高考英語語法精講精練介詞和介詞短語學(xué)生版

2012屆新課標高三第二輪專題講解介詞英語中稱為“preposition”是由“前綴pre-（在……前部）+position（位置）”構(gòu)成的，所以又叫前置詞。一般放在名詞、代詞或動名詞的前面。介詞是虛詞，主要用來表示人、物、事件等與其他人、物、事件之間的關(guān)系,如空間位置、時間先后、因果關(guān)系、方式方法等。介詞與其賓語構(gòu)成介詞短語?？勺鹘樵~賓語的主要有名詞、代詞、動名詞（或動名詞短語）、名詞性從句等。分類特點例詞簡單介詞即一個介詞about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on等等。合成介詞由兩個介詞構(gòu)成合成詞into,onto,throughout,upon,within短語介詞由短語構(gòu)成accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto等等。雙重介詞由兩個介詞搭配而成fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween等等。分詞介詞由現(xiàn)在分詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來considering(就……而論),including，regarding，concerning等。兼類介詞由形容詞直接轉(zhuǎn)化而來like,unlike,near,next,opposite等等。介詞不能獨立在句中做成份，介詞后必須與名詞、代詞、或動名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語在句中充當(dāng)一個成分，表示人、物、事件等與其它人、物、事件等之間的關(guān)系。介詞短語的功能例句作定語Theydidn’tfindthesolutiontotheproblem.作狀語Wehavebreakfastatseven.（表時間）Theywerelateforthemeetingbecauseoftheheavyrain.（表原因）Whatdoyoumeanbydoingsuchathing?（表方法）Nothingintheworldcouldlivewithoutairorwater.（表條件）作表語WhenIpaidavisittoyouyesterday,youwerenotathome.作賓語補足語Ifoundtheoldbuildinginabadcondition.介詞是英語中最活躍的詞類之一，使用頻率相當(dāng)高，其用法跟冠詞一樣復(fù)雜。但根據(jù)近年來高考命題的情況來看，考生需要掌握以下內(nèi)容。1.表示相同或相似概念的介詞（短語）的區(qū)別表示的概念介詞（短語）區(qū)別例子時間inonatat在一個時間點上；in在一段的時間之內(nèi)；on在具體日子。①at8o’clock,atnoon②inthe1990s,inJanuary③onMonday,onawarmmorningsincefromsince指從過去到現(xiàn)在的一段時間，和完成時連用；from指從時間的某一點開始。①Wehavenotseeneachothersince1995.②Ihopetodomorningexercisesfromtoday.in,afterin指在一段時間之后，也可以指一段時間之內(nèi)=within；after表示某一具體時間點之后或用在過去時的一段時間中。①We’llbebackinthreedays.②Afterseventherainbegantofall.③Whatshallwedoaftergraduation?intheendattheendofbytheendofintheend作“最后”、“終于”解，單獨作句子成分，后不接介詞of；attheendof表示“在……末梢”，“到……盡頭”，既可指時間，也可以指地上或物體。不可單獨使用；bytheendof作“在……結(jié)束時”，“到……末為止”解，只能指時間。不可單獨使用。①Intheendtheyreachedaplaceofsafety.②Attheendoftheroadstandsabeautifulgarden.③TheydecidedtohaveanEnglisheveningattheendofthisweek.④Bytheendoflastmonthhehadfinishedthenovel.位置betweenamong一般說來，between表示兩者之間，among用于三者或三者以上的中間。①Youaretositbetweenyourfatherandme.②Heisalwayshappyamonghisclassmates.注意：但有時說的雖然是三個以上的人或東西，強調(diào)的是兩兩相互間接關(guān)系時、在談到一些事物或一組事物，而把它們視為分居兩邊時以及在談事物間的差別時，就用between。①Agreementsweremadebetweenthedifferentcountries.②Thelittlevalleyliesbetweenhighmountains.③Theydon’tknowthedifferencebetweenwheat,riceandcoin.inontoin表示在某范圍內(nèi)；on指與什么毗鄰；to指在某環(huán)境范圍之外。①ChangchunisinthenortheastofChina.②MongoliaisonthenorthofChina.③JapanistotheeastofChina.oninon只表示在某物的表面上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。①Thereisabookonthepieceofpaper.②Thereisaninterestingarticleinthenewspaper.③Hedugaholeinthewall.inintoin通常表示位置（靜態(tài)）；into表示動向，不表示目的地或位置。①Wewalkedinthepark.②Wewalkedintothepark.throughacrossthrough表示從內(nèi)部通過，與in有關(guān)；across則表示從一端至另一端在表面上的通過，與on有關(guān)。①Waterflowsthroughthepipe.②Theoldmanwalkedacrossthestreet.inthecorneronthecorneratthecornerinthecorner表示在角落里，in指角的內(nèi)面；onthecorner表示“在角上”，on指的不是內(nèi)面，也不是外面，而含內(nèi)外兼有之意；atthecorner指“在拐角處”，at指的是拐角外附近的外面。①Thelampstandsinthecorneroftheroom.②Imetwithhimatthestreetcorner.③Hesatonthecornerofthetable.除了besidesexceptbutexceptforbesides指“除了……還有，再加上”；except指“除了，減去什么”，不能放在句首。but與except意思近似，表示“除了……外”經(jīng)常用在no,all,nobody,anywhere,everything等和其他疑問詞后面。exceptfor表示“如無……就，只是”表明理由細節(jié)。①Allwentoutbesidesme.②Allwentoutexceptme.③Ineversawhimreadinganythingbutthenewspaper.④Hisdiaryisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.表示的概念構(gòu)成例子動作（表進行概念、表被動的關(guān)系）at+名詞atdinner/table在吃飯atwork在工作atwar交戰(zhàn)atcards在玩牌

