新高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)講練測(cè)專題16：閱讀理解各類文體體裁滿分策略（原題版）

?專題16閱讀理解各類文體體裁滿分策略考點(diǎn)精考點(diǎn)精講一、【應(yīng)用文解法策略】審題口訣：應(yīng)用文體較容易，快速瀏覽明大意。跳讀內(nèi)容重細(xì)節(jié)，亦可舍文先讀題。相關(guān)內(nèi)容細(xì)比對(duì)，信息吻合破無(wú)機(jī)。[方法1].先題后文法應(yīng)用文體文章比較長(zhǎng)，此時(shí)我們不必記住所有信息，可以先閱讀題目，帶著問(wèn)題閱讀，多注意細(xì)節(jié)，如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物或數(shù)據(jù)等，簡(jiǎn)明扼要地抓住所需信息，理解文章內(nèi)容。尤其是廣告文章的閱讀一般采取跳讀、略讀等快速閱讀法，快速瀏覽信息，搜索對(duì)比。對(duì)文中信息的快速處理能力是考查閱讀理解能力的重要方面?！镜淅饰觥?Youmayreadthequestionsfirst.)HistoryFairCompetitionUnderstandinghistoryisvitaltounderstandingourselvesasapeopleandasanation.Historyismuchmorethanthestudyofdustyoldobjectsandeventslongpast.Itisanessentialpartofwhowearetodayandwhowewillbecome.ThorntonMiddleSchoolHistoryFairCompetitionmakesunderstandinghistoryexciting,engaging,andfun！ThisYear’sThemeAllparticipantsmustaddresshowcommunicationortransportationtechnologyhaspromotedthequalityoflifeforAmericansthroughouthistory.Tomanypeople,technologymeanscomputers,hand-helddevices,orvehiclesthattraveltodistantplanets.However,technologyisalsotheapplicationofscientificknowledgetosolveaproblem,touchinglivesincountlessways.Individualsorgroupsmayenteroneofthefollowingcategories：·Performance·Documentary·EssayWritingCategoryRequirementsPerformance:Adramaticpresentationofthetopicnomorethan10minuteslong.Ifspecialclothesareused，theyshouldtrulyrepresentagivenperiod.Documentary:Avisualpresentation(suchasavideo，slideshow，orcomputerproject)nomorethan10minuteslong.Adesktopcomputer,screen,projector,andloudspeakerswillbeavailable.StudentsmustprovidetheirpresentationsonCDsbeforeFriday,March23.EssayWriting:Anacademicpaperof2,000to2,500words.Noillustrationsareallowed.Pleasedonotincludecovers.Alistofreferencesmustbeincluded.ImportantDatesJanuary5 Submitatopicproposaltoyourhistoryteacher.Theteachermayrequirea secondproposalifthefirstisoff-topicorunclear.February5 Submitafirstdraftofyouressay,performancescript,ordocumentary

highlights.February19 Acommitteeofteacherswillevaluatematerialsandgiveopinions.Studentsthenhaveanopportunitytoimprovetheirproducts.March9 Submitafinaldraftofyouressay.March15 PerformanceanddocumentarycommitteepreviewMarch24 ThorntonMiddleSchoolHistoryFairCompetition 7：00A.M.—9：00A.M. Participantssigninginatthegym 10：00A.M.—6：00P.M. Competitionandjudges’review 7：00P.M. Awardsceremony1. Whatisthethemeofthisyear’scompetition? A.Technologyadvancesscience. B.Scienceinteractswithtechnology. C.Sciencehasmadethestudyofhistoryeasy. D.TechnologyhasimprovedthelifeofAmericans.2. Whatwouldaparticipanthavetodowithanessayof1,500wordstomeetthecategory requirement? A.Includemoreinformationintheessay. B.Removethereferences. C.Provideacoverfortheessay. D.Explainthedetailswithillustrations.3. WhatwillthecommitteeofteachersdoonFebruary19? A.Previewperformancesanddocumentaries. B.Makecommentsonthematerials. C.Improvetheparticipant’sfirstdraft. D.Collectasecondproposalfromtheparticipant.[方法2].題干定位法應(yīng)用文閱讀材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能滿足各種人對(duì)信息的需求，但在試題中，常常是就某一點(diǎn)提問(wèn)，以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主，考生完全沒(méi)有必要從頭到尾全部仔細(xì)閱讀，因?yàn)椴牧现杏泻芏嗳哂酂o(wú)效信息。