MBA研究生英語(yǔ)綜合教程（第二版）課件：Globalization

GlobalizationLead-in2RelatedExpressionsinternationalizationlocalizationencompassassumptionadaptanticipate3Lead-inQuestionsWhatdoessuccessfulglobalizationinvolve?Whatwillhappenifglobalconcernsandplansforafter-marketsupportarenotmadebeforeproductdevelopmentbegins?Whattechnicalprocessesdoesglobalizationcomprise?Whatdoesinternationalizationmean?Howislocalizationdefinedinthepassage?4Whatdoessuccessfulglobalizationinvolve?Successfulglobalizationinvolveschangingthewayanorganizationdoesbusiness.5Whatwillhappenifglobalconcernsandplansforafter-marketsupportarenotmadebeforeproductdevelopmentbegins?Costswillgoupandqualityproblemswillemerge.6Whattechnicalprocessesdoesglobalizationcomprise?Internationalizationandlocalization.7Whatdoesinternationalizationmean?Itmeansthatallculturalassumptionsareremovedandanycountry-orlanguage-specificcontentisstoredexternallytotheproductsothatitcanbeeasilyadapted.8Howislocalizationdefinedinthepassage?Localizationreferstotheactualadaptationoftheproductforaspecificmarket.9

Thinkaboutwhetherglobalizationismakingtheworldbetterorworse.Usespecificexamplestosupportyourideas.10FreeTrade11GlobalWarming12Reading13UsefulExpressionsinterconnectancientdramaticallytariffsubsidyboostdistributerestructurepercapitanetassetneo-liberalwithdrawtelephonyrevolutionizeautomationdisplaceinterdependence14UsefulExpressionsinterconnect

使互相連接，使互相聯(lián)系Thecausesaremanyandmayinterconnect.

原因很多，而且還可能互相關(guān)聯(lián)。15UsefulExpressionsancient年代久遠(yuǎn)的，悠久的TheybelievedancientGreeceandRomewerevitalsourcesoflearning.

他們認(rèn)為古希臘和古羅馬是至關(guān)重要的知識(shí)來(lái)源。

16UsefulExpressionsdramatically顯著地，引人注目地Notonlyhaveweovercomethemall,Buffettpointedout,butourstandardoflivinghasincreaseddramatically–nearlysevenfoldinthelastcentury.

巴菲特指出，我們不僅完全克服了他們而且在這個(gè)世紀(jì)末我們的生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)戲劇性地增長(zhǎng)了近七倍。17UsefulExpressionstariff關(guān)稅Americawantstoeliminatetariffsonitemssuchaselectronics.

美國(guó)想要取消電子類(lèi)產(chǎn)品的關(guān)稅。18UsefulExpressionssubsidy補(bǔ)貼金Europeanfarmersareplanningamassivedemonstrationagainstfarmsubsidycuts.

歐洲的農(nóng)場(chǎng)主們正在策劃一場(chǎng)反對(duì)削減農(nóng)場(chǎng)補(bǔ)貼的大游行。19UsefulExpressionsboost促進(jìn)，推進(jìn)Lowerinterestratescanboosttheeconomybyreducingborrowingcostsforconsumersandbusinesses.

低利率可以通過(guò)為消費(fèi)者和商家降低借貸成本來(lái)促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。Weneedabigwintoboostourconfidence.

我們需要一場(chǎng)大勝來(lái)增強(qiáng)我們的自信心。20UsefulExpressionsdistribute分布，分散Wedidn’tunderstandhowdifficultitwastodistributeanationalpaper.

我們不明白配銷(xiāo)一份全國(guó)性的報(bào)紙有多么困難。21UsefulExpressionsrestructure重新建構(gòu)ThepresidentcalledoneducatorsandpoliticianstohelphimrestructureAmericaneducation.

