高中語(yǔ)法講解與練習(xí)之直接引語(yǔ)與間接引語(yǔ)

直接引語(yǔ)與間接引語(yǔ)定義引語(yǔ)：將人所說(shuō)的話進(jìn)行引用。直接引語(yǔ):直接引述別人的話，不做任何改變，用雙引號(hào)括起來(lái)。間接引語(yǔ):用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，它構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)從句。例：Johnsaid：“Ilikereadingnovels.”→Johnsaidthathelikedreadingnovels.注意：存在幾種直引變間引？既然引語(yǔ)是人所說(shuō)的話，那么我們大致可以將人所說(shuō)的話分為陳述句，一般疑問(wèn)句，特殊疑問(wèn)句，祈使句，感嘆句，反義疑問(wèn)句，選擇疑問(wèn)句這幾種，所以，也就存在這幾種的直引變間引，這幾種類型的直引在變間引時(shí)也存在過(guò)程中的不同。一、如何變?nèi)朔Q：下面有一句順口溜“一隨主，二隨賓，第三人稱不更新”。即：出現(xiàn)在從句中的第一人稱相關(guān)的詞根據(jù)主句主語(yǔ)是第幾人稱進(jìn)行變化出現(xiàn)在從句中的第二人稱相關(guān)的詞根據(jù)主句賓語(yǔ)是第幾人稱進(jìn)行變化出現(xiàn)在從句中的第三人稱相關(guān)的詞不需要變化1.“一隨主”是指在直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果從句中的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾。從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語(yǔ)的人稱變化如：Shesaid."Mybrotherwantstogowithme."→Shesaidherbrotherwantedtogowithher.2.“二隨賓”是指直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，若從句中的主語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)是第二人稱?；虮坏诙四闼揎棥木渲械娜朔Q要跟引號(hào)外的主句的賓語(yǔ)一致。如果引號(hào)外的主句沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)。也可以用第一人稱，如：HesaidtoKate."Howisyoursisternow?"→HeaskedKatehowhersisterwasthen。3.“第三人稱不更新”是指直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)。如果從句中的主語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)是第三人稱或被第三人稱所修飾從句中的人稱一般不需要變化如：MrSmithsaid。"Jackisagoodworker。"→MrSmithsaidJackwasagoodworker。二、如何變時(shí)態(tài)：直接引語(yǔ)在改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)、時(shí)態(tài)需要做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。直接引語(yǔ) 間接引語(yǔ)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)（不變）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)（不變）注意：現(xiàn)在時(shí)它需改為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)；過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)改為完成時(shí)；過(guò)去完成時(shí)則保留原來(lái)的時(shí)態(tài)。如：1)Shesaid."Ihavelostapen."→Shesaidshehadlostapen2)Shesaid."Wehopeso."→Shesaidtheyhopedso.3)Shesaid."Hewillgotoseehisfriend。"→Shesaidhewouldgotoseehisfriend。1.主句時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)不變看主句例：Hesays,“Ihavefinishedmyhomework.”看主句

→Hesaysthathehasfinishedhis2.主句時(shí)態(tài)為一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)不變例：Shewillsay,“I'lldoittomorrow.”

→Shewillsaythatshe'lldoitthenextday.從句時(shí)態(tài)不變1.從句是客觀真理，名人名言，諺語(yǔ)，科學(xué)事實(shí)時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)不變時(shí)態(tài)不變例：“Theearthgoesaroundthesun.”saidtheteacher.

→Theteachersaidtheearthgoesaroundthesun.2.從句含有具體的過(guò)去的年，月，日，時(shí)態(tài)不變例：XiaoWangsaid.“IwasbornonApril21,1980.”

→XiaoWangsaidhewasbornonApril20,1980.3.從句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(表示一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣的動(dòng)作)，時(shí)態(tài)不變看從句例：Hesaid,“Igetupatsixeverymorning.”看從句

→Hesaidhegetsupatsixeverymorning.4.從句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(表示所述事實(shí)在當(dāng)時(shí)和目前同樣生效)，時(shí)態(tài)不變例：Hesaid,“I’maboy,notagirl.”

