山東省2025屆高考英語二輪復習考點透析解密15閱讀理解之詞義猜測題講義+分層訓練

解密15閱讀理解之詞義揣測題考點詳解考點詳解 詞義揣測是應用英語的重要實力，也是高考中必考的題型。它不但須要精確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，駕馭或相識較多的課外詞匯?？忌鷳獙W會通過構詞、定義、同位、對比、因果、常識、同義、反義及上下文線索等確定詞義?！久}趨勢】1.要求依據(jù)閱讀材料所供應的信息，結合中學生應有的常識和閱歷，正確推斷生詞詞組的含義或成熟詞 在特定語境中表達的具體含義以及一些句子的意思。2.要求揣測詞義的詞一般為實詞及其詞組，通過構詞、定義、對比、因果、聯(lián)想、上下文等線索確定詞 義的具體內(nèi)容。3.代詞復指理解題也是揣測詞義的常考類型。用＂邏輯關系梳理法＂、＂遞向?qū)ほ櫡ǎ⒗砬迦宋锛笆挛?之間的邏輯關系是關鍵所在?！驹O問形式】1.Theunderlinedword＂…＂inthesecond(third…)paragraphrefersto(means)______.2.Bysayingthat＂…＂inthefirst(second…)paragraph,theauthormeansthat______.3.Inparagraph…,＂…＂canbereplacedby＂______＂.4.Themeaningof＂…＂inparagraph…isrelatedto______.5.Whichofthefollowinghastheclosestmeaningto…(paragraph…)?6.Theunderlinedsentenceinthe…paragraphprobablymeansthat_____.對此類試題，考生應當進行大膽揣測，但這種揣測不是胡亂的，盲目的，而是有確定的方法和技巧。下面介紹幾種常見的揣測詞義的方法供同學們加以運用。一、相像法：利用同義詞、近義詞（詞組）或相像的結構揣測詞義。在生詞所出現(xiàn)的上下文中，有時會出現(xiàn)與之同義或近義的詞語或結構，這時可從熟識的詞語中推知生詞的含義。統(tǒng)稱在詞或短語之間有并列連詞and或or，這些詞語或短語在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or連接的兩項內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進的，由此確定同等關系中的某個生詞所屬的義域，甚至推出它的大致詞義?！璅ermat’sLastTheorem（定理）,firstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematicianPierredeFermatintheseventeenthcentury,thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds,includingaFrenchwomanscientistswhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem,andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobeabletostudyattheEcolePolytechnique.…65.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthemeaningoftheword“baffle”asitisusedinthetext?A.Toencouragepeopletoraisequestions.B.Tocausedifficultyinunderstanding.C.Toprovideapersonwithanexplanation.D.Tolimitpeople’simagination.【答案】B【解析】由句中不難看出Fermat的定理使得最具有數(shù)學頭腦的科學家費盡心機（beat），并且在句中beaten和baffled處于同等的并列關系，依據(jù)這一信息可以推出baffle表示“使困惑、難倒、難以理解”的意思。二、對比法：利用文中的反義詞以及表對比關系的詞（組）揣測詞義。對比是描述，說明事物的常用方式。在對比中，對比的事物是互為相反的，因此依據(jù)反義或?qū)Ρ汝P系可從已知推出未知。利用反義詞來說明生詞的意義，如反義詞hotandcold,perfectandimperfect，甚至前、后句為確定與否定或是與不是等，在句內(nèi)詞與詞之間，在段內(nèi)句與句之間的關系上起著互為線索的作用。表示對比的信號詞有yet,but,while,though,however,otherwise,ontheonehand...ontheotherhand,foronething...foranotherthing,insteadof等。…Achild’sbirthdaypartydoesn’thavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun,accordingtoBethAnaclerio,anEvastonmotheroftwo,ages4and18months.…74.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hassle”probablymean?A.Apartydesignedbyspecialists.B.Aplanrequiringcarefulthought.C.Asituationcausingdifficultyortrouble.D.Ademandmadebyguests.【答案】C【解析】依據(jù)前句的否定doesn’t與后句的確定canbe這一對比關系，可以推斷出，為了慶祝孩子的生日，又不至于麻煩，可以買一個生日快樂包。Hassle的意思應當與fun相反，而與difficulty,trouble相近。答案為C。三、釋義法：有些文章，特殊是科技文章，通常會對一些關鍵詞賜予定義，我們可以利用定義來揣測這些詞的意思。釋義法就是依據(jù)文章中的字里行間，對生詞以定語（從句）、表語甚至用逗號、破折號等標點符號引出并加以說明說明的方式。常見的詞有：mean,thatis,inotherwords,forexample,forinstance,suchas...