該總統(tǒng)號(hào)召教育家和政治家們幫助他重新建構(gòu)美國(guó)的教育。22UsefulExpressionspercapita人均的Theyhavetheworld'slargestpercapitaincome.

他們有世界上最高的人均收入。23UsefulExpressionsnet凈的，純的Whatyouactuallyreceiveisnetofdeductions.

你實(shí)際上得到的是凈扣除額。Therehasbeenanetgaininjobsinourcountry.

我們國(guó)家的工作機(jī)會(huì)最終還是增多了。24UsefulExpressionsasset資本，資產(chǎn)Ourcreativityinthefieldoftechnologyisourgreatestasset.

我們?cè)诩夹g(shù)領(lǐng)域的創(chuàng)造力是我們最大的資本。Bytheendof1989thegrouphadassetsof$3.5billion.

到1989年底該集團(tuán)已有35億美元的資產(chǎn)。25UsefulExpressionsneo-liberal新自由主義Sowhatlessonsaretobelearnedfromthefailureoftheneo-liberaleconomicmodel?

那么我們到底要從新自由主義經(jīng)濟(jì)模式的失敗中吸取些什么教訓(xùn)呢？26UsefulExpressionswithdraw撤出（資本）Hestatedthatallforeignforceswouldwithdrawassoonasthecrisisended.

他聲明危機(jī)一結(jié)束所有外國(guó)軍隊(duì)就會(huì)撤退。Openasavingsaccountthatdoesnotchargeridiculousfeestowithdrawmoney.

開(kāi)立一個(gè)取錢(qián)時(shí)不荒唐地收取費(fèi)用的儲(chǔ)蓄賬戶(hù)。27UsefulExpressionstelephony通話(huà)Theseopticalfibersmaybeusedfornewsortsoftelephony.

這些光纖可以應(yīng)用在新型電話(huà)通訊系統(tǒng)。28UsefulExpressionsrevolutionize徹底改革Overthepastfortyyearsplasticshaverevolutionizedthewaywelive.

在過(guò)去40年里，塑料完全改變了我們的生活方式。29UsefulExpressionsautomation自動(dòng)化Theyphraseinnewmachineryforincreasedautomation.

他們逐步采用新機(jī)器以提高自動(dòng)化程度。30UsefulExpressionsdisplace取代，替代Thesefactorieshavedisplacedtourismasthecountry’slargestsourceofforeignexchange.

這些工廠已經(jīng)取代了旅游業(yè)而成為該國(guó)最大的外匯來(lái)源。31UsefulExpressionsinterdependence相互依賴(lài)However,Ihaveatleastacertaindegreeofawarenessofthisinterdependence.

不過(guò)，我至少一定程度上意識(shí)到了這種相互依賴(lài)性。32StartingUpQuestionWhatcharacterizesthephenomenonofglobalization?Doyouthinktheeffectsofglobalizationarepositiveornegative?33Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly1.Whathascausedthegrowthofworldtradesince1955?Thegrowthintradehasbeenlargelycausedbydramaticimprovementsincommunicationandtransportandtheadoptionoffreetradeprinciplesacrosstheworld.34Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly2.Whathasbeenarguedaboutnationaleconomies?Nationaleconomiesthattradeopenlyandfreelywiththeinternationaleconomyhaveconsistentlygrownmuchfasterthanthosecountriesthattrytoisolatethemselves.35Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly3.WhyhaveLDCsinAfricanandnetfood-importingcountrieshadlittlebenefitfrominternationalfreetradeagreements?ReasonsincludethecontinuedsubsidizationoffoodproductioninpartsofthedevelopedworldanddependenceofLDCeconomiesoncommoditiesratherthanmanufacturedgoodsandservices.36Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly4.Whatarethesolutionsadvocatedbyneo-liberaleconomistsandpoliticalleaders?Solutionsincludedprivatizingallstateenterprises,removingallobstaclestoforeigninvestment,loweringtaxes,reducinggovernmentspendingandremovingcontrolsonfinancialinstitutions.37Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly5.Whyhavesomesectorssuchasagricultureandmanufacturingwitnessedsignificantdropsinemployment?Itisduetoincreasedautomationorbecausetheenterpriseshavenotkeptupwithrapidchangesintheglobalmarketplace.38CompletethefollowingpassagebyfillingeachofthenumberedblankswithonesuitablewordRapidadvances

ininformationtechnologyhaveimprovedproductivityinmostindustries.Newindustries,suchasInternetService

