新高考2025屆高考英語小題必練14閱讀理解之推理判斷題

Page12小題必練14小題必練14：閱讀理解之推理推斷題(1)推理推斷是指在理解原文字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上，通過對語篇邏輯關(guān)系的分析和細微環(huán)節(jié)的示意，做出確定的推斷和推理，從而得出文章的深層意義及隱含意義的過程。(2)主要考查考生理清上下文邏輯關(guān)系的實力以及考生的識別實力。(3)推理推斷題所涉及的內(nèi)容可能是文中某一句話，也可能是某幾句話，要求考生在遵循原文意義的基礎(chǔ)上，對文章字面信息進行分析、挖掘、邏輯推理，揭示其深層含義。1.推斷隱含意義——邏輯分析得結(jié)論【典例】（2024·全國1卷B篇節(jié)選）TherearethreebooksIrereadannually.Thefirst,whichItaketoreadingeveryspringisEmestHemningway’sAMoveableFeast.Publishedin1964,it’shisclassicmemoirof1920sParis.Thelanguageisalmostintoxicating(令人沉醉的)，anagingwriterlookingbackonanambitiousyetsimplertime.AnotherisAnnieDillard’sHolytheFirm,herpoetic1975ramble(隨筆)abouteverythingandnothing.ThethirdbookisJulioCortazar’sSaveTwilight:SelectedPoems,becausepoetry.AndbecauseCortazar.Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?A.Helovespoetry.B.He’saneditor.C.He’sveryambitious.D.Heteachesreading.【答案】A【解析】推理推斷題。依據(jù)“ThethirdbookisJulioCortazar’sSaveTwilight:SelectedPoems,becausepoetry.”第三本書是胡里奧·科塔扎的《挽救暮光之城:詩歌精選》，因為詩歌?？芍?，作者是由于喜愛詩歌而喜愛這本書。故選A項。【點撥】第一步確定題干中的關(guān)鍵信息其次步在原文中確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍，立足原文，再結(jié)合語境和生活常識進行合乎邏輯的推理推斷。2.寫作意圖類——文體特點看意圖【典例】（2024·全國2卷C篇節(jié)選）UnusualfashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklynhaveshowcasednutriafurmadeintoclothesindifferentstyles.“Itsoundscrazytotalkaboutguilt-freefurunlessyouunderstandthatthenutriaaredestroyingvastwetlandseveryyear”,saysCreeMcCree,projectdirectorofRighteousFur.WhatisthepurposeofthefashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklyn?A.Topromoteguilt-freefur.B.Toexpandthefashionmarket.C.Tointroduceanewbrand.D.Tocelebrateawinterholiday.【答案】A【解析】推理推斷題。由于海貍鼠對生態(tài)造成了巨大的破壞，這場海貍鼠皮衣時裝秀銷售的是無罪惡感皮衣。故選A?！军c撥】寫作意圖通常有以下三種：(1)toentertainreaders/totellanexperience常見于記敘文、個人經(jīng)驗或故事類的文章。(2)topersuadereaders/tosellaproductoraservice/toattractreadersorvisitors常見于廣告。(3)toinformreaders/toreport/totell/todescribe...多見于科普類、新聞報道類、文化類或社會生活類的文章，以及勸說類或建議性的文章。3.觀點看法類——依據(jù)措辭定看法【典例】（2024·全國1卷C篇節(jié)選）Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetoracewalking?A.Skeptical. B.Objective. C.Tolerant. D.Conservative.【答案】B【解析】推理推斷題。探討表明，競走和跑步一樣有許多健身好處，而且它還很少導(dǎo)致受傷。不過，它也有自己的問題。由此推斷出作者對于競走的看法是客觀的。故選B項?！军c撥】1.留意作者或文中人物的措辭：文章作者或文中人物對某事物所持的觀點或看法往往隱含在文章的字里行間或流露于修飾詞之中。(1)正確駕馭字里行間所隱含或流露的意思，切不行用自己的觀點來代替作者或文中人物的觀點。(2)留意那些描寫所處氛圍的語言及表達情感、看法或觀點的詞語或句子。(3)結(jié)合平常所積累的有關(guān)英語國家的文化傳統(tǒng)、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等的背景學(xué)問來進行合理的推斷。2.牢記常見有關(guān)作者情感看法的詞語：(1)表示支持或確定：positive主動樂觀的；supportive支持的；optimistic樂觀的；humorous幽默的；enthusiastic熱忱的；pleasant開心的。(2)表示中立：indifferent不感愛好的，漠不關(guān)切的；uninterested不感愛好的；objective客觀的；neutral中立的；notmentioned未提及的。