全國Ⅰ卷B26.WhileItendtobuyalotofbooks,thesethreeweregiventomeasgifs,whichmightaddtothemeaningIattachtothem.ButIimaginethat,whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandnecessary,rereadinganauthor’sworkisthehighestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.Thebestbooksaretheonesthatopenfurtherastimepasses.Butremember,it’syouthathastogrowandreadandrereadinordertobetterunderstandyourfriends.詞義揣測題。依據(jù)最終一段中“whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandnecessary,(雖然金錢的確是奇妙而必要的)”可知，前后句為轉(zhuǎn)折關系，依據(jù)上下文的語境可推知，“rereadinganauthor’sworkisthehighestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.”意為“但是但重新閱讀作品是讀者能支付給他們的最高回報”，由此推斷出劃線詞的意思是“回報”。故選B項。“Organicproduceisalwaysbetter,”Goldsaid.“Thefoodisfreeofpesticides(農(nóng)藥),andyouaregenerallysupportingfamilyfarmsinsteadoflargefarms.Andmoreoftenthannotitislocally(本地)grownandseasonal,soitismoretasty.”Goldisoneofagrowingnumberofshoppersbuyingintotheorganictrend,andsupermarketsacrossBritainarecountingonmorelikehimastheygrowtheirorganicfoodbusiness.62.Whatisthemeaningof“theorganictrend”asthewordsareusedinthetext?A.Growinginterestinorganicfood.B.Betterqualityoforganicfood.C.Risingmarketfororganicfood.D.Higherpricesoforganicfood.【答案】A【解析】由Goldisoneofagrowingnumberofshoppersbuyingsomething可以推斷出，越來越多的顧客像Gold一樣起先購買有機食物，其實也就是對這類食物產(chǎn)生了越來越深厚的愛好。答案為A。四、語境推斷法：任何一篇文章中的句子在內(nèi)容上都不是確定孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有關。利用上下文供應的情景和線索，進行合乎邏輯的綜合分析進而推想詞義，是閱讀過程中的一大關鍵，這也是近年來高考考查的熱點。1．依據(jù)對比關系揣測詞義在一個句子或段落中，有對兩個事物或現(xiàn)象進行對比性的描述，我們可以依據(jù)生詞的反義詞揣測其詞義。表示對比關系的詞匯和短語主要有：unlike,not,but,however,despite,inspiteof,incontrast等。表示對比關系的句子結構：while引導的并列句。例如：Achild’sbirthdaypartydoesn’thavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂hassle＂(paragraph1)probablymean?A.apartydesignedbyspecialistsB.aplanrequiringcarefulthoughtC.asituationcausingdifficultyortroubleD.ademandmadebyguests依據(jù)對比關系，這里hassle和abasketoffun是相反的意義，很簡潔推斷理解題的答案為C。2．依據(jù)比較關系揣測詞義同對比關系相反，比較關系表示意義上的相像關系。表示比較關系的詞和短語主要有：similarly,like,justas,also,aswellas等。例如：Greenlovestotalk,andhisbrothersaresimilarlyloquacious.該句中副詞similarly表明短語lovestotalk和loquacious之間的比較關系，其意義相近。由此我們可推斷出loquacious的意思是＂健談的＂。3．依據(jù)因果關系揣測詞義在句子或段落中，若兩個事物現(xiàn)象之間構成因果關系，我們可以依據(jù)這種邏輯關系推想生詞詞義。例如：Ifeelthatsinceyouaremysuperior,itwouldbepresumptuousofmetotellyouwhattodo.Theword＂presumptuous＂inthemiddleofthepassageisclosestinmeaningto＂__________＂.A．fullofrespectB．tooconfidentandrudeC．lackinginexperienceD．tooshyandquiet依據(jù)since引導的緣由狀語從句的內(nèi)容（＂既然你是我的上司＂），我們可以推斷這里presumptuous的意思是：＂冒失的，放縱的＂意思，后半句的意思是：我告知你怎么做會是一種放縱/冒失的行為。對應的理解題答案為：B。Pruningisimportantbecauseitencouragesthegrowthoftendershoots,oryoungleaves.依據(jù)緣由狀語從句的內(nèi)容，我們可以推斷Pruning的意思是：＂修剪（樹枝等）＂的意思。4．依據(jù)同義、近義、并列、替代、說明等關系揣測詞義在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟識的詞語，依據(jù)語言環(huán)境所表示的關系推斷生詞詞義。例如：WilliamShakespearesaid.＂Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyarn（紗線），goodandilltogether.