→Hesaidthatheisaboy,notagirl.5.從句為過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變例：Jacksaid,“John,wherewereyougoing?”

→JackaskedJohnwherehewasgoing.6.從句為過(guò)去完成時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變例：Shesaid,“TheyhadleftwhenIarrivedthere.”

→Shesaidtheyhadleftwhenshearrivedthere.1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)倒為一般過(guò)去時(shí)例：Thegirlsaid,“I'msorryforbeinglateforclass.”

→Thegirlsaidthatshewassorryforbeinglateforclass.從句時(shí)態(tài)要變主句為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)往后倒一個(gè)2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)倒為過(guò)去完成時(shí)從句時(shí)態(tài)要變主句為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)往后倒一個(gè)例：Hesaidtome,“Imetyourfather.”

→Hetoldmethathehadmetmyfather.3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)倒為過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)例：Shesaid,“Hewillgotoseehisfriend.”

→Shesaidhewouldgotoseehisfriend.4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)倒為過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)例：Shesaidtome,“I’mstudyingJapanese.”

→ShetoldmethatshewasstudyingJapanese.5.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)倒為過(guò)去完成時(shí)例：Shesaid.“Ihavelostapen.”

→Shesaidthatshehadlostapen但要注意在以下幾種情況下。在直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)一般不變化。①直接引語(yǔ)是客觀真理。"Theearthmovesaroundthesunandthemoonmovesaroundtheearth,theteachertoldme.→Theteachertoldmetheearthmovesaroundthesunandthemoonmovesaroundtheearth。②直接引語(yǔ)是過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：Jacksaid."John,wherewereyougoingwhenImetyouinthestreet?"→JackaskedJohnwherehewasgoingwhenhemethiminthestreet。③直接引語(yǔ)中有具體的過(guò)去某年、某月、某日作狀語(yǔ)，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：XiaoWangsaid."IwasbornonApril2l,1980。"→XiaoWangsaidhewasbornonApril20,1980。④直接引語(yǔ)如果是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。表示一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，變間接引語(yǔ)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：Hesaid,"Igetupatsixeverymorning。"→Hesaidhegetsupatsixeverymorning。⑤如果直接引語(yǔ)中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有過(guò)去時(shí)的形式（例：oughtto，hadbetter,usedto)和已經(jīng)是過(guò)去時(shí)的形式時(shí)，（例：could,should,would,might）不再變。如：Petersaid."Youhadbettercomehavetoday。"→PetersaidIhadbettergotherethatday。三、如何變狀語(yǔ)和連接詞：直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)變化有其內(nèi)在規(guī)津，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)由“現(xiàn)在”改為“原來(lái)”（例：now變?yōu)閠hen,yesterday。變?yōu)閠hedaybefore）地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代詞修飾的狀語(yǔ)，由“此”改為“彼”（例：this改為that),如：Hesaid,"Thesebooksaremine."→Hesaidthosebookswerehis.1.連接詞轉(zhuǎn)述他人的陳述→陳述句---連接詞that轉(zhuǎn)述他人的疑問(wèn)→一般疑問(wèn)句/反義疑問(wèn)句---連接詞if/whether轉(zhuǎn)述他人的問(wèn)題→特殊疑問(wèn)句---特殊疑問(wèn)詞轉(zhuǎn)述他人的命令、勸告或要求→祈使句---不需連接詞轉(zhuǎn)述他人的感嘆→感嘆句---連接詞how/what/that轉(zhuǎn)述他人的選擇疑問(wèn)→選擇疑問(wèn)句---whether...ornot注：連接詞的功能：1）將主句和從句連接起來(lái)；2）連接詞之后為從句，使句子層次分明；3）告知讀者間引原來(lái)是什么句式2.