做此類題時(shí)，宜采用＂題干定位法＂，即先閱讀題干，然后根據(jù)問(wèn)題要求，按照題目順序依次有針對(duì)性地結(jié)合題干關(guān)鍵詞到文中定位答案范圍，閱讀相關(guān)部分，快速尋找有效信息，再把原文和選項(xiàng)相比較。問(wèn)題與材料相同→對(duì)號(hào)入座；問(wèn)題與原文相同→同義替換、歸納事實(shí)等?！镜淅饰觥縈onthlyTalksatLondonCanalMuseumOurmonthlytalksstartat19:30onthefirstThursdayofeachmonthexceptAugust.Admissionisatnormalchargesandyoudon’tneedtobook.Theyendaround21:00.November7thTheCanalPioneers,byChrisLewis.JamesBrindleyisrecognizedasoneoftheleadingearlycanalengineers.Hewasalsoamajorplayerintrainingothersintheartofcanalplanningandbuilding.ChrisLewiswillexplainhowBrindleymadesuchapositivecontributiontotheeducationofthatgroupofearly“civilengineers”.December5thIcefortheMetropolis,byMalcolmTucker.Wellbeforethearrivaloffreezers,therewasademandforiceforfoodpreservationandcatering,Malcolmwillexplainthehistoryofimportingnaturaliceandthetechnologyofbuildingicewells,andhowLondon’sicetradegrew.February6thAnUpdateontheCotswordCanals,byLizPayne.TheStroudwaterCanalismovingtowardsreopening.TheThamesandSevernCanalwilltakealittlelonger.Wewillhaveareportonthepresentstateofplay.March6thEyotsandAits-ThamesIslands,byMirandaVickers.TheThameshasmanyislands.Mirandahasundertakenareviewofallofthem.Shewilltellusaboutthoseofgreatestinterest.Onlinebookings:.uk/bookMoreinfo:.uk/whatsonLondonCanalMuseum12-13NewWharfRoad,LondonNI9RT.ukwww.canalmuseum.mobiTel:020771308361.WhenisthetalkonJamesBrindley?A.February6th. B.March6th.C.November7th. D.December5th.2.WhatisthetopicofthetalkinFebruary?A.TheCanalPioneers.B.IcefortheMetropolisC.EyotsandAits-ThamesIslandsD.AnUpdateontheCotswordCanals3.WhowillgivethetalkontheislandsintheThames.A.MirandaVickers B.MalcolmTuckerC.ChrisLewis D.LizPayne[方法3].選項(xiàng)排除法排除法在應(yīng)用文閱讀中也應(yīng)用得較多，即排除與文章內(nèi)容不一致的錯(cuò)誤信息，從而確定正確選項(xiàng)。應(yīng)用文閱讀理解設(shè)題以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主，因此，閱讀這類文章時(shí)，應(yīng)該在整體把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)的前提下，主要注意細(xì)節(jié)信息。細(xì)節(jié)題的題干都是相應(yīng)原文的變形(如同義改寫(xiě)、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換等)，因此要找到答案一定要找到題干在原文中的出處，再把原文和選項(xiàng)相比較。做題時(shí)，根據(jù)所提問(wèn)題用尋讀、跳讀的方法可達(dá)到事半功倍的效果。同時(shí)，在閱讀時(shí)也要特別注意文中以粗體、大寫(xiě)、下劃線等方式加以提示的文字，因?yàn)檫@很有可能是文章的核心或某一部分內(nèi)容的概括?！镜淅饰觥縍ubbermaidCommercialStainless(不銹的)SteelOvenMonitoringThermometer(溫度計(jì))FGTHO550byRubbermaidCommercialProducts4.3outof5stars2,274customerreviewsPrice:$7.01Color:Metallic Madeofwearablestainlesssteel,thisoventhermometerisdesignedtoendurethetestofthetoughestprofessionalandhomekitchens.ThescalereadsinbothFahrenheitandCelsius,anditfeaturesclearlymarkedtemperaturedifferencestoaidaccuratereadings.Easytoinstall,thethermometercomesequippedwithaconvenienthanger,soitcanbesuspendedfromanovenrail.Itsself-standingdesignalsoallowsittostanduprightonabakingpanintheoven.Easy-to-RealDialThisoventhermometermeasureanddisplaystrueoventemperature,helpingtoensurepreciseresultwhenpreparingfood.DurableStainlessSteelDesignWithitsstainlesssteelconstructionandrock-resistantlens,thisthermometerwithstandstoughandrepeateduse.Andwithitslong10-yearwarranty,it’ssuretobecomeoneofyourkitchenmainstays.AboutmanufacturerRubbermaidCommercialProducts,headquarteredinWinchester,Va.,isamanufacturerofinnovative,solution-basedproductsforcommercialandinstitutionalmarketsworldwide.Since1968,RCPhaspioneeredtechnologiesandsystemsolutionsinthecategoriesoffoodprepservices,cleaningmaintenance,wastehandling,materialtransport,andsafetyproducts.ProductdetailsProductDimensions:6.1×4.5×1.5inches;1poundDomesticShipping:ItemcanbeshippedwithinU.S.InternationalShipping:ThisitemcanbeshippedtoselectedcountriesoutsideoftheU.S.LearnMoreAmazonBestSellersRank:#1inHome&Kitchen＞OvenThermometersSpecialoffersandproductpromotionsPaywithyourcreditoryourAGiftCard.Applynow.1.Whichofthefollowingfeaturesdoestheproductsenjoy?A.It’smadeofqualityplasticeasytobebent.B.ItisassistedwithelectronicdialreadingsystemC.Itcouldbepositionedwithintheovenintwodays.D.Itisresistanttoshakeandpressure.2.WhichdescriptionabouttheproductisTRUE?A.ItprovidesunconditionaldomesticandinternationalshippingB.ItsellsbestinOvenThermometerssectiononAmazon.C.Over3000customershavecommentedontheproduct.D.Itcouldbepaidforonlythroughcreditcard.3.WhichofthefollowingproductsisNOTlikelytobemanufacturedbyRubbermaidCommercialProducts?A.DesksidePlasticWastebasket.B.AirtightSnackContainerC.FullPanCarrierD.Over-earBassSoundStereoHeadphones二、【記敘文解法策略】[方法1]順藤摸瓜記敘文中有大量的事件發(fā)展過(guò)程中的細(xì)節(jié)，包括記敘文的5W(what，who，when，where，why)要素。因此作答細(xì)節(jié)題的時(shí)候，就沒(méi)有那么復(fù)雜，一般只需要由前到后，從上到下，一題一題地做就可以了?！镜淅饰觥縈cCoywaslookingforasafeplacetododrugswhensomethingclearlyoutofplacecaughthiseye:aluxuriousbrownleatherhandbag.McCoy,36,couldrelatealltoowell.Oneofhisfewpossessions,thesleepingbagheusedinanabandonedhouse,hadrecentlybeenstolen.Rememberinghowangeredhe’dbeenbyhisownloss,heresolvedtoreturnthepursetoitsowner.Hebeganrightaway,startingwiththeaddressonthebillfoundinthehandbag.Aftertravelingmuchofthedayandfinallyapproachingtheaddressonthebill,hewasstoppedbyawoman,whoaskedwhethershecouldbuythepurse.McCoyrefused,sayinghewassearchingforitsowner.“ButIamtheowner,”thewomansaid.“That’smypurse.”WhatdroveMcCoytolookfortheownerofthehandbag?A.Theurgetofindabusinesspartner.B.Theresolutiontorecoverhissleepingbag.C.Hisownunfortunateexperience.D.Hisangeroverthepoorlivingcondition.[方法2]左顧右盼推理判斷題在做題過(guò)程中，我們大都不能在文中找到與題干一字不差的詞語(yǔ)或句子。這時(shí)我們需要認(rèn)真研究問(wèn)題，抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，然后到文中準(zhǔn)確地找到與之相關(guān)的語(yǔ)句，或是疑似語(yǔ)句的位置，接著去左顧，或右盼，在前句或后句尋找線索。【典例剖析】Whenshewastenyearsold,IsadoraDuncandroppedoutofschooltoteachpeopledance.Ifthatjobwaslefttoanyotherten-year-old,itwouldhaveturnedoutfrustrating,difficult,andalittlediscouragingThereisanoldquotation“ifyoujudgeafishbyitsabilitytoclimbatree,itwillliveitswholelifebelievingthatitisstupid.”Anditcapturesanimportanttruth.Atschool,IsadoraDuncanwasafailure.Inthedancehall,shegaveformtobrilliance.Whatdoestheauthortrytotellthereadersinthelastparagraph?A.Itisuselessclimbingatreetocatchfish.B.Everybodyisageniusinhisownway.C.Miseriescomefromhumanstupidity.D.Teacherscanimpactstudentsgreatly.[方法3]刨根問(wèn)底如前所述，主旨大意題或作者意圖題等實(shí)際上是同一類型的問(wèn)題，或者說(shuō)是可用同種方法解答的題型。