Providers,andnewformsofemployment,suchasITspecialists,havealsobeencreated.Businesspractices

havebeenevolutionizedbythefreeflowofinformationandautomatingtechnologieswhichallowproducerstoaccessraw

materialsjustwhentheyneedthemandsupply

productsinamoretimelymanner.Thewaywebuy

andsellproductshasalsochangeddramaticallywiththeemergenceofe-businesses,suchasAmazon.Informationaboutfinancialmarkets

canspreadaroundtheworldatincreasingspeeds

andfinancialtransactions

canoccurinasplitsecond.Asaresult,enterprises,individualsandevennationshaveincreasedaccesstocapital

andfinancialproductsforinvestmentorspeculation.advancesServicepracticesrawsupplybuymarketsspeedstransactionscapital39TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish1.隨著全球化戲劇性地重塑我們的世界，人們?nèi)栽诩ち覡?zhēng)論全球化是帶來(lái)了積極影響還是消極影響。Asglobalizationdramaticallyreshapesourworld,debatesrageaboutwhethertheeffectsofglobalizationarepositiveornegative.40TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish2.最近幾十年的國(guó)際貿(mào)易會(huì)議通過(guò)降低關(guān)稅和補(bǔ)貼，有效促進(jìn)了富裕國(guó)家間的制成品貿(mào)易。Internationaltrademeetingsinrecentdecadeshavehelpedboosttradeinmanufacturedgoodsbetweenrichcountriesbyreducingtariffsandsubsidies.41TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish3.該系統(tǒng)已允許他們重建經(jīng)濟(jì)，并使他們成為原材料的進(jìn)口商和更有價(jià)值的人造材料及后續(xù)服務(wù)的出口商。Thesystemhasallowedthemtorestructuretheireconomiessothattheybecomeimportersofrawmaterialsandexportersofmorevaluablemanufacturedmaterialsand,later,services.42TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish4.這種資本自由流動(dòng)于全球，但其所有權(quán)仍高度集中于富裕國(guó)家和一些發(fā)展中國(guó)家。Thiscapitalflowsfreelyaroundtheglobebutownershipofthecapitalishighlyconcentratedamongrichcountriesandafewdevelopingcountries.43TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish5.金融市場(chǎng)的信息以不斷增加的速度在世界各地傳播，且金融交易可以在轉(zhuǎn)瞬間發(fā)生。Informationaboutfinancialmarketscanspreadaroundtheworldatincreasingspeedsandfinancialtransactionscanoccurinasplitsecond.44Listening45A.Matchthefollowingwordswiththeirmeanings1.I2.j3.a4.e5.g6.h7.b8.c9.d10.f46B.Answerthefollowingquestions1.Globalizationstillremainsonthesurface.2.Absolutely!Eveninmoredevelopedregionsthispracticeholdstrue.3.Itcouldbethatculturewillultimatelybecomehomogenized,butitwouldtakeawhile.47B.Answerthefollowingquestions4.Inthe1950sand1960s,AsialookeduptotheUnitedStatesasamodelofmodernization.Now,AsianslookmoreatthedarksideoftheAmericansocietyandtheyfeelthatAmericaisnotaveryattractivemodel.48C.WriteyouranswersinthespacesprovidedComponentsofCultureDeepermoralnormsthataffecthowpeoplelinktogether.DeeperIdentitiesforCultureLanguage,socialnetwork,religion,andraceSocialNetworkinLatin-AmericanCountriesManyofthelargestcompaniesarealmostalwayscontrolledbyagroupoffamilies.49D.Writeyouranswersinthespacesprovided1.Asetofculturalattributesthatmustaccompanyeconomicmodernizationincludeagreaterdegreeofindividualism.Thatistosay,peoplewillbeevaluatedontheirachievementratherthanintermsoftheirfamilybackgrounds.2.