atwork在辦公atplay

在玩耍

atrest在休息

school在上學(xué)

atpress正在排印atchurch在做禮拜beyond+名詞beyond

belief難以置信

beyond

control不聽管教。

beyond

compare無可比擬beyond

description難以形容beyond

expression無法表達beyond

suspicion無可懷疑in+名詞或in

+名詞+of+名詞inthearmy在當(dāng)兵inneedof需要inaction在運轉(zhuǎn)inprogress在進行inoperation在運行中in

use

開始使用in

sight看得見in

store貯藏著in

course

of

construction正在興建當(dāng)中。in

(good)

repair維修良好的

in

course

of

shipment.

定的貨正在運輸途中。

in

charge

of

負責(zé)

in

the

charge

of

由……負責(zé)

in

possession

of

擁有

in

the

possession

of

被……擁有on+名詞onbusiness辦事/出差onholiday/vacation/leave在休假onwatch值班onduty值勤/日。onguard在值勤onstrike在罷工onsale出售onloan借貸onthemove在移動，搬遷，離開onthemarch在行軍ontheair在廣播on

fire在燃燒。on

trial在試用on

show/display/exhibition在展出under+名詞undercontrol在控制之中underdiscussion在討論underdevelopment在發(fā)展中underobservation在觀察中undertest在被測試underconstruction在建設(shè)中underfire在炮火中