在解答此類題目的時(shí)候，不可被題干的表象所迷惑，要像剝洋蔥一樣，一層一層地剝；在四個(gè)可選項(xiàng)中，一個(gè)一個(gè)地去證實(shí)，去排除。特別是解答推論或暗指類的題目，比如“Whatcanbeinferredfrom...？”或是“Whatdoestheauthorimplyin...？”之類的題目，文中所陳述的往往不是答案。我們要在文前文后去查找，在字里行間里去尋覓。有時(shí)還少不了借助自己的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和常理來(lái)體會(huì)這言外之意?！镜淅饰觥縈cCoywaslookingforasafeplacetododrugswhensomethingclearlyoutofplacecaughthiseye:aluxuriousbrownleatherhandbag.McCoy,36,couldrelatealltoowell.Oneofhisfewpossessions,thesleepingbagheusedinanabandonedhouse,hadrecentlybeenstolen.Rememberinghowangeredhe’dbeenbyhisownloss,heresolvedtoreturnthepursetoitsowner.Hebeganrightaway,startingwiththeaddressonthebillfoundinthehandbag.Aftertravelingmuchofthedayandfinallyapproachingtheaddressonthebill,hewasstoppedbyawoman,whoaskedwhethershecouldbuythepurse.McCoyrefused,sayinghewassearchingforitsowner.“ButIamtheowner,”thewomansaid.“That’smypurse.”Amonthearlier,KaitlynSmith,29,asalesrepresentativeforamedicaldevicecompany,hadwokenuptofindherapartmentbrokenintoandherpursestolen.Nowshecameacrossatall,messy-lookingmanholdingittightly.Shecouldinstantlytellhewasn’tingoodshape.AtSmith’surging,McCoytoldherhisstory.He’dbeeninchargeofalandscapingbusinessuntil2012,whenacaraccidentlefthimaddictedtodrugs.Smith,amazedthisstrangerhadgonetosuchgreatlengthstoreturnherbag,askedwhethertherewasanythingshecoulddotohelp.“I’madrugaddict,”McCoywarned.“Idon’twanttointrudeonyourlife;I’mprobablygonnaletyoudown.”Unafraid,Smithgavehimherphonenumber,saying,“Ifyouwanttogotorehab(戒毒所),callme.”Shethendrovehimbacktohisneighborhoodandleft,thinkingthatwouldbetheendofit.Twodayslater,shegotacall.SmithrealizedthatMcCoywasseriousaboutgettingbetter,soshedugintohersavingsaccountandboughtMcCoyaplanetickettoFlorida.Whilethere,hewouldcallhertoletherknowhowhewasdoing.“Weweregettingtoknoweachother,”Smithsays.“Hisscared,desperatevoiceturnedintoahealthy,livelyone.”After28daysatarehabprogramatJohnsHopkinsHospital,McCoyisdrug-free.HelivesataresidentialrecoverycenterinBaltimore,andaGoFundMepagesetupbySmithhascoveredhisrent,groceries,andincidentals.Hislifeisbackontrack,allbecauseonecrimevictimcouldunderstandanother’sloss.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.Drug-abuseCanHeal. B.LostandFound.C.MutualCommunicationMatters. D.GoodDeedsRepaid.[方法4]撥云見(jiàn)日閱讀題中，特別是記敘文的閱讀題，都會(huì)出現(xiàn)一至兩道詞義猜測(cè)題。而這些詞匯往往是與你素昧平生的，或者和你有點(diǎn)頭之交的，在文中卻另有新意的，總之，猜的是那些在詞匯表要求之外的詞匯。小小的一個(gè)詞，一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，考核的不是你的語(yǔ)法的熟練程度，也不是你的記憶力，而是你對(duì)文章通篇或者一個(gè)段落的整體把握和變通能力?！镜淅饰觥縒henyouattendawritingconference,youseeafacadethattookmonthsorlongertomakeup.Plentyisgoingonbehindthescenes.Let’stakealookbehindthecurtain.Thedaystartslongbeforeattendeeswalkthroughthedoor.Registrationissetup,signspostedandtablesarranged.Logistics(后勤)allfallontheconferenceorganizers.Forexample,theannualconferenceIdirectinSanFrancisco(seetheposterabove)isasimpleone-dayconferencethattakesmorethaneightmonthstoputtogetherandaround15staffandvolunteerstomanage.Largermulti-dayconferenceshaveevenmoregoingonbehindthescenes.Theunderlinedwordfacaderefersto___.A.theeffortbehindthescenesB.thescenesvisibletothepublicC.theliterarymasterpieceondisplayD.thematerialdistributedatthemeeting三、【說(shuō)明文解法策略】審題口訣：說(shuō)明文章是“素描”，無(wú)情無(wú)議只介紹。