＂Theunderlinedword＂mingled＂inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans.A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy句中goodandilltogether更具體地說明白amingledyarn的意義，據(jù)此我們不難推想mingled的意思是：＂混合的，交織的＂，答案是：B。Isitpossibletobeathighbloodpressurewithoutdrugs?Theansweris＂yes＂,accordingtotheresearchersatJohnsHopkinsandthreeothermedicalcenters.依據(jù)andthreeothermedicalcenters這種并列關系，我們很簡潔推斷出：JohnsHopkins是一家醫(yī)療中心?！?024·全國卷=2\*ROMANII，C】Thefurtradekeptnutriacheckfordecades，butwhenthemarketfornutriacollapsedinthelate1980s，thecat-sizedanimalsmultipliedlikecrazy.BiologistEdmondMoutonrunsthenutriacontrolprogramforLouisiana.Hesaysit’snoteasytoconvincepeoplethatnutriafurisgreen,buthehasnodoubtaboutit.Huntersbringinmorethan300,000nutriatailsayear,sopartofMouton’sjobthesedaysistryingtopromotefur.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“collapsed”inparagraph5probablymean?A.Boomed. B.Becamemature. C.Remainedstable. D.Crashed.答案：30.D解析：詞義揣測題。依據(jù)第五段Thefurtradekeptnutriaincheckfordecades,butwhenthemarketfornutriacollapsedinthelate1980s,thecat-sizedanimalsmultipliedlikecrazy.得知，毛皮貿(mào)易使海貍鼠受到了幾十年的限制，但是當海貍鼠市場在20世紀80年頭末崩潰時，這種貓大小的動物數(shù)量瘋長，依據(jù)but推斷，這是轉(zhuǎn)折關系，以前由于皮毛交易，海貍鼠處于限制，現(xiàn)在這種海貍鼠之所以能夠數(shù)量激增，是由于市場不再銷售海貍鼠皮毛導致的，可以推斷出劃線詞collapsed是和D.crashed倒閉的意思最相近。故選D。五、構詞推斷法：閱讀中經(jīng)常會遇到一些由熟識的單詞派生或合成的新詞。駕馭構詞法對揣測詞義很有幫助。如：unforeseeable.這個詞，可以依據(jù)構詞法把它拆成un,fore,see,able；其中see是詞根，fore是“先，前，預”的含義，un是否定，able是“能……的，可……的”，因此unforeseeable是“未能預見到的”意思。1．依據(jù)前綴揣測詞義例如：Doyouhaveanystrongopiniononco-educationalorsingle-sexschools?依據(jù)詞根educational（教化的），結合前綴co-（共同，一起），我們便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：＂男女同校教化的＂意思。2．依據(jù)后綴揣測詞義例如：It'saquiet,comfortablehoteloverlooking(俯瞰)thebayinanuncommercializedCornishfishingvillageonEngland'smostsoutherlypoint．后綴-ise/ize意思是＂使成為…；使…化＂，結合詞根commercial（商業(yè)的），不難猜出uncommercialized的意思是：＂未被商業(yè)化的＂。3．依據(jù)復合詞的各部分揣測詞義例如：Goodtooldesignisimportantinthepreventionofoveruseinjuries.Well-designedtoolsandequipmentwillrequirelessforcetooperatethemandpreventawkward（別扭的）handpositions.Well-designed或許是個生詞，但我們分析該詞的結構后，就能推想出其含義。它由well（好，優(yōu)秀）和design（設計）兩部分組成，合在一起便是＂設計精致的＂意思。Weliveinatechnologicalsocietywheremostgoodsaremass-producedbyunskilledlabor.Becauseofthis,mostpeoplethatcraft(手藝)nolongerexists.依據(jù)合成詞中的mass（大量的）和produce（生產(chǎn)），我們可以推想mass-produce的意思是：＂大批量生產(chǎn)；規(guī)模生產(chǎn)＂的意思?！?024·山東卷，D】AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?A.Bigeaters. B.Overweightpersons.C.Pickyeaters. D.Tallthinpersons.答案：13.D.解析：詞義揣測題。依據(jù)構詞法，bean:指豆子；pole:桿子，合起來，豆桿一樣的人，可知，此處指又高又瘦的人。另外結合語境，前半句“Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions（份）”可知，現(xiàn)有的探討認為：你應當避開和體重較重、點大份飯菜的人一起吃飯。后半句認為，你真正應當避開的是thebeanpoleswithbigappetites。由contraryto可推斷出，畫線詞和heavierpeople（超重的人）相反，結合選項，D選項（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavierpeople正好相反。故選D。檢測訓練檢測訓練題組一真題在線Passage1(2024·全國新課標卷=3\*ROMANIII，D)Adultsunderstandwhatitfeelsliketobefloodedwithobjects.Whydoweoftenassumethatmoreismorewhenitcomestokidsandtheirbelongings?ThegoodnewsisthatIcanhelpmyownkidslearnearlierthanIdidhowtolivemorewithless.Ifoundthepre-holidaysagoodtimetoencourageyoungchildrentodonateless-usedthings,anditworked.Becauseofourefforts,ourdaughterGeorgiadiddecidetodonatealargebagoftoystoalittlegirlwhosemotherwasunabletopayforherholidayduetoillness.Shechosetosellafewlargerobjectsthatwerelessoftenusedwhenwepromisedtoputthemoneyintoherschoolfund(基金）(ourkindergartendaughterisseriousaboutbecomingadoctor)Forweeks,I'vebeenthinkingofbigger,deeperquestions:Howdowemakeitahabitforthem?Andhowdowetrainourselvestohelpthemlivewith,need,anduseless?Yesterday,Isatwithmyson,Shepherd,determinedtotestmyowntheoryonthis.Idecidedtoplaywithhimwithonlyonetoyforaslongasitwouldkeephisinterest.Iexpectedthatonetoywouldkeephisattentionforaboutfiveminutes,tenminutes,max.Ichosearedrubberball-simple,universallyavailable.Wepassedit,hetriedtoputitinhismouth,hetriedbouncingit,rollingit,sittingonit,throwingit.Itwastotally,completelyenoughforhim.BeforeIknewitanhourhadpassedanditwastimetomoveontolunch.Webothbecameabsorbedinthesimplicityofplayingtogether.HehadmyfullattentionandIhadhis.Mylittleexperimenttofindjoyinasingleobjectworkedforbothofus.32.Whatdothewords“moreismore”inParagraph1probablymean?A.Themore,thebetter. B.Enoughisenough.C.Moremoney,moreworries. D.Earnmoreandspendmore.33.WhatmadeGeorgiaagreetosellsomeofherobjects?A.Savingupforherholiday B.RaisingmoneyforapoorgirlC.Addingthemoneytoherfund D.Givingthemoneytoasickmother34.WhydidtheauthorplaytheballwithShepherd?A.TotryoutanideaB.Toshowaparent'sloveC.TotrainhisattentionD.Tohelphimstartahobby35.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TakeItorLeaveIt B.ALessonfromKidsC.LiveMorewithLess D.ThePleasureofGiving【語篇解讀】這是一篇夾敘夾議文。文章講解并描述作者引導孩子主動捐獻玩具，并從玩耍簡潔玩具中獲得歡樂的做法。32.A【解析】詞義揣測題。依據(jù)文章第一段最終一句…IcanhelpmyownkidslearnearlierthanIdidhowtolivemorewithless可以推斷出，人們通常認為越多越好。故選A。33.C【解析】細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)文章其次段中Shechosetosellafewlargerobjectsthatwerelessoftenusedwhenwepromisedtoputthemoneyintoherschoolfund(基金)可知，當我們承諾給她把賣玩具的錢放到她的教化基金里時，她同意賣玩具。故選C。34.A【解析】細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)文章最終一段最終一句Mylittleexperimenttofindjoyinasingleobjectworkedforbothofus.表明，跟Shepherd玩球是為了測試自己的一種想法是否可行。故選A。35.C【解析】主旨大意題。依據(jù)文章第一段可知，作者想要教會孩子howtolivemorewithless，而二三段是作者的嘗試，故C作標題適合。Passage2(2024·全國新課標卷=3\*ROMANIII，D)StevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucks.Hisstrangehabitmakessensewhenyouconsiderthathe’sanenvironmentalscientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitter,includingthingsthatfalloffgarbagetrucksastheydrivedowntheroad.Whatisevenmoreinterestingisthatoneof