underexamination在檢查/調(diào)查中underconsideration在考慮中underrepair在修理中under

arrest被逮捕under

attack受到襲擊under

medical

treatment在治療中under

study在研究中其他againstone’sopinion反對某人的見解forone’sopinion同意某人的見解above

reproach無可指責(zé)，無可非議above

suspicion不受懷疑above

criticism無可指責(zé)atthemercyof在……支配下；任由……擺布for

sale供出售for

rent供出租within

sight看得見2.常見同一形容詞與不同介詞搭配時意義上的差別常見形容詞搭配意義absent(be)absentfrom缺席(be)absentin不在這里而在……afraid(be)afraidof擔(dān)心……(be)afraidfor為……而擔(dān)心angry(be)angrywithsb.對某人生氣(be)angryat/aboutsth.因某事而生氣anxious(be)anxiousforsth急于想得到(be)anxiousaboutsth./sb.對某事/某人擔(dān)心different(be)differentfrom與……不同(be)differentto不關(guān)心familiar(be)familiarwith精通，熟悉(be)familiarto為……熟知（悉）good(be)goodat擅長于(be)goodfor對……有益(be)goodto對……友好/態(tài)度好popular(be)popularwithsb.受……歡迎(be)popularfor因……而流行strict(be)strictwithsb.對某人要求嚴格(be)strictinsth.對某事要求嚴格3.容易混淆的含有介詞固定搭配的詞組類型舉例差一冠詞，大相徑庭infrontof（在……前面)——inthefrontof（在……前部）inchargeof（負責(zé)）——inthechargeof（由……負責(zé)）

outofquestion（毫無疑問）——outofthequestion（不可能）attable（在吃飯；在吃飯時）——atthetable（在桌子旁邊）有無介詞，意義不同knowsb.認識某人——knowaboutsb.了解某人shootsb.擊中某人——shootatsb.向某人射擊

searchsb.搜身——searchforsb.搜尋某人believesb.相信某人的話——believeinsb.信任某人的人格

benefitsb.使某人受益——benefitfromsb.從某人那里得到益處畫蛇添足，誤加介詞servethepeople為人民服務(wù)（容易在serve后加for）entertheroom進入房間（容易在enter后加into）

followme跟在我后面（容易在follow后加behind）marrysb.與某人結(jié)婚（容易在marry后加with）goabroad出國（容易在go后面加to）liveupstairs住在樓上（容易在live后面加in）母語思維，誤用介詞becaughtintherain被雨淋著（不用by）leaveforsomeplace動身去某地（不用to）