指示代詞，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞的變化直接引語(yǔ)間接引語(yǔ)直接引語(yǔ)間接引語(yǔ)now現(xiàn)在then那時(shí)；當(dāng)時(shí)nextweek下周thenextweek第二個(gè)星期today今天thatday那天nextmonth下個(gè)月thefollowingmonth第二個(gè)月tonight今晚thatnight那天晚上thismorning這個(gè)早晨thatmorning那個(gè)早晨thisweek本周thatweek上周ago/last以前/最后before之前yesterday昨天thedaybefore前一天this這that那thedaybeforeyesterday前天twodaysbefore前兩天these這些those那些threedaysago三天以前threedaysbefore前三天here這里there那里lastweek上周thelastweek前一周come來(lái)go去tomorrow明天thenextday/thefollowingday第二天bring帶來(lái)take帶去四、如何變句型：①直接引語(yǔ)如果是陳述句，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：Shesaid,"Ourbuswillarriveinfiveminutes."→Shesaidthattheirbuswouldarriveinfiveminutes.②直接引語(yǔ)如果是反意疑問(wèn)句，選擇疑問(wèn)句或一般疑問(wèn)句，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為由whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句.如：Hesaid,"Canyouswim,John?"→HeaskedJohnifhecouldswim."Youhavefinishedthehomework,haven‘tyou?"mymotherasked.→MymotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedthehomework."Doyougotoschoolbybusorbybike?"→HeaskedmeifIwenttoschoolbybusorbybike.③直接引語(yǔ)如果是特殊問(wèn)句，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)該改為由疑問(wèn)代詞或疑問(wèn)副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句（賓語(yǔ)從句必須用陳述句語(yǔ)序）。Sheaskedme,"Whendotheyhavetheirdinner?"→Sheaskedmewhentheyhadtheirdinner.④直接引語(yǔ)如果是祈使句，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為"tell(ask,order,beg等)sb(not)todosth."句型。如："Don’tmakeanynoise,"shesaidtothechildren.→Shetold(ordered)thechildrennottomakeanynoise."Bringmeacupoftea,please,"saidshe.→Sheaskedhimtobringheracupoftea.⑤直接引語(yǔ)如果是以“Let‘s”開(kāi)頭的祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用“suggest+動(dòng)句詞（或從句）。”如：Hesaid,"Let’sgotothefilm."→Hesuggestedgoingtothefilm.或Hesuggestedthattheyshouldgotoseethefilm.6.直接引語(yǔ)是感嘆句時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)為what或how引導(dǎo)，也可以用that引導(dǎo)。Shesaid,"Whatalovelydayitis!"→Shesaidwhatalovelydayitwas.或Shesaidthatitwasalovelyday.Practice:1．Hesaid:“I’veleftmybookinmyroom.”→2．Shesaid:“Hewillbebusy.”→3．ShesaidtoTom,“Canyouhelpme?”→4．Sheasked,“Isthisbookyoursorhis?”→5．Theteacherasked,“howdidyourepairit?”→6．Theteachersaidtothestudents,“Don’twasteyourtime.”→7．Themothersaid,“Tom,getupearly,please.”→8．Theteachersaid,“Theearthgoesroundthesun.”→9．Myfathersaid,“Practicemakesperfect.”→10．Theboysaidtous,“Iusuallygetupatsixeveryday.”→11．Hesaid,“Wearestillstudents.’→12．Hesaidtome,“Iwasbornin1978.”→13．Theengineersaid,“Iwasatcollegein1967.”→14．Hesaid,“IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIwasaboy.”→15．Shesaid,“IreadthebookwhileIwaswaitingforabus.→16．Mr.Greensaidtothem,“Joetoldmeallabouthisstorywhenheaskedforajob.”→17．Hesaid,“Weinsistedthatshestartimmediately.→18．Shesaid,“Hedemandedthatthegirlleaveatonce.”→19．Isaidtohim,“Ihavefinishedit.”→20．Shesaidtous,“I’llcomeheretomorrow.”→21．“Wheredoesyourchemistryteacherlive,Karen?”theyoungmanasked.→22．“Ihavegainedthefirstplaceinthemathematicscompetition,”thelittleboysaidhappily.→23．“Lighttravelsfasterthansound,”thephysicsteachersaidtotheboysandgirls.→24．“Willyougototheconcertwithmethisevening?”Maryaskedme.→25．“Whatdidyoudohereyesterday?”theoldmanaskedmybrother.→單項(xiàng)選擇：1.Ourteacheraskedus_____ourdictionariestoschool.A.bring