闡明事理遵順序，客觀敘述不作造。不管題干如何問(wèn)，原文材料是依靠。相關(guān)語(yǔ)句提信息，比對(duì)成功不動(dòng)搖?？破疹愇恼峦哂锌鐚W(xué)科、行文邏輯性強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn):要求考生能從文章的整體邏輯以及重要細(xì)節(jié)上全面把握?？破照f(shuō)明文常設(shè)置下列題型：細(xì)節(jié)理解題、詞義猜測(cè)題、推理判斷題以及主旨大意題等,其中以主旨大意和推理判斷題居多。從詞匯角度來(lái)看,在科普類文章中,詞匯的意義具有單一性和準(zhǔn)確性的特點(diǎn)。從語(yǔ)法和句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面看,其結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜,長(zhǎng)難句較多,語(yǔ)法分析較困難。文章中常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、定語(yǔ)從句等結(jié)構(gòu)?？破照f(shuō)明文在結(jié)構(gòu)上常采用的寫(xiě)作方法有:①總分式。在說(shuō)明事物或事理時(shí),段落(層次)之間有一個(gè)總分關(guān)系,表現(xiàn)為由總到分或由分到總;②承接式。各層之間按照事物的發(fā)展過(guò)程,或者按時(shí)間、因果、條件等關(guān)系安排,前后相互承接;③遞進(jìn)式。后邊在前邊的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明,各層之間的關(guān)系由淺入深。文章的命題除了遵循科普類文章的命題方式外,還經(jīng)?？疾槲恼碌钠陆Y(jié)構(gòu)和修辭手法。[方法1]細(xì)節(jié)理解題說(shuō)明文通常突出介紹事件的過(guò)程、步驟和方法，同時(shí)通過(guò)具體的事例、數(shù)字、定義或圖表等加以說(shuō)明，所以該文體中的細(xì)節(jié)理解題常常和這些過(guò)程、步驟、方法、事例、數(shù)字、定義、圖表等相關(guān)?？忌忸}時(shí)一定要準(zhǔn)確地理解這些事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，進(jìn)而做好相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)理解題?！镜淅縒henaleafyplantisunderattack,itdoesn'tsitquietly.Backin1983,twoscientists,JackSchultzandIanBaldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm.Whattheplantspumpthroughtheairisamixtureofchemicalsknownasvolatileorganiccompounds,VOCsforshort.ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked.It'saplant'swayofcryingout.Butisanyonelistening？Apparently.Becausewecanwatchtheneighborsreact.Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Butothersdodoubleduty.Theypumpoutperfumesdesignedtoattractdifferentinsectswhoarenaturalenemiestotheattackers.Oncetheyarrive,thetablesareturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch.Instudyafterstudy，itappearsthatthesechemicalconversationshelptheneighbors.Thedamageisusuallymoreseriousonthefirstplant，buttheneighbors，relativelyspeaking，staysaferbecausetheyheardthealarmandknewwhattodo.Doesthismeanthatplantstalktoeachother？Scientistsdon'tknow.Maybethefirstplantjustmadeacryofpainorwassendingamessagetoitsownbranches,andso,ineffect,wastalkingtoitself.Perhapstheneighborsjusthappenedto“overhear”thecry.Soinformationwasexchanged,butitwasn'tatrue,intentionalbackandforth.CharlesDarwin,over150yearsago,imaginedaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate(親密的)thantheworldwecanseeandhear.Oursensesareweak.There'sawholelotgoingon.Whatdoesaplantdowhenitisunderattack?A．Itmakesnoises.B．Itgetshelpfromotherplants.C．Itstandsquietly.D．Itsendsoutcertainchemicals.[方法2]主旨大意題說(shuō)明文中的主旨大意題通常會(huì)體現(xiàn)作者寫(xiě)作的目的、文章主題思想、段落大意及閱讀人群、文章出處等。這樣，考生需要根據(jù)文章或段落的主題句、作者說(shuō)明的主要內(nèi)容等信息確定和主旨大意相關(guān)的試題，從而做出正確的選擇。【典例】①Riskissomethingwefacedaily.However,somepeopleareobviouslymorewillingtotakerisksthanothers.