setanexampletosb.為某人樹立榜樣（不用for）inthedirection朝著……方向（不用to）

doafavorforsb.幫某人一個忙（不用to）differentfrom和……不同（不用with）

withthehelpof在……的幫助下（不用under）stealsth.fromsb.偷某人的東西（不用of）readsth.tosb.給（為）……讀（念）……（不用for）①Althoughmyopinion,theoldprofessordidn’tcomeupwithhisown.A.againstB.onC.forD.in②Somepeoplechoosejobsforotherreasonsmoneythesedays.A.forB.exceptC.besidesD.with③Somestudentsoftenlistentomusicclassestorefreshthemselves.A.betweenB.amongC.overD.during④Thisisajuniorschool.Youshouldgotoaseniorschoolgirlsofyourage.（2007北京卷）A.forB.aboutC.fromD.to⑤thesilenceofthepauses,wecouldheareachother’sbreathingandcouldalmosthearourownheartbeats.A.InB.ForC.UnderD.Between⑥Sorry,Madam.You’dbettercometomorrowbecauseit’sthevisitinghours.（2006福建卷）A.duringB.atC.beyondD.before⑦Thisnewmodelofcarissoexpensivethatitisthereachofthosewithaverageincomes.A.overB.withinC.beyondD.below⑧Itwasapitythatthegreatwriterdiedhisworksunfinished.A.forB.withC.fromD.of⑨—Whatdoyouwant______thoseoldboxes?—ToputthingsinwhenImovetothenewflat.A.byB.forC.ofD.with⑩Luckily,thebulletnarrowlymissedthecaptain______aninch.A.byB.atC.toD.from現(xiàn)將（2006-2011）六年來高考全國卷和各省市自主命題卷所涉及到的介詞短語及固定搭配總結(jié)如下，以便考生熟悉這一塊的考點。英語漢語意義英語漢語意義aboveone’sowninfrontofaboveaverageingeneralaccordingtoinhonourofafterallinneedofalongwithinone’smindapartfrominotherwordsasaresult(of)inplaceaswellasinplaceofbeconvincedofsth.inpraiseofbecuriousaboutsthinreturnbecauseofinsearchofbelowaverageinshortbeyondcontrolinsightbeyonddescriptioninspiteofbeyondreachintermsofbeyondrepairinthedirectionofbychanceintheformofbymeansofinturnbynatureinvainbyoneselfinsteadofexceptfornexttofarfromofone'sownageforonethingonaveragehearfromonconditionthatinadditiontoonone’smindinallonpurposeincase（of）ontheotherhandindetailontimeindoubtontopofineffectregardlessofinexchangefortothepointinfaceofwithregardtoinfavourofwithineasyreach說明：例題請見以下的高考鏈接部分。2009年1.（全國卷I）Everybodywastouched_____wordsaftertheyheardhermovingstory.A.beyond B.without C.of D.in2.（重慶卷）Tryonthisredskirt;youwilllookgreatit.A.on B.by C.in D.for3.（福建）—Howamazingitisthatastronautsareexploringouterspace!—It’sachallenge,Iguess,managainstnature.A.of B.for C.by D.about4.（陜西卷）HeinvitedmetoadanceaftertheshowChristmasEve.A.at B.on C.in D.by5.（北京卷）Thewineindustryintheareahasdevelopedinaspecialway,____littleforeignownership.A.by B.of C.withD.from6.（遼寧卷）Childrenneedfriendstheirownagetoplaywith.Aof Bfor Cin Dat7.（山東卷）Itsavestimeinthekitchentohavethingsyouusealot_______easyreach.A.near B.upon C.withinD.around8.（四川卷）Agreatpersonisalwaysputtingothers’interests_________hisown.A.below B.above C.in D.on9.（湖南卷）MostAmericanswouldprefertokeeptheirproblemsthemselves,andsolvetheirproblems______themselves.A.to;by B.by;to C.for;to D.in;on10.（全國卷II）Jennynearlymissedtheflight______doingtoomuchshopping.A.asaresultof B.ontopof C.infrontof D.inneedof11.（2009天津卷）Theartshowwas_______beingafailure;itwasagreatsuccess.A.farfrom B.alongwith C.nextto D.regardlessof12.（江蘇卷）Thisspecialschoolacceptsalldisabledstudents,__educationallevelandbackground.A.accordingto B.regardlessof C.inadditionto D.intermsof13.（湖北卷）You’dsoundalotmorepoliteifyoumakearequest______aquestion.A.insearchof B.intheformof C.inneedof D.inthedirectionof14.（湖北卷）Hiseffortstoraisemoneyforhisprogramwere______because,nooneshowedanyintentiontotakeacentoutoftheirpockets.A.inplace B.insight C.ineffect D.invain2010年1.(北京卷)Wouldyoumindnotpickingtheflowersinthegarden?Theyareeveryone'senjoyment.A.in B.at C.for D.to2.(湖北卷)Itisillegalforapublicofficialtoaskpeopleforgiftsormoney____________favorstothem.A.inpreferenceto B.inplaceof C.inagreementwith D.inexchangefor3.(江蘇卷)Sofarwehavedonealottobuildalow-carboneconomy,butitis_______ideal.Wehavetoworkstillharder.A.nextto B.farfromC.outof D.dueto4.