Stein'sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbags.Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts(收銀臺).Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia,includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds,plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslike

Stein

to

makethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.Amongthebagmakers'argument:manycitieswithbansstillallowshoppers

to

purchasepaperbags,whichareeasilyrecycledbutrequiremoreenergy

to

produceandtransport.Andwhileplasticbagsmaybeugly

to

lookat,theyrepresentasmallpercentageofall

garbage

onthegroundtodayTheindustryhasalsotakenaimattheproductthathasappearedasitsreplacement:reusableshoppingbags.Thestrongerareusablebagis,thelongeritslifeandthemoreplastic-baguseitcancelsout.However,longer-lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergy

to

make.Onestudyfoundthatacottonbagmustbeusedatleast131timestobebetterfortheplanetthanplastic.Environmentalistsdon'tdispute（質(zhì)疑）thesepoints.Theyhopepaperbagswillbebannedsomedaytooandwantshoppers

to

usethesamereusablebagsforyears.24.WhathasStevenSteinbeenhiredtodo?A.Helpincreasegrocerysales.B.Recyclethewastematerial.C.Stopthingsfallingofftrucks.D.Arguefortheuseofplasticbags.25.Whatdoestheword“headwinds”inparagraph2referto?A.Bansonplasticbags.B.Effectsofcitydevelopment.C.Headachescausedbygarbage.D.Plasticbagshungintrees.26.Whatisadisadvantageofreusablebagsaccordingtoplastic-bagmakers?A.Theyarequiteexpensive.B.Replacingthemcanbedifficult.C.Theyarelessstrongthanplasticbags.D.Producingthemrequiresmoreenergy.27.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.Plastic,PaperorNeitherB.Industry,PollutionandEnvironmentC.RecycleorThrowAwayD.GarbageCollectionandWasteControl【語篇解讀】文章分析了幾種購物袋的運用狀況，塑料袋造成了環(huán)境問題，盡管紙袋簡潔回收，但生產(chǎn)和運輸須要更多的能源，希望消費者運用耐用可重復運用的袋子。24.D【解析】細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第一段oneof

Stein'sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbags.和其次段plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslike

Stein

to

makethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.可知塑料袋生產(chǎn)商雇用StevenStein是為了證明他們的產(chǎn)品并不像大多數(shù)人想象的那樣對地球有害，是對塑料袋被禁用的說明和爭辯。故選D。25.A【解析】詞義揣測題。上文介紹在很多美國大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到這種現(xiàn)狀，塑料袋生產(chǎn)商雇用StevenStein等科學家是為了證明他們的產(chǎn)品并不像大多數(shù)人想象的那樣對地球有害。headwinds“逆風”，此處指塑料袋被禁用的現(xiàn)狀，即Bansonplasticbags，故選A。26.D【解析】細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第四段However,longer-lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergy

to

make.可知塑料袋生產(chǎn)商認為生產(chǎn)耐用且能重復運用的袋子須要更多的能量，故選D。27.A【解析】標題歸納題。文章講解并描述了運用塑料袋造成的環(huán)境問題，紙袋簡潔回收，但生產(chǎn)和運輸須要更多的能源，希望消費者運用耐用可重復運用的袋子。對這三種方式進行了對比，Plastic,PaperorNeither既能概括全文，又能吸引讀者，最適合作為標題。故選A。Passage3（2024﹒江蘇卷，B）Inthe1760s,MathurinRozeopenedaseriesofshopsthatboasted(享有）aspecialmeatsoupcalledconsomme.Althoughthemainattractionwasthesoup,Roze'schainshopsalsosetanewstandardfordiningout,whichhelpedtoestablishRozeastheinventorofthemodernrestaurant. Today,scholarshavegeneratedlargeamountsofinstructiveresearchaboutrestaurants.Takevisualhintsthatinfluencewhatweeat:dinersservedthemselvesabout20percentmorepasta(意大利面食）whentheirplatesmatchedtheirfood.Whenadark-coloredcakewasservedonablackplateratherthanawhiteone,customersrecognizeditassweeterandmoretasty. Lightingmatters,too.WhenBerlinrestaurantcustomersateindarkness,theycouldn'ttellhowmuchthey'dhad:thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse,butwerenonethewiser—theydidn’tfeelfuller,andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert. Timeismoney,butthatprinciplemeansdifferentthingsfordifferenttypesofrestaurants.Unlikefast-foodplaces.finediningshopsprefercustomerstostaylongerandspend.Onewaytoencouragecustomerstostayandorderthatextraround:putonsomeMozart(莫扎特）.Whenclassical,ratherthanpop,musicwasplaying,dinersspentmore.Fastmusichurrieddinersout.Particularscentsalsohaveaneffect:dinerswhogotthescentoflavender(薰衣草）stayedlongerandspentmorethanthosewhosmelledlemon,ornoscent. Meanwhile,thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—"bad"tables,crowding,highprices—don'tnecessarily.Dinersatbadtables—nexttothekitchendoor,say—spentnearlyasmuchasothersbutsoonfled.Itcanbeconcludedthatrestaurantkeepersneednot"beoverlyconcernedabout‘bad'tables,"giventhatthey'reprofitable.Asforcrowds,aHongKongstudyfoundthattheyincreasedarestaurant'sreputation,suggestinggreatfoodatfairprices.Anddoublingabuffet'spriceledcustomerstosaythatitspizzawas11percenttastier.58.Theunderlinedphrase"nonethewiser"inparagraph3mostprobablyimpliesthatthecustomerswere. A.notawareofeatingmorethanusual B.notwillingtosharefoodwithothers C.notconsciousofthefoodquality D.notfondofthefoodprovided59.Howcouldafinediningshopmakemoreprofit? A.playingclassicalmusic. B.Introducinglemonscent. C.Makingthelightbrighter, D.Usingplatesoflargersize.60.Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout? A.Tipstoattractmorecustomers. B.Problemsrestaurantsarefacedwith. C.Waystoimproverestaurants'reputation. D.Commonmisunderstandingsaboutrestaurants.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇爭論文。論述了現(xiàn)代餐館面臨的經(jīng)營逆境和解決方案，通過對比快餐店和正規(guī)餐館提出，現(xiàn)代餐飲業(yè)可以通過味道（比如薰衣草相比檸檬更能刺激消費者的食欲）、燈光的明暗（比如暗的燈光更能夠刺激顧客食欲）等吸引顧客。58.A【解析】詞義揣測題。依據(jù)該句中“…theydidn’tfeelfuller,andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert”可知，他們沒有感覺更飽，想要再吃一點甜點；據(jù)此可以推斷，劃線詞表示“他們沒有意識到比平常吃得多”，故選A項。59.A【解析】細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第四段第三、四句“Onewaytoencouragecustomerstostayandorderthatextraround:putonsomeMozart(莫扎特).Whenclassical,ratherthanpop,musicwasplaying,dinersspentmore.”可知，在餐館播放古典音樂能延長顧客在餐館的時間，從而促進餐館贏得更多的利潤，故選A項。60.D【解析】段意歸納題。通讀尾段可知，該段第一句“Meanwhile,thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—“badtables,crowding,highprices—don’tnecessarily”為該段的主題段；結合全段內(nèi)容可知，該段主要論述了人們對餐館的常見誤會，故選D項。Passage4(2024·新課標卷II，D)Whenaleafyplantisunderattack,itdoesn’tsitquietly.Backin1983,twoscientists,JackSchultzandIanBaldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm.Whattheplantspumpthroughtheairisamixtureofchemicalsknownasvolatileorganiccompounds,VOCsforshort.ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked.It’saplant’swayofcryingout.Butisanyonelistening?Apparently.Becausewecanwatchtheneighboursreact.Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Butothersdodoubleduty.Theypumpoutperfumesdesignedtoattractdifferentinsectswhoarenaturalenemiestotheattackers.Oncetheyarrive,thetablesareturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch.Instudyafterstudy,itappearsthatthesechemicalconversationshelptheneighbors.Thedamageisusuallymoreseriousonthefirstplant,buttheneighbors,relativelyspeaking,staysaferbecausetheyheardthealarmandknewwhattodo.Doesthismeanthatplantstalktoeachother?Scientistsdon’tknow.Maybethefirstplantjustmadeacryofpainorwassendingamessagetoitsownbranches,andso,ineffect,wastalkingtoitself.Perhapstheneighborsjusthappenedto“overhear”thecry.Soinformationwasexchanged,butitwasn’tatrue,intentionalbackandforth.Charles