(3)表示反對或否定：disgusted憎惡的，厭惡的；critical指責(zé)的；negative否定的，消極的；suspicious/skeptical懷疑的；disappointed悲觀的；disapproving不贊成的。ASpotifycantellifyou'resad.Here'swhythatshouldscareyou.Wanttofigureoutifsomeoneisapatientwithamentaldisability：Askthemwhattheirfavoritesongis.ANewYorkUniversitystudylastyearfoundthatpeoplewholovedEminem'sLoseYourselfandJustinBieber'sWhatDoYouMean?weremorelikelytohavetroublewithmentaldisabilitiesthanpeoplewhowereintoDireStraits.Overthepastfewyears,Spotifyhasbeenimprovingtheabilitytoanalyzeinformationtohelpbusinessmentargetconsumerswithadvertisementsmadespeciallyfortheirneeds.Theyconcludethisfromthesortofmusicyou'relisteningto,combinedwithwhereandwhenyou'relisteningtoit,alongwiththird-partydatathatmightbeavailable.Now,tobeclear,there'snothingsignificantlyillegalaboutwhatSpotifyisdoingwithyourinformation.Icertainlydon'tthinkthattheyareworkingwithshadowyconsultingfirmstoserveyouadssellingaculturestrugglewhileyou'relisteningtomusicthatsuggestsyoumightbeinaterriblesituation.However,Ifinditdisappointingthatourpersonal,privatemomentswithmusicareincreasinglybeingturnedintoinformationpointsandofferedtoadvertisers.Youcanseewherethiscouldgo,can'tyou?Asadtargetinggetsevermoreaccurate,businessmenwillhavetheabilitytotargetourfeelingsinpotentiallyimproperways.Accordingtoonestudy,youaremorelikelytospendmoreonaproductifyou'refeelingsad.Youcanimaginesomecompaniesmighttakeadvantageofthat.Andonthatnote,I'mfeelingalittledownaboutallthis.Headofftotreatmyselftosomethingexpensive.語篇解讀：音樂服務(wù)平臺Spotify能通過用戶所聽歌曲的類型來推斷用戶的心情，進而將用戶的信息供應(yīng)應(yīng)商人，幫助他們鎖定消費者，促其消費，這種行為導(dǎo)致作者對其特別悲觀。1.What’sthepurposeofthefirstparagraph?A．Tointroduceanewsong.B．Todrawreaders'attention.C．Tohelpmorepatients.D．Topromoteanewmedium.【答案】B【解析】推理推斷題。作者以令人感愛好的話題引入，吸引讀者留意力，進而在其次段中提出主題，由此可知，第一段的目的是引起讀者的愛好，故選B項。2.WhydoesSpotifyimproveitsabilitytoanalyzeinformation?A．Toprovideservicesforthegovernment.B．Toworkwithshadowyconsultingfirms.C．Togetlisteners'personalinformation.D．Tohelpbusinessmenattractconsumers.【答案】D【解析】細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段第一句“...Spotifyhasbeenimprovingtheabilitytoanalyzeinformationtohelpbusinessmentargetconsumerswithadvertisementsmadespeciallyfortheirneeds.”可知，Spotify始終在提高其分析信息的實力，其目的是幫助商人吸引消費者，故選D項。3．What'stheauthor’sattitudetowardSpotify?A．Uncertain. B．Supportive.C．Positive. D．Dissatisfied.【答案】D【解析】推理推斷題。依據(jù)第三段最終一句“However,Ifinditdisappointingthat...”和最終一段中的“Andonthatnote,I'mfeelingalittledownaboutallthis.”可知，作者對Spotify很悲觀，故選D項。4.Whoisthetextprobablydesignedfor?A．Musiclovers. B．Officials.C．Researchers. D．Managers.【答案】A【解析】推理推斷題。依據(jù)其次段中的“thesortofmusicyou'relisteningto”和第三段中的“whileyou'relisteningtomusic”可知，本文主要針對音樂愛好者而寫，故選A項。