(江西卷)Wegivedogstime,spaceandlovewecanspare,and,dogsgiveustheirall.A.inall B.infact C.inshort D.inreturn5.（江西卷）Nowadayssomehospitalsrefertopatientsname,notcasenumber.A.of B.as C.by D.with6.(天津卷)Myfatherwarnedme_______goingtotheWestCoastbecauseitwascrowedwithtourists.A.by B.onC.for D.against7.(重慶卷)ThedictionaryiswhatIwant,butIdon’thaveenoughmoneyme.A.by B.forC.in D.with8.(福建卷)Moreandmorehigh—risebuildingshavebeenbuiltinbigcitiesspace.A.insearchof B.inplaceofC.forlackof D.forfearof9.(遼寧卷)Iagreetohissuggestion______theconditionthathedropsallcharges.A.by B.in C.on D.to10.(四川卷)Tired,Jimwasfastasleepwithhisbackabigtree.A.in B.below C.besideD.against11.(浙江卷)Iguesswe'vealreadytalkedaboutthisbeforebutI'llaskyouagainjust__.A.bynature B.inreturn C.incase D.bychance12.(上海卷)Seanhasformedthehabitofjoggingthetree-linedavenuefortwohourseveryday.A.between B.alongC.belowD.with2011年1.（大綱卷）Thisshopwillbeclosedforrepairs_________furthernotice.A.withB.untilC.forD.at2.（北京卷）Withnewtechnology,picturesofunderwatervalleyscanbetaken_________color.A.by B.for C.with D.in3.（上海卷）Graduationisagoodtimetothankthosewhohavehelpedyou______thetoughyears.A.through B.up C.with D.from4.（湖北卷）Whenaskedabouttheiropinionsabouttheschoolmaster,manyteacherswouldprefertoseehimstepaside________youngermen.A.intermsof B.inneedof C.infavorof D.inpraiseof5.（山東卷）I’msorryIdidn’tphoneyou,butI’vebeenverybusy_______thepastcoupleofweeks.A.beyond B.with C.among D.over6.（安徽卷）Sometimesproperanswersarenotfartoseek________foodsafetyproblem.A.in B.toC.on D.after7.（浙江卷）IalwayswantedtodothejobwhichI’dbeentrained________.A.on B.for C.by D.of8.（四川卷）Nick,it’sgoodforyoutoreadsomebooks________Chinabeforeyoustartyourtripthere.A.inB.forC.ofD.on9.（天津卷）Hewasagoodstudentandscored_________averageinmostsubjects.A.belowB.ofC.onD.above10.（重慶卷）Shirley,arealbooklover,oftenbringshomemanybookstoread________thelibrary.A.inB.forC.byD.from11.（江蘇卷）We’dbetterdiscusseverything________beforeweworkouttheplan.A.indetailB.ingeneralC.onpurposeD.ontime12.（福建卷）_________goodservice,therestaurantoffersdifferentkindsoftraditionalFujiandished.A.FarfromB.ApartfromC.InsteadofD.Regardlessof1.Leavesarefound_______allkindsoftrees,buttheydiffergreatly________sizeandshape.A.in;on B.in;from C.on;by D.on;in2.Beingexposedforalongtime______strongsunlightmightseriouslydamageyourskin.A.in B.under C.to D.over3.Balletisnotpopular________ourcitybecausemostpeoplethinkitistooexpensivetotaketheclasses.A.in B.with C.among D.on4.Weshouldtalkaboutthethings________thechildren'sunderstandinginasimpleway.A.over B.beyond C.above D.under5.Mostpopmusicisinfluenced,________agreaterorlessdegree，bytheblues.A.to B.on C.for D.within6.Puttingtheworriesoutofhermind，Maryturnedherefforts________theeveningmeal.A.to B.beyond C.off D.inside7.Howthefamousactortreatedusmademefeelhewasnotanimportantpersonout_____reach,butkindbigbrother.A.from B.of C.over D.to8.Ifoundtheislandawonderfulplaceforourexperiments_______thehotweather.A.besides B.exceptfor C.except D.exceptthat9.Traveling________aspeedof160kilometersperhour,wehavecoveredadistanceof120kilometers_______lessthan50minutes.A.with;in B.at;in C.with;for D.at;for10.Guangdonglies________thesouthofChinaandstilltothesouth,______QiongzhouStrait,istheHainanisland.A..to;across B.to;on C.in;across D.in;to11.______twoexamstoworryabout,Ihavetoworkreallyhardthisweekend.A.With B.As C.Asfor D.Because12.______theirreturn,theywerepraisedasnationalheroes.A.At B.By C.On D.With13.It’s________mewhyAlicegaveupherjobandgotmarried.A.under B.above C.over D.beyond14.Thevoyagesoftravelersbeforethe17thcenturyshowthattheywerenot________theseaeventhoughtheydidn’thavemodernnavigationalaids.A.attheexpenseof B.attheriskof C.inthewayof D.atthemercyof15.Thenewtaxpolicyonlyaffectspeopleonyearlyinco