②Biologistsappeartohavediscoveredaphysicalreasonthatexplainswhysomepeoplearerisk-takers.Dopamineisaneurotransmitter,achemicalthatspreadssignalsbetweennervecells.Itislinkedtothebrainsrewardsystemandisthechemicalthatmakesusfeelgood,andscientistsbelieveittobelinkedtorisk-taking.Ournervecellshavedopaminereceptors(接收器)whichcontroltheamountofdopaminethateachcellreceives.Butnotallreceptorsmaybeactive.Whenapersonhasfewactivereceptorstocontroltheamountofdopaminethatisreceived,acellcanbecomefloodedresultinginanextremefeelingofhappiness④Dopaminegivesusabiologicalreasonforrisk-taking,butscientistsbelievetheremaybepsychologicalreasonstoo.Sensation-seekingisapersonalitycharacteristicthatdescribesthedesiretofindactivitiesthatbringuspleasure.In1964,psychologistMarvinZuckermancreatedthesensation-seekingscale.His40-itemquestionnaire,stillusedtoday,wasgiventopeoplewhowereactiveinseekingnewactivities,andtopeoplewhoweremoresatisfiedwithaquietlife.Whilerisk-takingisnotacharacteristicinitself,itisverymuchassociatedwithsensation-seeking,asahighsensation-seekerdoesnotevaluateriskinthesamewaythatalowsensation-seekerdoes.Adesiretoachievepleasuremeansthatthereisagreaterwillingnesstotakemorerisks.⑤Therearebothbiologicalandpsychologicalexplanationsastowhysomepeoplemaychoosetotakemorerisksthanothers.However,noneoftheseexplanationsaredefinitive.Whatcanbeconcludedfromparagraph4? A.Thelongingforpleasuremayleadtorisktaking. B.Awillingnesstotakemoreriskscanbecultivated. C.Thesensation-seekingscalecanhelptoevaluaterisk. D.Highsensation-seekersaremorecommonthanlowones.[方法3]標(biāo)題判斷題科普說(shuō)明文多出現(xiàn)標(biāo)題判斷題，考查考生對(duì)全文的理解，它常以Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?等為設(shè)問(wèn)方式，文章標(biāo)題可以是單詞，短語(yǔ)，也可以是句子，它的特點(diǎn)是：短小精悍，多為一短語(yǔ)；涵蓋性強(qiáng)，一般要求能覆蓋全文，其確定的范圍要恰當(dāng)，既不能太大，也不能太小；精確性強(qiáng)，不能隨意改變語(yǔ)言表意的程度及色彩。答案需要理解文章后歸納文章中心。【典例】Earth’sgeologicages—timeperiodsdefinedbyevidenceinrocklayers—typicallylastmorethanthreemillionyears.We’rebarely11,500yearsintothecurrentage,theHolocene.Butanewpaperarguesthatwe’vealreadyenteredanewone—theAnthropocene,or“newman”,age.Thenameisn’tbrand-new.NobelPrizewinnerPaulCrutzen,aco-authorofthepaper,coineditin2002toreflectthechangessincetheindustrialrevolution.Thepaper,however,ispartofnewpushtoformalizetheAnthropoceneageIftheconceptoftheAnthropoceneageistobeformalized,scientistswillfirsthavetoidentifyanddefineaboundaryline,ormarker,that’ssetinstone.“Thekeythingisthinkingabouthow—thousandsofyearsinthefuture—geologistsmightcomebackandactuallyrecognizeinthedepositrecordthebeginningoftheAnthropocene,”explainedAlanHaywoodoftheUniversityofLeedsintheU.K.“It’snotasstraightforwardasyoumightthink.Themarkerhastobeveryprecise,andithastoberecognizedinmanydifferentpartsoftheworld,”saidHaywood,whowasn’tinvolvedinthenewstudyThepushforaformaldeclarationoftheAnthropoceneageisaboutmorethanjustscientificcuriosity.Themove,thescientistswriteinthelatestissueofthejournalEnvironmentalScience&Technology,“mightbeusedasencouragementtoslowcarbonemissionsandbiodiversity(生物多樣性)loss”or“asevidenceonprotectionmeasures.”JustasHaywoodsaid,byunderlininghowmuchwe’rechangingtheenvironment,theformalizationwouldbe“averypowerfulstatement”.