernisationtheory–mainfactorsareinternalcultureofunder-developedsocieties.Dependencytheory–mainfactorsarelinkageswithglobaleconomyandempireWhatiscapitalism?‘Theimpulsetoacquisition,pursuitofgain,ofthegreatestamountofmoneyhasinitselfnothingtodowithcapitalism’?SpecificFeatures:Economicrationality;Book-keeping;Freelabour;marketcompetitionDefinitionofcapitalismCapitalism=‘Renewedprofitbymeansofcontinuousrationalcapitalisticenterprise’Action:‘whichrestsontheexpectationofprofitbytheutilizationofopportunitiesforexchange,thatison(formally)peacefulchancesofprofit’ThecultureofOrientversusWestOrienthad:Novalidscience;nosystematictheology;musicmissedoutonharmony;ItlackedacultureofrationalitythatcharacterisedtheWest.ProtestantismandcapitalismAnempiricalconnectionbetweenProtestantismandcapitalismMoreindustrialdevelopmentinProtestantareas.CatholicstudentsmorepronetoartsProtestantstudentsmorepronetosciencetechnologyFranklinandPuritansFranklin’sAdviceUprightpersonpaystheirdebtsSave,save,saveAmoraldispositionTheyhaveadutytoincreasetheircapitalTheProtestantSpirit1)‘theearningofmoreandmoremoney,combinedwithavoidanceofallspontaneousenjoymentoflife.2)Workers‘whodidnotlookformaximumofcomfortandminimumofeffort’butsawworkasaduty’MoneymakingoriginallyseenasdirtyThomasAquinas:money=turpitudoMoneyinMiddleAgesseenas‘filthy’.MorerespectablelifeinreligionorinaristocracyWheredidtheseattitudescomefrom?APsychologicalshiftneededtoestablishcapitalism.Changecouldnotcomefromindividuals–neededculturalshift.TherehadtobeawiderculturalshiftWhobroughtaboutthechange?Tradersorpirates?MoneyfromplunderorluckNotfromregular,systematicaccumulationofcapitalProtestantReformationbringschangeavoidimmediateenjoymentseemoneymakingasultimatepurposeinlifeProtestantreligionprovidethemoralsenseofcallingthatlaidbasisforrationalcapitalistenterpriseReligionbeforeLutherDistinctionbetweenmoralcodesofclergyandlaity.ClergyahighermoralcodeTobeholywastowithdrawfromlifee,g.monasteriesLutherLuther:TheCallingNewtranslationofbiblesothatlabourineverydaylifeseenasaGodappointedtaskHolinessdoesnotlieinretreatingtomonasteriesbutinfulfillingyourcallingHonourGodbytheworkyoudointhislifeCalvinTheDoctrineofPre-DestinationIfGodisall-powerfulthereisnofreewillIthasbeendecidedinadvancewhereyouaregoing–toHeavenorHellAnxietyeffectResult:IntenseAnxietyAmIoneoftheElect?DispersingdoubtCalvinistshad‘a(chǎn)bsolutedutytoconsideroneselfchosen,tocombatalldoubtsastemptationsofthedevil’Toachieveself-confidence,worldactivitymended.Success=OneofElectAnxietyrelievedbyneedtoproveyourselfthroughworldlysuccessSuccess=asignofgraceWordlyAsceticismApsychologicalstatewherebyeverythingthatinterferedwith‘calling’isremoved.Constantselfcontrol–noreliefthroughconfession.‘notasinglegoodworksbutalifeofgoodworkscombinedintoaunifiedsystem’EffectsCalvinism‘substitutedforthespritualaristocracyofmonksoutsideandabovetheworld,thespiritualaristocracyofthepredestinedsaintsofGodwithintheworld’Notanacceptanceofone’slotbutastrivingforsuccess.Effects‘Ledtotheaccumulationofcapitalthoughasceticcompulsiontosave’Providedemployerswith‘sober,conscientiousandunusuallyindustriousworkmen,whoclungtotheirworkastoalifewilledbyGods’Moderncapitalism:JapanMeijiRestoration1868ProtestantreformationnotnecessaryOnceittookoff,itdevelopeditsowneconomiclogicOtherse.g.JapanforcedtoadoptitWeberversusMarxAgainst‘one-sided’historicalmaterialismAimtoshowhow:‘Ideaseeffectiveforceinhistory’TheProblemswiththeory:1.‘Spiritualising’theoriginofCapitalismWheredid‘primitive’capitalcomefrom?2.WhywastheReformationsuccessful?3.Dopeopleliveaccordingtosacredtexts1)WhataboutprimitiveaccumulationSlaveryEnclosureofcommonlandDespoilChurchproperty2)WhyreceptionforLutherPrinttechnologyandvernacularReformationgainssupport..TransitiontocapitalismunderwayRiseofoppositiontoRomeamongGermanprincesLutherpromotesselfgovernmentinspiritualsphere;attacksusuryandRome;drainingofGermanwealthTheMonksofErfurtPromiseto

1.….goodstotaxationandpayonepercentwealthtaxandtheassessment,thesameasothercitizens.2.Wewillallowsecularpropertieswehaveacquiredfromcitizenstobereturnedtothem3.Wewilltakenomorethanfourpercentinterestonallannuitiesinthetownandthecouncil’sterritories…5.Wewillwhollyrefrainfrommaltingandbrewing.6.Wewillnotsell,serveorexchangeourwineinsecret,sothatthecouncillosesexcise;.3)PuritanImageandRealityPuritanRealityTheearlyPuritans‘Throughoutallthecoloniesdrunknesswasaprevailingvice,asitwasinEngland,andnearlyeveryeventsuchashouseraisings,harvestings,christenings,collegecommencements,funeralsandevenordinationofministers,wasfrequentlymadetheoccasion