ThatpeopleseemtothinkglobalizationisgoingtobemuchmorehomogenizingthanitreallyisbothersProfessorCarterabouttherecentdiscussionsofglobalization.3.Itistheprosperity

broughtaboutbyglobalizationthatpermitsculturestoreallyasserttheirownuniqueness.individualismachievement2.Thatpeopleseemtothinkglobalizationisgoingtobemuchmorehomogenizingthanitreallyisprosperity50E.DecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrue(T)orFalse(F)1.F2.T3.F51Speaking52A.Toensurethatthefreetradecangosmoothly,someregionalandinternationaleconomicorganizationshavebeenbuiltup.Matchthetwocolumns,andsharewiththeclasswhatyouknowabouttheseorganizations,basedonyourpreviousknowledgeandresearchontheInternet.53B.Participateinamockglobaltradeconference,inwhichrepresentativesofmanycountriesdiscussimportantinternationaltradeissuessuchasbarriers,tariffsandquotas.Eachstudentorapairofstudentsshouldresearchanassignedcountry,investigatingthecountry’simports,exports,economicstabilityorinstability,politicalatmosphere,currentevents,andanyotherrelevantinformation.Studentsthenrepresenttheirassignedcountries’viewsinthemocktradeconference,alwaysrememberinghowthegroups’decisionswillaffecttheir“homecountries”.54ExtendedTask55Readthefollowingpassage“Wemustresistde-globalization”byDavidGreenawayanddiscusswhatlessonsyoucanlearn.56Globalizationisstillanemotiveword,butthephenomenonhasbeengoingonforcenturies.WhathavetheRomanseverdoneforus?Well,theyplayedtheirpart.China’sHanDynasty(206BC-AD220)wasacrucialcomponentofthesamewell-establishedtradenetworkof2,000yearsago,andnowthecountryonceagainstandsattheheartoftheworldeconomy.ButfewnationsknowbetterthanChinathatglobalizationcangobackwardaswellasforward.Witnessthe400yearsofisolationbeforethesweepingeconomicreformsthathavewroughtsuchadramatictransformationduringthepastthreedecades.Now,quitesuddenly,thethreatofisolationismloomsagain.Allovertheworld,bankersandinvestorshaveretreatedtotheirdomesticmarkets,drivenbackbytheenervatingeffectsoftheglobalfinancialmeltdown.57Twoyearsago,theBankforInternationalSettlements(BIS)releasedanalarmingsetoffiguresthatrevealedcross-borderlendinghadplummetedby$4.8trillion(3.37trillioneuros)intheninemonthstoDecember2008.Thiswasthemostdramaticfalleverrecorded.Althoughitslatestfiguresinevitablydemonstrateameasureofrecovery,thesameinstitutionrecentlywarnedthatdivergencebetweenmarketsmeansthereisgreateruncertaintynowthanbeforewhathasbecomeknownastheGreatRecession.Itwasataroundthesametimethattherecordfallincross-borderlendingwasannouncedthatChinafirstfloatedtheideaofasuper-sovereignreservecurrencytosupplanttheUSdollar.Astheoncemightywaveoffinancialglobalizationreceded,thisrepresentedadramaticstatementofintentfromtheworld'semergingsuperpower.58Toremindusthisconcepthasbynomeansbeenforgotten,XuHong-cai,adeputydirectorattheChinaCenterforInternationalEconomicExchanges,recentlyproducedapaperthatcalledforanendtothedominanceofthedollarintheinterestsof“stabilityandfairness”.HiscallwaspublicizedaheadofaG20seminaratwhichChina’sownexchangeratewasnotupfordiscussion.Withconfidencelowandtensionshigh,itseemstheonlythingthecreditcrunchhashelpedtospreadisfear.Wefindourselvespotentiallyteeteringonthebrinkonaneraofde-globalization-andthatisaworryingprospect.Atthispointitmightbeofbenefittoreassureourselvesthattheterm“globalization”,althoughitbecamewidespreadonlyinthelatterpartofthe20thcentury,isbynomeansanewoccurrence.59AncientEgypt’stradeintheNearEastmightbeconsideredanearlyexample.Morerecognizably,theSilkRoadbetweenChinaandtheRomanEmpireandtheeffortsoftradersandexplorersduringtheIslamicGoldenAgerepresentimportantlandmarksintheprocess.Fast-forwardtothepresentdayandwefindatrulyworldwidenexusoftrade,technologicalandfinancialintegration,investmentandmigration,embodiedandexemplifiedbyglobalorganizationsincludingtheInternationalMonetaryFundandtheWorldTradeOrganization.Insomerespects,theso-calleddeathofdistanceisallbutcomplete.Thecriticismsofglobalizationarewellknown.Increasedinequality,povertyandsocialexclusion,imbalancesineconomicpoweranddoublestandardsininternationalrulesareregularlycited.Theypresentchallengesthathavetobemanaged.However,theymustbeweighedagainstveryrealandtangiblegains.60Globalizationbringsmoreefficientuseofscarceresources,agreaterandcheaperrangeofgoodsandservices,reducedpoverty,fastereconomicgrowthandrisinglivingstandards.Thelasttwoofthesebenefitsareclearlylinked.Takingsomerandomexamples,wecaneasilydemonstratehowevensmalldifferencesingrowthratesleadtolargedifferencesinlivingstandards.In1900,theGDPpercapitaofArgentinaandAustriawas$2,765and$2,882ayear.Duringthecourseofthenextcenturytheirgrowthrateswere1.13percentand1.94percent.By2000,theirGDPpercapitawas$8,544and$20,077.Lookingatmorerecentsuccessstories,bothChinaandIndiahadhighlyprotectiveandinward-lookingeconomiespriortothe1990s.Evenby1992China’stariffsonimportsaveragedmorethan40percentandIndia’saprohibitive90percent.By2008,China’saveragetariffwasunder10percentandIndia'sunder30percent.61Todate,China,ofcourse,hassubstantiallyoutperformedIndia.Greaterrolesforforeigndirectinvestment,exportdevelopmentandtechnologyupgrading-allkeyelementsofglobalization-havebeencrucialtothedisparity.China’srisehasbecomeperhapsthedefiningstoryofglobalization.Moredramaticallythananyothernation,ithasshownhowincreasedglobalizationcanleadtoanincreaseinboththequantityandqualityofavailableproductiveassets.Globally,meanwhile,thenumbersspeakforthemselves.Worldwidemerchandisetradein2005-2006amountedto$11.8trillionandservicestrade$2.7trillion;foreigninvestmentflowsstoodat$916billion;andforeigninvestmentstockswereworth$10.1trillion.62Alittleoverayearlater,somewhereintheUnitedStatessubprimemortgagemarket,thetidebegantoturn.Thankstothecreditcrunchandthecripplingdreaditengendered,cross-borderflows-inmanywaystheverylifebloodofglobalization-allbutseizedup.ThiswasespeciallynotableintheUS,whichsuffereda$109billionexodusofforeigncapitalinthefinalthreequartersof2008.Inthepreviousninemonthstherewasa$774billioninflow.Foritsownpart,seeminglypromptedbytherescueofBearStearns,theUSrepatriated$750billioninthelastthreequartersof2008.Withdomesticlendingdominant,