Darwin,

over

150

years

ago,

imagined

a

world

far

busier,

noisier

and

more

intimate(密切的)

than

the

world

we

can

see

and

hear.

Our

senses

are

weak.

There’s

a

whole

lot

going

on.32.

What

does

a

plant

do

when

it

is

under

attack?A.

It

makes

noises.

B.

It

gets

help

from

other

plants.C.

It

stands

quietly

D.

It

sends

out

certain

chemicals.33.

What

does

the

author

mean

by

“the

tables

are

turned”

in

paragraph

3?A.

The

attackers

get

attacked.B.

The

insects

gather

under

the

table.C.

The

plants

get

ready

to

fight

back.D.

The

perfumes

attract

natural

enemies.34.Scientistsfindfromtheirstudiesthatplantscan.A.predictnaturaldisastersB.protectthemselvesagainstinsectsC.talktooneanotherintentionallyD.helptheirneighborswhennecessary35.whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.Theworldischangingfasterthanever.B.PeoplehavestrongersensesthanbeforeC.TheworldismorecomplexthanitseemsD.PeopleinDarwin’stimewereimaginative.【文章大意】本文是一篇科普說明文。探討發(fā)覺，當植物受到攻擊時，會發(fā)出VOCs，以此來愛護自己或者與四周的植物通過化學物質(zhì)進行溝通。32.D【解析】細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)“reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm”可知，當植物受到損害時，會分泌一種特殊的化學物質(zhì)。33.A【解析】詞義推想題。依據(jù)“Oncetheyarrive,thetablesareturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch”，一旦它們到達這里，這些攻擊者就會受到植物的攻擊，故選A。34.B【解析】細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題，依據(jù)“ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked”及“Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway...”可知答案選B。35.C【解析】推理推斷題。依據(jù)“imaginedaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate(密切的)thantheworldwecanseeandhear.Oursensesareweak.There’sawholelotgoingon”可知，這個世界遠比我們看到或聽到的更喧鬧、更密切，我們認知實力有限，有很多事仍在接著發(fā)生，遠比我們想象的要困難。故選C。Passage5(2024·新課標III卷，C)Afteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark.FourteenwolveswerecaughtinCanadaandtransportedtothepark.Bylastyear,theGraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedStates,buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920s,wolveshadpracticallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.TheywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsofCanada,wheretherewerefewerhumansaround.Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults.Deerandelkpopulations—majorfoodsources(來源)forthewolf—grewrapidly.Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation(植被),whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceofwolves,coyotepopulationsalsogrewquickly.Thecoyoteskilledalargepercentageofthepark’sredfoxes,andcompletelydroveawaythepark’sbeavers.Asearlyas1966,biologistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderreintroducingwolvestoYellowstonePark.Theyhopedthatwolveswouldbeabletocontroltheelkandcoyoteproblems.Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingupwithaplantoreintroducethewolvers.TheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicecarefullymonitorsandmanagesthewolfpacksinYellowstone.Today,thedebatecontinuesoverhowwellthegraywolfisfittinginatYellowstone.Elk,deer,andcoyotepopulationsaredown,whilebeaversandredfoxeshavemadeacomeback.TheYellowstonewolfprojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewhethertoreintroducewolvestootherpartsofthecountryaswell.28.