BTechnologyoffersconveniencessuchasopeningthegaragedoorfromyourcarorchangingthetelevisionstationwithouttouchingtheTV.NowoneAmericancompanyisofferingitsemployeesanewconvenience:amicrochipimplanted(植入)intheirhands.Employeeswhohavethesechipscandoallkindsofthingsjustbywavingtheirhands.ThreeSquareMarketisofferingtoimplantmicrochipsinalloftheiremployeesforfree.Eachchipcosts$300andThreeSquareMarketwillpayforthechip.Employeescanvolunteertohavethechipsimplantedintheirhands.About50outof80employeeshavechosentodoso.Thepresidentofthecompany,hiswifeandtheirchildrenarealsogettingchipsimplantedintheirhands.Thechipisaboutthesizeofagrainofrice.Implantingthechiponlytakesaboutasecondandissaidtohurtonlyverybriefly.Thechipsgoundertheskinbetweenthethumbandforefinger.Withachipinthehand,apersoncanentertheofficebuilding,buyfood,signintocomputersandmore,simplybywavingthathandnearascanner.Thechipswillbealsousedtoidentifyemployees.Employeeswhowantconvenience,butdonotwanttohaveamicrochipimplantedundertheirskin,canwearawristband(腕帶)oraringwithachipinstead.Theycanperformthesametaskswithawaveoftheirhandsasiftheyhadanimplantedchip.ThreeSquareMarketisthefirstcompanyintheUnitedStatestooffertoimplantchipsinitsemployees.Epicenter,acompanyinSweden,hasbeenimplantingchipsinitsemployeesforawhile.ThreeSquareMarketsaysthechipcannottracktheemployees.Thecompanysaysscannerscanreadthechipsonlywhentheyarewithinafewinchesofthem.“Thechipsprotectagainstidentitytheft,similar,tocreditcards.”TheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationapprovedthechipsbackin2004,sotheyshouldbesafeforhumans,accordingtothecompany.Inthefuture,peoplewiththechipsmaybeabletodomorewiththem,evenoutsidetheoffice.ToddWestbyisChiefExecutiveOfficerofThreeSquareMarket.Hesays,“Eventually,thistechnologywillbecomestandardizedallowingyoutousethisasyourpassport,publictransit,allpurchasingopportunities,etc.”語篇解讀：這是一篇說明文。主要介紹了一種可以植入員工手中的微型芯片，介紹了該芯片的優(yōu)勢，以及人們對此的看法。5．Whatisthethirdparagraphmainlyabout?A．Thesubstitutesofthechips.B．Theadvantagesofthechips.C．Theplacestoimplantthechips.D．Thepotentialrisksofimplantingthechips.【答案】B【解析】主旨大意題。依據(jù)第三段“Withachipinthehand,apersoncanentertheofficebuilding,buyfood,signintocomputersandmore,simplybywavingthathandnearascanner.Thechipswillbealsousedtoidentifyemployees.”可知手握芯片，人們可以進入辦公樓，購買食物，登錄電腦等等，只需在掃描儀旁邊揮動這只手。這些芯片還將被用來識別員工。由此可知，第三段主要是在說明這種芯片能夠給人們帶來便利的優(yōu)勢。故選B。6．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“them”inParagraph5referto?A．thehands B．theemployees C．thecreditcards D．thescanners【答案】D【解析】詞義揣測題。掃描儀只能在芯片離掃描儀不到幾英寸的地方讀取芯片。由此可知，此處“them”指代上文中的thescanners“掃描儀”。故選D。7．Wecaninferthat________.A．thechipsarepopularamongtheemployeesB．thechipshavemagicpowersC．