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大豆食心蟲(chóng)綠色防控
IGreenPreventionandControlofSoybeanBorer
一大豆食心蟲(chóng)綠色防控I
GreenPreventionandControlofSoybeanBorer
大豆食心蟲(chóng)
別名大豆蛀莢蛾、豆莢蟲(chóng)、小紅蟲(chóng),屬于鱗翅目、小卷蛾科。我國(guó)分布較廣,以東北3省、河北、山東受害較重。大豆食心蟲(chóng)不僅造成大豆減產(chǎn),而且降低大豆品質(zhì),一般年份蟲(chóng)食率10%~20%,嚴(yán)重年份達(dá)30%~40%。(一)
發(fā)生與危害情況(I)Occurrenceandhazard
Soybeanborer,alsoknownassoybeanpodborer,podborer,andsmallredborer,belongstoLepidopteraandCarpocapsidae.ItiswidelydistributedinChina,withthreeprovincesinnortheastChina,HebeiandShandongsufferingmoreseverely.Soybeanborersnotonlyreducetheyieldofsoybeans,butalsoreducethequalityofsoybeans.Generally,theinsectfeedingrateis10%–20%inyearsand30%–40%insevereyears.
以幼蟲(chóng)蛀入豆莢咬食豆粒,輕者沿瓣縫咬成溝,重者把豆粒吃掉大半,被害粒失去原形,豆莢內(nèi)充滿(mǎn)蟲(chóng)糞,降低產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量。(一)發(fā)生與危害情況一大豆食心蟲(chóng)綠色防控I
GreenPreventionandControlofSoybeanBorer(I)OccurrenceandHazard
Thelarvaeboreintothepodsandbitethebeans.Inmildcases,theybitethebeansintogroovesalongthepetalseam.Inseverecases,theyeatmorethanhalfofthebeans.Theharmedbeanslosetheiroriginalshapeandthepodsarefilledwithinsectfeces,reducingtheyieldandquality.(二)形態(tài)識(shí)別成蟲(chóng)
黃褐至暗褐色;成蟲(chóng)體長(zhǎng)5~6mm,翅展12~14mm;前翅前緣有10條左右黑紫色短斜紋;雄蛾前翅色較淡,雌蛾前翅色較深。一大豆食心蟲(chóng)綠色防控I
GreenPreventionandControlofSoybeanBorer
(II)MorphologicalRecognitionImagoesItisyellowishbrowntodarkbrown.Theadultis5–6mmlong,withawingspanof12–14mm.Thereareabout10black-purpleshortwillowstripesonthefrontedgeoftheforewing.Theforewingsofmalemothsarelight,whilethoseoffemalemothsaredark.(二)形態(tài)識(shí)別卵
扁橢圓形,長(zhǎng)約0.5mm,橘黃色。
(II)MorphologicalRecognitionEgg
Itisflatoval,about0.5mmlong,andorange.一大豆食心蟲(chóng)綠色防控I
GreenPreventionandControlofSoybeanBorer(二)形態(tài)識(shí)別幼蟲(chóng)
老齡幼蟲(chóng)體長(zhǎng)8~10mm,初孵幼蟲(chóng)黃白色,漸變?yōu)槌赛S色,老齡時(shí)變?yōu)槌燃t色。
(II)MorphologicalRecognitionLarvaTheoldlarvaeare8~10mmlong.Thenewlyhatchedlarvaeareyellowish-whiteandgraduallyturnorange-yellow,andturnorange-redwhentheyareold.一大豆食心蟲(chóng)綠色防控I
Greenpreventionandcontrolofsoybeanborer(二)形態(tài)識(shí)別蛹
長(zhǎng)約6mm,紅褐色,紡錘形。腹末有8~10根鋸齒狀尾刺。
(II)MorphologicalRecognitionPupaeAbout6mmlong,reddish-brown,spindle-shaped.Thereare8–10serratedtailspinesattheendoftheabdomen.一大豆食心蟲(chóng)綠色防控I
GreenPreventionandControlofSoybeanBorer(三)發(fā)生規(guī)律大豆食心蟲(chóng)在我國(guó)各地1年發(fā)生l代,以老熟幼蟲(chóng)在豆田、曬場(chǎng)及附近表土3~8cm內(nèi)做繭越冬。成蟲(chóng)有趨光性,對(duì)黑光燈的趨性最強(qiáng)。卵散產(chǎn)在豆莢上,少數(shù)卵產(chǎn)于葉柄、側(cè)枝及主莖上。