B.brought

C.bring

D.tobring2.Theteachertoldtheboystudents______footballonthegrass.A.notplay

B.nottoplay

C.played

D.playing3.____Tomdidn’tgotoschool?A.Doyouknowhow

B.Whydoyouknow

C.Howyouknowwhy

D.Doyouknowwhy4.Shelookssad.Couldyoupleasetellme_____thatpreventsherfrombeingashappyasbefore?A.whatitis

B.itiswhat

C.howitis

D.itishow5.Bettyaskedhersister____totherailwaystationtoseeheroff.A.nottocome

B.nottogo

C.tonotcome

D.tonotgo6.Thepupilaskedhisteacher_____roundtheearth.A.weatherthemoongoes

B.thatthemoonwentC.whetherthemoongoes

D.whetherthemoonwent7.Mr.Li____WangLing____ataxitotheairport.A.asked;take

B.asked;taking

C.told;take

D.told;totake8.Sheaskedhim____.A.whosedictionarythisis

B.whosedictionarythatwasC.whosedictionaryisthis

D.whosedictionarythatis9.Mary’smotheraskedher_____.A.thatwhethershehadfinishedherhomeworkB.ifshehasfinishedherhomeworkC.ifshehadfinishedherhomework

D.thatifshehadfinishedherhomework10.Doyouknow____?A.whatishedoing

B.whathedoingC.whatheisdoing

D.whatdoeshedonow11.Idon’tknow____tolearnEnglish.A.whendidhebegin

B.whenhebegan

C.hewhenbeganD.whenhebegins12.Heaskedme____.A.howwouldtheweatherbeliketomorrow

B.whattheweatherwouldbelikethenextdayC.howtheweatherwouldbeliketomorrow

D.whatwouldtheweatherbelikethenextday13.Youcan’timagine____whentheyreceivedtheseniceSpringFestivalpresents.A.howexcitedtheywere

B.howexcitedweretheyC.howtheywereexcited

D.theywerehowexcited14.Shetoldmethatshe____byherrelativesatthebusstop.A.hadbeenseenoff

B.haveseenoff

C.havebeenseenoffD.hadseenoff15.Doyourememberhowmanytimes____toAustralia?A.hadyoubeenB.didyougo

C.haveyoubeenD.youhavebeen16.Canyouguess____?A.whatisthatman

B.whothatmanis

C.whomthatmanis

D.whoisthatman17.Moreandmorestudentsandteachershavebegantoknow____.A.howimportanttheforeignlanguageare

B.howtheforeignlanguageisimportantC.howimportanttheforeignlanguageis

D.howimportantistheforeignlanguage18.Thehostesssaidthatit___timethatthey___supper.A.was;had

B.was;hadhad

C.is;have

D.is;havehad19.Thebossaskedhissecretary____hehadfinishedtypingthereport____.A.if;ornot

B.if;not

C.whether;ornot

D.whether;not20.Iwonderhowmuch_____.A.doeshespendonhiscar

B.didhespendonhiscarC.hespentonhiscar

D.hespentinhiscar附答案：1．Hetoldmethathehadlefthisbookinhisroom.2．Shesaidthathewouldbebusy.3．SheaskedTomif/whetherhecouldhelpher.4．Sheaske