thepriceofthechipsisreasonableD．mostpeoplesuspecttheapplicationofthechips【答案】A【解析】推理推斷題。依據(jù)其次段中“About50outof80employeeshavechosentodoso.”超半數(shù)的員工選擇植入微型芯片，由此可知該芯片受歡迎。故選A。8．WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesToddWestby’sattitudetowardsthechips?A．Defensive. B．Disappointing. C．Optimistic. D．Casual.【答案】C【解析】推理推斷題。依據(jù)最終一段中Hesays,“Eventually,thistechnologywillbecomestandardizedallowingyoutousethisasyourpassport,publictransit,allpurchasingopportunities,etc.”這項技術(shù)將會標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，你可以將其用作護照、公共交通工具、支付方式等?！庇纱丝赏浦?，ToddWestby對芯片的看法是樂觀的。故選C。CKevinRandall,ateacher,whoteachesbiologyatGrandvilleHighSchool,runstheenvironmentalclubatthehighschool,whichhasaround2,000students.TheclubisknownastheGHSGreenTeam,anditaimstoraiseawarenessamongstudentsandteachersaboutsustainability(持續(xù)性).Italsoworksonprojectstoreducetheenvironmentalfootprintofthebuildingitself.Oneoftheclub'srecentprojectsfocusedonreducingwasteintheschoolcafeteria.Randallsaidtheircafeteriasupervisortoldthemthattheschoolwentthrough54,000plasticforkseveryyear.Theclubappliedforafinancialhelp,builtrecyclingcentersforthecafeteria,andpurchasedmetalsilverware.Andnoweverystudentusesadurablemetalforkoraspooninsteadofdisposables.(一次性用品),“andthat'sjustonewaywe'retryingtocapturethelow-hangingfruit,ifyouwill,”Randallsaid.TheeffortsofRandallandhisstudentshaveearnedGrandvilleHighSchooltheMichiganGreenSchoolcertificationfromthestate.Inadditiontotheirworkreducingwasteinthecafeteria,theGHSGreenTeamhasalsobuiltagardenwithflowersandvegetablesoncampus,andleadscleanupsonsiteandoutinthecommunity.Overtheyears,Randallandhisstudentshavealsobeenworkingonraisingmoneytoinstallsolarpanels(太陽能板)ontheroofofthehighschool.Randallsaidhewasmotivatedtotaketheleadonenvironmentalissuesforhisschoolbecausehewantedhisstudentstohavesomeonetoturntointhebuildingwhounderstandswhat'satstake(利害攸關(guān)）whenitcomestoclimatechange.“AndIalsofeltlikeIneededtodomoreinmylifeformyowntwochildrenathome,”Randalladded,“Theyneedtoknowthattheirdadisworkingashardashecantoreducetheeffectsofclimatechange,andtospreadtheword,andtomakesurethatotherstudentsouttherearelearningaboutthisjustthewaytheyareathome.”語篇解讀：這是一篇記敘文。講解并描述了KevinRandall老師在學(xué)校組織了一個環(huán)保俱樂部，帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生進行環(huán)境愛護相關(guān)的活動及成就，提高學(xué)生環(huán)境愛護意識的故事。9．WhatisthepurposeoftheGHSGreenTeamclub?A．Toinspirestudents'loveforbiology.B．Tofinishtheprojectsassignedbyschool.C．Topreparestudentsfortheirfuturejobs.D．Topromoteenvironmentalprotection.【答案】D【解析】推理推斷題。依據(jù)第一段“itaimstoraiseawarenessamongstudentsandteachersaboutsustainability(持續(xù)性).Italsoworksonprojectstoreducetheenvironmentalfootprintofthebuildingitself.”