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.HumansAreDestroyingtheEarth,GeologistsWarnB.TooEarlytoSetThingsinStone,AuthoritiesSayC.MoreEvidenceIsNeeded,UniversitiesRequireD.ANewEarthAgeMayBegin,ScientistsArgue[方法4]推理判斷題為了考查考生的邏輯推理判斷能力，說(shuō)明文中的推理判斷題通常要求考生推斷出事件發(fā)展過(guò)程和步驟的重要環(huán)節(jié)以及作者使用舉例和對(duì)比等寫(xiě)作手法的具體目的等。這時(shí)，考生需要聯(lián)系文章的主題思想對(duì)推理判斷題加以突破?！镜淅縋arallelworldsexistandinteractwithourworld,sayphysicists.Quantummechanics(量子力學(xué)),thoughfirmlytested,issoweirdandanti-intuitivethatphysicistRichardFeynmanonceremarked,“IthinkIcansafelysaynobodyunderstandsquantummechanics.”Attemptstoexplainsomeofthebizarre(奇異的)consequencesofquantumtheoryhaveledtosomemind-bendingideas,suchastheCopenhageninterpretationandthemany-worldsinterpretation.Nowthere’sanewtheoryontheblock,calledthe“manyinteractingworlds”hypothesis(假設(shè))(MIW),andtheideaisjustasprofoundasitsounds.Thetheorysuggestsnotonlyparallelworldsexist,butthattheyinteractwithourworldonthequantumlevelandarethusdetectable.Thoughstillspeculative(推測(cè)的),thetheorymayhelptofinallyexplainsomeofthebizarreconsequencesinherentinquantummechanics.Thetheoryisaspinoffofthemany-worldsinterpretationinquantummechanics—anassumptionthatallpossiblealternativehistoriesandfuturesarereal,eachrepresentinganactual,thoughparallel,world.Oneproblemwiththemany-worldsinterpretation,however,hasbeenthatitisfundamentallyuntestable,sinceobservationscanonlybemadeinourworld.Happeningsintheseproposed“parallel”worldscanthusonlybeimagined.MIW,however,saysotherwise.Itsuggeststhatparallelworldscaninteractonthequantumlevel,andinfactthattheydo.“Theideaofparalleluniversesinquantummechanicshasbeenaroundsince1957,”explainedHowardWiseman,aphysicistatGriffithUniversityinBrisbane,Australia,andoneofthephysiciststocomeupwithMIW.“Inthewell-known‘Many-WorldsInterpretation’,eachuniversebranchesintoabunchofnewuniverseseverytimeaquantummeasurementismade.Allpossibilitiesarethereforerealized—insomeuniversesthedinosaur-killingasteroid(小行星)missedEarth.Inothers,AustraliawascolonizedbythePortuguese.”“Butcriticsquestiontherealityoftheseotheruniverses,sincetheydonotinfluenceouruniverseatall,”headded.“Onthisscore,our‘ManyInteractingWorlds’approachiscompletelydifferent,asitsnameimplies.”Wisemanandcolleagueshaveproposedthatthereexists“auniversalforceofrepulsionbetween‘nearby’(i.e.similar)worlds,whichtendstomakethemmoredissimilar.”Quantumeffectscanbeexplainedbyfactoringinthisforce,theypropose.Whenaskedaboutwhethertheirtheorymightimplythathumanscouldsomedayinteractwithotherworlds,Wisemansaid:“It’snotpartofourtheory.Buttheideaofhumaninteractionswithotheruniversesisnolongerpurefantasy.”Whatmightyourlifelooklikeifyoumadedifferentchoices?Maybeonedayyou'llbeabletolookintooneofthesealternativeworldsandfindout.Accordingtoparagraph3-5,thenewtheory"MIW"differsfromthepreviousoneinthat______.A.MIWdevelopsfromquantummechanicsB.MIWsuggeststheinteractioncanbedetectedC.ThepreviousoneisbasedonprofoundfoundationD.ThepreviousoneprovesthatMIWisimaginedThelastsentenceofthelastparagraphimpliesthat_______________________.A.somedayhumansmayliveindifferentuniversesinonelifetimeB.humansmaymakedifferentchoicessimultaneously(同時(shí)地)andliveindifferentuniversesC.humansmayliveagainfromthebeginningiftheyregrettheirlifeinthisuniverseD.lifewouldbemoreunexpected,butallyouexpectmaybetrueinotheruniverses[方法5]代詞指代判斷題科技說(shuō)明文在對(duì)自然奧秘、動(dòng)植物生存侍點(diǎn)及產(chǎn)品工藝原理進(jìn)行解釋時(shí)，易出現(xiàn)動(dòng)作變換多、人稱轉(zhuǎn)變頻的現(xiàn)象，因此常出現(xiàn)代詞指代判斷題，這些試題常以it；they；them等表物的代詞為命題題點(diǎn)，要求考生裉據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)語(yǔ)境邏輯推斷其指代對(duì)象。