(III)OccurrenceRegularity1generationofsoybeanborersoccursinChinaeveryyear,andtheyoverwinterasmaturelarvaeinbeanfields,sunninggrounds,andnearbytopsoilbymakingcocoonswithin3–8cminthetopsoil.Adultshavephototaxis,withthestrongestphototaxistoblacklightlamps.Eggsarescatteredonpods,andafeweggsarelaidonpetioles,lateralbranches,andmainstems.一大豆食心蟲(chóng)綠色防控I
GreenPreventionandControlofSoybeanBorer(三)發(fā)生規(guī)律幼蟲(chóng)共5齡,蛀莢為害20~30d后老熟,至豆莢成熟時(shí)脫莢人土做橢圓形土繭滯育越冬。幼蟲(chóng)具寡食性、鉆蛀性、吐絲習(xí)性及專(zhuān)性滯育。一大豆食心蟲(chóng)綠色防控I
GreenPreventionandControlofSoybeanBorer
(III)OccurrenceRegularityThelarvaehaveatotaloffiveinstars,andthepodswillmatureafter20~30d.Whenthepodsmature,theywillberemovedfromthesoiltomakeovalsoilcocoonsfordiapauseandoverwintering.Thelarvaeareoligophagous,borer,spinner,andobligatetodiapause.(四)防治技術(shù)1、選擇抗蟲(chóng)品種,盡量選無(wú)莢毛和莢毛彎瞌、木質(zhì)隔離層結(jié)構(gòu)好、入莢死亡率高的大豆品種。2、實(shí)行大面積輪作;秋翻豆茬地,秋翻耕耙,能破壞食心蟲(chóng)越冬場(chǎng)所,提高越冬幼蟲(chóng)死亡率。及時(shí)耕翻豆后麥茬地。豆茬地如播種小麥,小麥?zhǔn)蘸笳涤紫x(chóng)上移和化蛹,隨即翻耙麥茬可大量消滅蛹前幼蟲(chóng)和蛹,降低羽化率。3、生物防治
在成蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵期放赤眼蜂,放蜂2~3萬(wàn)頭/畝,可起到較好的防治效果。但利用天敵期間禁止使用高毒農(nóng)藥。在幼蟲(chóng)脫莢前,用白僵菌粉1.5kg/畝,對(duì)細(xì)土4.5kg/畝拌勻,撒于豆田壟臺(tái)上。也能起到較好的防治效果。
(IV)ControlTechnique1.Selectinsect-resistantcultivars,andtrytoselectsoybeancultivarswithoutpodhairandcurvedpodhair,withgoodstructureofwoodisolationlayerandhighmortalityrateofpodentry.2.Carryoutlarge-areacroprotation.Plowingbeanstubbleinautumnandharrowinginautumncandestroytheoverwinteringplacesofborersandraisethedeathrateofoverwinteringlarvae.Plowthebeansintimeandstubblethefield.Ifwheatissowninthebeanstubblefield,thelarvaemoveupandpupatewhenthewheatisharvested,andthenthestubblecanbeturnedandharrowedtoeliminatealargenumberofpre-pupallarvaeandpupaeandreducetheeclosionrate.3.Biologicalcontrol.Release20,000~30,000trichogrammaspermuduringtheovipositionperiodofadults,whichcanachievegoodcontroleffect.However,highlytoxicpesticidesareprohibitedduringtheuseofnaturalenemies.Beforethelarvaeleavethepods,mixthefinesoilof1.5kg/muwithBeauveriabassianapowder,4.5kg/mu,andsprinkleontheridgeplatformofthebeanfield.Itcanalsoachievegoodcontroleffect.一大豆食心蟲(chóng)綠色防控I
GreenPreventionandControlofSoybeanBorer
4、藥劑防治
使用時(shí)最好幾種藥交換使用,防止害蟲(chóng)發(fā)生抗藥性。施藥時(shí)間以上午為宜,重點(diǎn)噴灑植株的上部。①敵敵畏熏蒸防治成蟲(chóng):用80%敵敵畏100~150g/畝,注入載體玉米軸內(nèi),每軸注2ml左右,均勻插于豆田,插藥軸60/畝左右,防效可達(dá)95%以上。②防治幼蟲(chóng)。大豆開(kāi)花結(jié)莢期為該蟲(chóng)防治關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,每畝用氯氰(溴氰)菊酯乳油、順式氰戊菊酯乳油、甲氰菊酯乳油等藥劑。一大豆食心蟲(chóng)綠色防控I
GreenPreventionandControlofSoybeanBorer
4.ChemicalControlItisbettertoexchangeseveralchemicalstopreventpestresistance.Theapplicationtimeshou
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