（它旨在增加學(xué)生們和老師們關(guān)于可持續(xù)發(fā)展的意識。它也致力于削減建筑本身的環(huán)境面積的項目。）可知，theGHSGreenTeamclub的目的在于促進環(huán)境愛護。故選D。10．What'stheresultoftheprojectonschoolcafeteria?A．Ithaschangedtheoutlookofthecafeteria.B．Studentscanhavemorefruitsinthecafeteria.C．Plasticforksarenolongerusedinthecafeteria.D．Theschoolhasbecomefamousnationwide.【答案】C【解析】細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第三段“Andnoweverystudentusesadurablemetalforkoraspooninsteadofdisposables.(一次性用品),”（現(xiàn)在每個學(xué)生都運用耐用的金屬餐叉或勺子，而不是一次性餐具。）可知，學(xué)校餐廳項目的結(jié)果是餐廳不再運用塑料餐具。故選C。11．What'sthefourthparagraphmainlyabout?A．Theclassificationoftheprojects.B．Thecharacteristicsoftheclub.C．Theactivitiesorganizedbytheclub.D．Thefutureoftheclub.【答案】C【解析】主旨大意題。依據(jù)第四段內(nèi)容，“reducingwasteinthecafeteria”（削減餐廳廢物的垃圾）；“builtagardenwithflowersandvegetablesoncampus”(在校內(nèi)里建立了有鮮花和蔬菜的花園）;“installsolarpanels(太陽能板)ontheroofofthehighschool”（在中學(xué)屋頂安裝太陽能電池板）;可知第四段的主要介紹了這個俱樂部組織的活動有哪些。故選C。12．WhatwasRandall’saimbydoingtheworkonenvironmentalissues?A．Toeducatetheyoung.B．Togetmaterialrewards.C．Toamusehischildren.D．Tomakehimselffamous.【答案】A【解析】推理推斷題。依據(jù)倒數(shù)其次段“becausehewantedhisstudentstohavesomeonetoturntointhebuildingwhounderstandswhat'satstake(利害攸關(guān)）whenitcomestoclimatechange.”（因為他想要讓他教學(xué)樓里的學(xué)生能夠變成理解氣候改變的利害相關(guān)的人。）可知，Randall的目的在于教化年輕人。故選A。DWhilewemaythinkitfeelsgoodtocomplain,complaininghassomebadeffectsassociatedwithit.Whyisn'tcomplainingbeneficial?Researchshowsthatitconnectsourbrainwithnegativity.Thebrainisdesignedtoworkefficiently.Thismeansthatwhenwerepeatathought,negativeorpositive,thenervecellsformabridgebetweeneachothertopassinformationinahigherspeed.Therefore,thenexttimewehaveasimilartypeofthought,itismoreeasilypassed.Thisexplainswhycertainthoughtpatternsbecomehabits.Yettheharmfuleffectsdon'tstopthere.Astudyshowthatcomplainingcausesthehippocampus(海馬),whichplaysavitalroleinproblem-solving,tobecomesmaller.Inadditiontocausingbraindamage,complainingalsoreleasesastresshormone：cortisol(皮質(zhì)醇),akindofchemicalthebodyproduceswhenwemeetwithsomedanger.Constantlyhavingahighlevelofcortisolresultsinhighbloodpressure,highbloodsugar,andlowerimmunity(免疫力)．Theilleffectsofourcomplainingaren'tjustlimitedtoourselves:theyalsoinvolvethosearoundus.Wetendtomirrorthemoodsofourfriends.Forthisreason,weshouldbecautiousabouthavingstubborncomplainersinourcircleofcompanions.Thebestwaytodealwithconstantnegativityistodevelopasenseofgratitude.Justlikecomplainingactsasapoison,gratitudeactsasamedicine.Researchshowsitlowerscortisollevelsby23percent,aswellasreducesbloodpressureandbloodsugar.Italsodecreasestirednessanddepression.Gratitudeistheperfectcureforcomp