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.WildliferesearchintheUnitedStates.B.PlantdiversityintheYellowstonearea.C.Theconflictbetweenfarmersandgraywolves.D.ThereintroductionofwolvestoYellowstone29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂displaced＂inparagraph2mean?A.Tested. B.Separated. C.Forcedout. D.Trackeddown.30.Whatdidthedisappearanceofgraywolvesbringabout?A.Damagetolocalecology.B.Adeclineinthepark’sincome.C.Preservationofvegetation.D.Anincreaseinthevarietyofanimals.31.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheYellowstonewolfproject?A.Doubtful. B.Positive. C.Disapproving. D.Uncaring.【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了美國黃石公園重新引進灰狼的事情。人類活動的影響使灰狼的數(shù)量漸漸削減，鹿群數(shù)量漸漸增加，從而導致植被被大量破壞。28.D【解析】主旨大意題。文章開宗明義地提出黃石公園引進灰狼的舉措，然后在下文中具體介紹其緣由以及帶來的良好的轉(zhuǎn)機，由此推斷本文的中心話題是美國黃石公園對灰狼的引進。29.C【解析】詞義揣測題。依據(jù)本段后兩句可知，因為人類的發(fā)展，侵占了灰狼的領域，灰狼漸漸向北遷徙，由此推斷灰狼被人類排擠走了。30.A【解析】推理推斷題。依據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知，灰狼的削減造成了鹿群的增多，從而植被遭到了破壞；造成了土狼數(shù)量的快速增長，它們獵殺了大量的赤狐，趕走了海貍，由此可推斷出灰狼的消逝導致了當?shù)厣鷳B(tài)平衡被破壞。31.B【解析】推理推斷題。依據(jù)文章末段的最終一句可知，作者認為引進灰狼的項目是很有價值的試驗，因此可推知作者對這一舉措持確定的看法。Passage6(2024·天津卷)Thismonth,Germany’stransportminister,AlexanderDobrindt,proposedthefirstsetofrulesforautonomousvehicles(自主駕駛車輛).Theywoulddefinethedriver’sroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost.Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousvehicles:thegreyareabetweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.Dobrindtwantsthreethings:thatacaralwayschoosesproperty(財產(chǎn))damageoverpersonalinjury;thatitneverdistinguishesbetweenhumansbasedonageorrace;andthatifahumanremoveshisorherhandsfromthedrivingwheel—tocheckemail,say—thecar’smakerisresponsibleifthereisacrash.“Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwillpermitfullyautomaticdriving,”saysDobrindt.Itwillputfullydriverlesscarsonanequallegalfootingtohumandrivers,hesays.Whoisresponsiblefortheoperationofsuchvehiclesisnotclearamongcarmakers,consumersandlawyers.“Theliability(法律責任)issueisthebiggestoneofthemall,”saysNatashaMeratattheUniversityofLeeds,UK.AnassumptionbehindUKinsurancefordriverlesscars,introducedearlierthisyear,insiststhatahuman“bewatchfulandmonitoringtheroad”ateverymoment.Butthatisnotwhatmanypeoplehaveinmindwhenthinkingofdriverlesscars.“Whenyousay‘driverlesscars’,peopleexpectdriverlesscars.”Meratsays.“Youknow—nodriver.”Becauseoftheconfusion,Meratthinkssomecarmakerswillwaituntilvehiclescanbefullyautomatedwithoutoperation.Driverlesscarsmayendupbeingaformofpublictransportratherthanvehiclesyouown,saysRyanCaloatStanfordUniversity,California.ThatishappeningintheUKandThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS,however.“Theideathatthegovernmentwouldtakeoverdriverlesscarsandtreatthemasapublicgoodwouldgetabsolutelynowherehere,”saysCalo.46.Whatdoesthephrase“deathvalley”inParagraph2referto?A.Aplacewherecarsoftenbreakdown.B.Acasewherepassingalawisimpossible.C.Anareawherenodrivingispermitted.D.Asituationwheredrivers’r