解題時(shí)應(yīng)認(rèn)真分析動(dòng)作轉(zhuǎn)換背景，區(qū)分動(dòng)作不同執(zhí)行者，從而準(zhǔn)確判斷代詞的正確指代?！镜淅縃isblack-and-whitepicturespresentaworldalmostlostintime.Thesepicturesshowpeopleseeminglypushedintoaworldthattheywereunpreparedfor.Theselocalcitizensnowhavetobalancetheirtraditionalself-supportinghuntinglifestylewiththelifestyleofferedbythemodernFrenchRepublic，whichbringswithitnotonlynecessarystatewelfare，butalsoalcoholism，betrayalandevensuicide.Whatdoestheunderlinedworld“it”inthelastparagraphreferto?A．ThemodernFrenchlifestyle.B．Theself-supportinghunting.C．Theuncivilizedworld.D．TheFrenchRepublic.[方法6]生詞詞義或句意猜測(cè)題科普說(shuō)明文往往揭示自然奧秘、動(dòng)植物生存特點(diǎn)及產(chǎn)品工藝原理，易出現(xiàn)一些學(xué)術(shù)性較強(qiáng)的生詞，因此常出現(xiàn)生詞詞義判斷題，這種試題常以Whatdoestheunderlinedwordmean?或Whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedword?為設(shè)問(wèn)方式考查對(duì)生詞詞義的判斷。詞義猜測(cè)題的設(shè)置通常和定義、概念、舉例等有關(guān)，這有助于對(duì)詞匯的理解，解題時(shí)考生要注意捕捉這些信息，正確理解相關(guān)詞匯的意思。【典例】ResearchersatVanderbiltUniversityandAlbertEinsteinCollegeofMedicineasked34menandwomentocompleteaquestionnaireabouttheirrisktakingtoassesswhethertheyseeknewopportunitiesorarecautiousinlife.Theresultsoftheresearchwereconsistentwithsimilarstudiescarriedoutwithrats,andhadthesameoutcome.Itconcludedthatpeoplewhoarerisk-takershavefewerdopaminereceptorsthanpeoplewhoarenot.Theunderlinedphrase“consistentwith”isclosestto“__________”inmeaning.A.contraryto B.inagreementwith C.atthecostof D.persistentin【典例】IsPaperlessOfficeReallyPaperless?Arisingeconomyincreasedpapersalesby6to7percenteachyearintheearlytomid-1990s,andtheconvenienceofdesktopprintingallowedofficeworkerstoprintanythingandeverything.In2004,MerilynDunn,acommunicationssuppliesdirector,saidthatplainwhiteofficepaperwouldseelessthana4percentgrowthrate,aprimaryreasonforwhichisthatsome47percentoftheworkforceenteredthejobmarketaftercomputershadalreadybeenintroducedtooffices.Forofficeinnovators,thedreamofpaperlessofficeisanexampleofhigh-techarrogance(傲慢).Today’sofficeserviceisoverwhelmedbymorenewspapersthaneverbefore.Afterdecadesofdevelopment,theAmericangovernmentcanfinallygetridofthemadnessonpaper.Inthepast,thedemandforpaperhasbeenfaraheadofgrowthintheAmericaneconomy,butthesaleshaveslowedmarkedlyoverthepasttwotothreeyears,despitethegoodeconomicconditions.“Oldhabitsarehardtobreak,”saysMs.Dunn.“Therearesomefunctionsthatpaperserveswhereascreendisplaydoesn’twork.Thosefunctionsarebothitsstrengthanditsweakness.”Analystsattributethedeclinetosuchfactorsasadvancesindigitaldatabasesandcommunicationsystems.Escapingoureagernessforpaper,however,willbeanythingbutaneasyaffairWhatdoesthelastsentenceinPara.3mean?A.Wehavetolookatpaperconsumptionfromdifferentangles.B.Thereislittlechancethatpaperconsumptionwillfallinthedigitalage.C.Paperconsumptionwillbegreatlyreducedinthedigitalage.D.Peoplearenolonge